厦门海底隧道强风化花岗岩力学特性研究

 厦门海底隧道海域隧道地段存在多处风化深槽,岩体主要为全、强风化花岗岩。由于该类岩石强度低,压缩性高,自稳和自承能力差,在隧道衬砌结构的设计和施工工艺的选择方面会遇到一系列特殊的问题。主要通过对天然和重塑强风化花岗岩岩样进行一系列的室内试验,在掌握其基本物理力学特性的基础上,重点对其流固耦合作用下的力学特性进行研究,并建立该类强风化花岗岩的力学模型,通过反演分析对力学模型进行验证。研究成果对风化花岗岩类工程的力学参数取值有重要借鉴意义,对该类岩体中隧道的设计施工具有指导作用。     

广州地区花岗岩残积土抗剪强度及其影响因素试验研究

依托广州地铁科研项目,以广州地区花岗岩残积土为研究对象,进行了一系列室内直剪试验,分析了试验中剪切速率、加载级数和破坏值选取的综合影响。试验结果表明,花岗岩残积土的室内直剪剪切速率为0.8 mm min最能反映原状土的强度性质;在花岗岩残积土室内试验测试土体强度时,三级加载方式最为合理;破坏值应当按规范选取,即:剪切位移4 mm之前,剪应力出现峰值,则破坏值选峰值;若剪切位移4 mm之前,剪应力未出现峰值,则破坏值选剪切位移4 mm所对应剪切应力。同时通过室内直剪试验和三轴试验结果进行了对比分析,得出室内直剪试验比三轴(UU)试验测得土的抗剪强度普遍偏大。     

岩体剪切强度特性及强度折减方法研究

对湖南竹城公路K81~K83段边坡的泥灰岩、灰页岩及不同岩性的弱面分别进行了变角度剪切试验和直剪试验,并运用费辛柯法和M.Georgi法对岩石抗剪强度和岩体弱面的剪切强度进行了合理的工程弱化折减,将为进一步的边坡稳定性分析提供基础数据。     

花岗岩残积土非饱和特性及其边坡稳定性研究

降雨诱发滑坡是花岗岩残积土地区主要地质灾害之一。为研究花岗岩残积土边坡在强降雨条件下的响应,在广州市黄埔区选取了一典型非饱和花岗岩残积土边坡开展系列研究,包括现场雨量监测、固结不排水三轴试验、滤纸法试验。基于监测数据与试验结果,研究风化程度对抗剪强度及土-水特征曲线的影响规律,探究了当地不同降雨工况对现场边坡稳定的影响。结果表明,随着风化程度加剧花岗岩残积土有效抗剪强度指标均有不同程度的减小,其中,风化差异导致的有效内摩擦角变化幅度小于有效黏聚力变化幅度;风化程度差异也影响花岗岩残积土的非饱和水力特性;降雨强度与边坡安全系数的降幅呈正相关关系,而降雨历时与边坡安全系数的恢复速度呈负相关关系。该研究可为典型花岗岩残积土边坡相关工程的科学设计与灾变防控提供一定借鉴。     

厦门翔安海底隧道风化槽围岩渗透破坏及岩体流变试验研究

厦门翔安海底隧道需穿越多处海底风化槽,该地段围岩为破碎、风化的花岗岩,渗透性强、水压高、自稳性差、施工风险大,其物理力学特性研究对设计和施工方案制定意义重大。本文对风化槽围岩的渗透破坏和流变试验进行研究。渗透稳定性评价结果表明,在全水头作用下,F1、F4风化槽强风化带岩体渗透稳定性较好,但隧道开挖将引起地层变形,围岩渗透稳定性改变,施工中需进行评估监测并采取必要措施。三轴试验结果表明,风化槽强风化花岗岩强度低、变形大、弹性模量低,在应力达到峰值后,有明显的塑性流动。三轴流变试验结果表明,风化槽强风化花岗岩变形具有明显的粘性时效特征,对围岩开挖后的掌子面稳定性和长期变形稳定性都不利,在设计和施工中应引起注意;采用非线性蠕变模型对其流变特性进行拟合,效果良好,由此建立相应的流变力学模型。研究成果为本工程风化槽围岩注浆加固和支护结构设计提供可靠依据。     

复杂层状结构岩石抗剪强度试验方法研究

岩石的抗剪强度是边坡稳定性、地基强度和稳定性评价中的一项非常重要的指标,不同类型的岩体,岩石的抗剪强度特性是不同的,其中复杂层状结构岩石的抗剪强度是岩土工程研究的重点内容之一。工程中经常采用的岩石剪切试验方法包括室内试验和现场原位试验,由于试验约束条件不同,试验结果存在一定的差异。本文以某核电工程为例,该项目分别采用了室内试验和原位试验获取抗剪强度指标,通过对比分析试验结果及工程实践反演分析证明,对于地层组合复杂的沉积岩石,采用现场原位剪切试验,充分考虑了尺度效应和样品的代表性问题,所获取的成果更符合工程实际。     

JRC-JCS模型与直剪试验对比研究

 结构面抗剪强度是影响工程岩体稳定的重要因素,它决定工程岩体破坏的可能性。基于结构面粗糙度系数定向统计测量技术的JRC-JCS模型可以考虑地质和环境因素的影响,具有费用低、速度快、简便易行等特点,是获取工程岩体无填充或少填充硬岩结构面抗剪强度参数的实用方法,已为50多个岩体工程提供了结构面抗剪强度参数。为分析JRC-JCS模型评价结构面抗剪强度参数的可靠性,选取天然岩石结构面试样,进行干燥状态和饱和状态结构面抗剪强度直剪试验和JRC-JCS模型评价的对比研究。结果表明,在结构面粗糙度系数的定向统计测量、尺寸效应分析,以及剪切过程衰减折减的基础上,运用结构面粗糙度系数定向统计测量技术的JRC-JCS模型评价的结构面抗剪强度参数与直剪试验结果具有较好的一致性,JRC-JCS模型对结构面峰值摩擦角有较好的预测能力。     

龙门峡水电站岩体力学试验及参数取值

龙门峡水电站现已蓄水发电,坝基及坝肩主要岩体为白云质灰岩。在预可研阶段和可研阶段对其进行了一系列原位岩体力学试验,包括岩体变形试验、岩体直接试验、岩体与混凝土接触面直剪试验,试验应力与工程实际受力状态相同。全面系统地对3组岩体变形试验、1组岩体直剪试验和1组岩体/混凝土接触面直剪试验成果进行分析研究,充分揭示了坝基工程岩体变形、抗剪等力学特性。从试点的地质代表性、岩石的破坏形态等方面分析了岩体的变形特性、抗剪特性。提出了可供设计采用的工程岩石力学参数建议值。     

加筋红砂岩风化土强度和变形特性

红砂岩风化土是湖南公路路堤工程中应用较多的填筑材料,采用直剪试验研究了不同压实度的红砂岩风化土的强度和变形特性,以及加筋对其工程性质的影响。试验表明,随压实度增大,红砂岩风化土的峰值抗剪强度明显提高,但主要由粘聚力的增大引起,随剪切位移增大,粘聚力减小,抗剪强度大幅度降低,其应力–应变曲线呈现随应变软化型。加筋提高了红砂岩风化土的峰值抗剪强度和残余强度,更重要的是明显减小了峰值后强度的降低幅度,且达到峰值抗剪强度的剪切位移增大,峰值区域增宽,土体延性提高,改善了红砂岩风化土的强度和变形特性;对于不同的加筋层数和不同的筋材模量,以及在不同的压实度和试验竖向压力下,加筋对红砂岩风化土的强度和变形特性的改变不同;根据试验结果,还对红砂岩风化土的工程性质以及加筋的抗剪作用机理进行了初步探讨,阐述了加筋材料在土的应力–应变关系中的主要功能和作用。     

卵砾石土抗剪强度指标原位直剪试验研究

现场大型原位直剪试验是测定卵砾石土强度指标的一种有效方法。通过对江南低山丘陵区典型卵砾石土4个试样的现场大型原位直剪试验,在获取卵砾石土抗剪强度指标的同时,还在试样剪切破坏后的破坏面上取样进行卵砾石土的颗粒粒径分析。试验结果表明:级配良好的卵砾石土原位直剪试验的剪切应力和剪切位移之间的关系曲线具有明显的峰值强度,并出现较稳定的残余强度;试验场地卵砾石土的黏聚力较低,而内摩擦角较高,卵砾石土的这种强度特性不同于一般的均质土体和碎裂岩体,与组成材料的性质、颗粒大小、粒径组成、粗糙程度、充填物的胶结程度和密实程度等因素有关。     

润扬大桥锚碇基岩摩阻力试验研究

采用室内试验和现场剪切试验等手段研究了润扬大桥南北锚碇基底基岩-混凝土胶结面的强度，并根据试验研究成果及现场实际情况，综合分析多种影响因素，研究确定整个锚碇范围内基底摩阻力情况。     

某高层建筑冲钻孔灌注桩桩端未达持力层的分析和处理

某高层建筑为31层剪力墙结构,设计采用墙下冲钻孔灌注桩基础,桩端持力层为碎块状强风化花岗岩或中风化花岗岩。经钻芯检测,桩端全断面未达持力层,未能满足设计要求。通过一系列分析比较,本文提出几种设计处理方法,经静载试验,单桩竖向承载力及桩端进入持力层满足设计要求。既经济又安全,较好地满足了工程要求。     

输电线路强风化软岩挖孔基础抗拔试验研究

山区风化程度高的岩基塔位采用挖孔基础,包括直柱挖孔桩、坛子型嵌固、扩底掏挖等3种模型。通过在强风化软岩中开展17组不同模型的挖孔基础上拔试验,分析基础承载性能与破坏机理。荷载位移曲线表明:浅埋时基础呈线性状态分布,深埋时呈缓变型分布;地表竖向位移变化规律表明,基础周围出现显著裂缝表征着基础即将整体破坏,破坏状态为基础本体与周围土体被整体拔出,基础发生整体剪切破坏;基础破裂角随埋深迅速降低,但达到一定埋深后破裂角基本不变;强风化软岩的岩石等代极限剪切强度取32kPa;以单位体积混凝土能承担的上拔承载力为准进行经济性分析,扩底掏挖型模型的经济效益显著。     

Evaluation of erosion resistance capacity on compacted weathered granite soil using non-destructive tests

This paper deals with the evaluation of the erodibility of compacted weathered granite soil through non-destructive tests. A rotating erosion cylinder test (RECT) was employed to evaluate the erosion resistance capacity of weathered granite soil with various relative densities and pre-consolidation pressures. In addition, non-destructive tests, i.e., electrical resistivity and bender element tests, were conducted to investigate a correlation between erosion resistance characteristic and non-destructive property. The results indicated that the critical shear stress increased with an increase in relative density and pre-consolidation pressure, and the threshold shear stress increased with an increase in relative density, while its increase was independent of an increase in pre-consolidation pressure. Thus, the relative density of weathered granite soil has a more significant effect on erosion resistance than its pre-consolidation pressure. The electrical resistivity and shear wave velocity increased with increases in relative density and pre-consolidation pressure, and these results had a good correlation with the porosity of weathered granite soils. The empirical equations for estimating the critical shear stress and the threshold shear stress of weathered granite soils, based on the relationship between the values of erosion resistance capacity normalized by those of non-destructive tests and porosity, were proposed. It is expected that the proposed correlation might be useful in determining the erosion resistance capacity of compacted weathered granite soil by using non-destructive tests.

     

Swelling behavior induced by alteration in granite and its implications on underground excavation

Granite is commonly recognized as an ideal medium for underground construction. However, in the site investigation for Heimifeng Pumped Storage Power Station project, it was found that there are swelling behaviors induced by alteration in granite and eventually causing slaking and disintegration of rock blocks. The study shows that hydrothermal alteration in granite is primarily due to the intrusion of multi-phase igneous magma. The clay minerals, such as montmorillonite, chlorite, kaolinite, are the main causes for the swelling behavior of granite. In the exploratory adits, alteration was observed to occur mainly along faults or fractures in the rock masses and resulted in roof caving if water is present. Some of the highly altered borehole cores swell and crack within 24 h in water and eventually disintegrate completely. From the testing results on the samples, the maximum axial free swelling strain is about 1.2%, while the maximum axial confined swelling strain is around 0.1% with swelling stress less than 25 kPa. Under free swelling tests, 80% of swelling is completed within 24 hours. Under confined swelling condition, swelling process is completed within 1 h for some samples, with 80% of maximum swelling strain finished within around 22 h for most of the samples. Contraction of samples occurs after swelling completed. The strength of granite, reflected by deformation and elastic moduli, shear strength, decreases due to alteration. The deformation and elastic moduli are even lower compared to highly weathered rock. The shear strength is between that for highly weathered and slightly weathered rocks. The swelling characteristics of the altered rock present great challenges for support or lining during construction and operation stages. Support or lining shall be in place immediately after excavation. Since the rock may swell when encountering water, the shotcrete shall be designed accordingly. During the construction of access tunnel and caverns, water shall be drained in time. Drainage directly from surface shall be avoided so as to prevent floor heave.     

粗粒土大型直剪试验的二维离散元模拟

通过一组强风化玄武岩粗粒土的室内大型直剪试验,获取其强度、变形等宏观参数。并基于颗粒离散元软件PFC2D,采用圆盘模拟土颗粒建立了考虑级配的二维直剪模型,结果表明：黏结半径因子为0．39时,剪应力一剪位移模拟值与试验值相符较好,垂直位移一剪位移模拟值与试验值之间存在一定的偏差;通过参数校正发现圆盘间摩擦系数随着垂直压力增加而增大,其值介于0．15—0．60;剪切过程造成了接触压力的偏转和集中,剪切缝附近圆盘呈不规则的涡状细观运动。     

云母石英片岩片理面力学特征试验研究

云母石英片岩的矿物成分和微观结构决定了其各向异性特征,通过铸体磨片和电镜扫描试验,获得了云母石英片岩的矿物组成和微观结构特征;通过三轴剪切试验,获得了微风化岩样片理面力学参数;通过强风化和中风化岩块的点荷载试验,结合强风化岩样的片理面剪切试验,得出了强风化和中风化岩样的片理面力学参数;按照材料力学理论,采用片理面力学参数计算得出岩样的最小单轴抗压强度,进而计算得出岩样的各向异性系数;以垂直片理面的抗压强度作为计算依据,计算得出岩样的风化系数,进而总结出岩样的各向异性系数与风化系数的关系,揭示了风化过程中片理面力学特征的变化规律。     

Deep weathering of a group of thick argillaceous limestone rocks near Three Gorges Reservoir,Central China

Rock mass characterization is one of the most basic and important tasks in rock mechanics and engineering. Literature review indicates that although there are many publications available on weathered rocks, there are few reports in English on weathered argillaceous limestone rocks and their chemical and mechanical properties. This paper presents a case study of characterizing a group of highly weathered thick argillaceous limestone rocks. Most importantly, they can be easily and quickly decomposed into soils after they are exposed due to excavation. Consequently, they would substantially lose their mechanical strengths. Geohazards such as landslides and sinkholes could occur in uncovered highly weathered argillaceous limestone rocks. The problematic weathered rocks were found during the development of a new town in upper mountains above the Three Gorges Reservoir on Yangtze River in Central China in the past 20 years. The factual data are presented on the changes of chemical compositions and mechanical properties of the weathered argillaceous limestone rocks due to chemical weathering. Some empirical correlations are given to quantify the changes in their uniaxial compressive strength and deformation moduli in terms of their contents of calcium carbonate. The data and findings presented in the paper can be useful to future urban development in geologically poor mountainous environments occupied by highly weathered argillaceous limestone rocks in the world.     

风化花岗岩的地质雷达波的频谱特征研究

花岗岩在我国有广阔的分布,对花岗岩的雷达波的研究可以为在花岗岩地区的工程建设施工提供有力的指导意义.通过对某隧道不同风化程度花岗岩进行地质雷达的测试,选取典型的雷达波进行频谱分析,探讨了不同风化程度花岗岩的地质雷达波的频谱特征.结果显示,全风化与强风化花岗岩的频谱能量均比较集中,但强风化花岗岩比全风化的花岗岩的频谱谱峰...     

Study of physico-mechanical properties of Emeishan basalt saprolites in Yunnan,China

Saprolites are the weathered products that differ greatly from their parent rock in terms of the physico-mechanical properties because their chemical components are leached, yet differ from a typical soil because they still maintain their inherited structure. Here, typical Emeishan basalt saprolites that are widely distributed in the Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces were examined in terms of their basic physical indexes, compression properties, shear properties and microstructure to identify the differences between the parent rock and weathered product. The Emeishan basalt saprolites are characterized by a low density, high void ratio and medium–low compressibility. Also, these saprolites exhibit inelastic nonlinear response and relatively high cohesion during pressure tests. There is a brittle failure in low confining stresses and plastic deformation in high values, indicating the preservation of structural and textural characteristics from the parent rock; however, with highly developed secondary porosity, its strength is much lower than the parent rock. All the results indicate that Emeishan basalt saprolites are a kind of unique geological material, requiring consideration during construction and engineering within the region.