微量Ta和Zr对Fe-Cr-Al系不锈钢高温组织稳定性的影响

用团簇成分式方法对Fe-Cr-Al-Mo-Nb合金进行成分解析,并在此基础上确定了Fe-Cr-Al三元基础成分式Fe_(75)Al_(9.375)Cr_(15.625)(at.%),进而添加Mo、Nb、Ta和Zr元素替代部分Cr元素。采用真空电弧熔炼制备设计的母合金锭,然后进行1200℃/2 h固溶处理,进而在800℃进行多道次热轧成板,再进行800℃/24 h时效处理,最后在不同温度进行高温固溶处理,研究了微量元素添加对合金高温组织稳定性的影响。结果表明,对于800℃/24 h时效的Mo/Nb/Ta/Zr合金化样品,第二相(Laves相)粒子均弥散分布于铁素体基体中。1000℃/1 h再固溶处理,使系列合金中的第二相粒子发生回溶,至1200℃/1 h固溶后只含有Mo/Nb的合金中的第二相粒子已全部溶入到基体中,而在Ta和Zr微合金化的样品中仍有第二相粒子存在于基体的晶界处,有效抑制了基体晶粒在高温下异常长大,从而提高基体的组织稳定性和合金在高温下的力学性能。     

α-Zr基体显微组织对新锆合金氧化膜的形成及其耐腐蚀性能的影响

通过静态高压釜实验研究了NZ2、NZ8两种含Nb锆合金在400℃/10.3MPa蒸汽中的腐蚀规律;透射电镜及中子衍射对两种新锆合金α-Zr基体的显微结构进行分析;X射线衍射法、拉曼光谱法研究了它们在400℃蒸汽中腐蚀后氧化膜的晶体结构。腐蚀规律研究表明,400℃蒸汽中,NZ2合金的耐腐蚀性能较NZ8的好。α-Zr基体的显微结构研究显示,NZ2合金第二相粒子主要包括C14型Zr(Fe,Cr)2和Zr(Fe,Cr,Nb)2两种类型,α-Zr基体中固溶的Nb含量低于平衡固溶度;NZ8合金中只发现了一种Zr-Fe-Nb第二相粒子,Nb元素过饱和存在于α-Zr基体。氧化膜晶体结构研究显示,转折前氧化膜由四方相和单斜相组成,转折时,氧化膜内部出现了立方相,立方相的形成与Nb的添加密切相关;氧化膜中四方相含量越高,锆合金的耐腐蚀性能越好。大量Zr-Fe-Nb第二相粒子以及α-Zr基体中过饱和的Nb含量增加了NZ8合金氧化膜局部体积膨胀,促进了裂纹的生成,加速了氧化膜内部四方相向单斜相的转变,从而使腐蚀加速,而α-Zr基体中低于平衡固溶度的Nb含量及少量Zr(Fe,Cr)2和Zr(Fe,Cr,Nb)2第二相粒子使NZ2合金耐腐蚀性能相对较好。     

固溶时效对铸造Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo-2Nb钛合金组织和性能的影响

研究了固溶时效制度对铸造Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo-2Nb钛合金组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,适当的热处理制度可以明显提高合金的室温及高温强度,但是塑性略有下降。Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo-2Nb铸造钛合金组织以集束状的片状α相为主,热处理后α集束的尺寸得到细化。采用915℃×2 h+空冷+590℃×4 h+空冷的热处理制度可以得到较理想的显微组织和良好的室温及高温综合力学性能。     

Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金板材热处理组织演变分析

对Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金板材固溶和时效热处理的组织变化进行了分析,结果表明,为了得到细小等轴β晶粒,推荐固溶处理制度：700℃／0．5h、水冷或空冷。为了保留过冷β相结构,为后续的时效强化做准备,推荐固溶处理工艺为800℃／0．5h、水冷。为使Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金达到良好的组织匹配,并且避免产生恶化合金性能的ω相,推荐热处理制度：固溶800℃／0．5h（水冷）＋时效处理560℃／8h。本结果也为Ti-13Nb-13Zr钛合金技术开发和专业生产提供参考。     

Mo/Nb/Ti/Zr微合金化对Fe-Cr-Al不锈钢第二相析出和显微硬度的影响

研究了Mo/Nb/Ti/Zr微合金化对Fe-Cr-Al不锈钢中第二相的析出和显微硬度的影响。通过团簇式成分设计方法确定了三元基础成分为[Al-(Fe_(12)Cr_2)](Al_(0.5)Cr_(0.5)),进而根据相似元素替代原则添加微量元素设计出系列多元成分合金。使用真空电弧熔炼炉制备合金铸锭并对其进行1200℃/2 h的固溶处理,在800℃进行多道次热轧制成板材,最后进行800℃/24 h时效处理。对系列样品进行XRD结构分析、光学显微镜(OM)和扫描电镜(SEM)显微组织表征以及显微硬度测试。结果表明,添加微量合金化元素的种类和含量影响第二相粒子的析出状态。当合金化元素Mo与Nb的比例(原子百分比)为2:1时析出的第二相粒子在铁素体基体中弥散分布,且粒子尺寸较小,不锈钢的硬度较高为250 HV;在此基础上添加Ti替代Nb使第二相粒子的析出量显著降低而粒子尺寸略有增大,不锈钢的硬度较低为240 HV;添加Zr使析出相的粒子偏聚且粗化,但是其硬度仍然比较高(~246 HV)。     

热处理工艺对Inconel718合金组织、力学性能及耐蚀性能的影响

对高含H2S/CO2酸性油气田封隔器材料-Inconel718镍基合金进行固溶处理和时效处理,研究不同热处理工艺条件下合金的组织、力学性能、耐蚀性能之间的关系。结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,δ相不断溶入基体。材料经时效处理后析出第二相γ″相,硬度和强度明显高于固溶处理的样品,1000℃固溶+720℃×8h→50℃/h620℃×8h时效处理的样品硬度和强度达到最大值。高温高压H2S/CO2介质中挂片实验的结果表明,不同热处理的Inconel718合金均具有良好的耐腐蚀性能,经固溶处理的材料耐腐蚀性略优于经固溶+时效处理的材料。高温高压H2S/CO2应力腐蚀实验的结果表明,Inconel718没有发生应力腐蚀开裂迹象。综合考虑耐蚀性能和力学性能,确定Inconel718合金的最佳热处理工艺为:1000℃固溶1h+720℃×8h→50℃/h620℃×8h时效。     

时效处理对Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr合金力学性能的影响

研究了固溶时效处理对Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr合金拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:在800℃/30 min+500℃/12 h处理后,合金的硬度和抗拉强度达到极大值,其延伸率和断面收缩率没有明显的降低。合金的硬度和强度的提高是ω和α析出相共同作用的结果。在合金的热轧态和热处理态的断口都出现了大量的韧窝,表明其为典型的韧性断裂。     

航空GH2036合金硬度热处理优化及疲劳性能DIC分析

为探究热处理工艺参数对GH2036合金硬度及疲劳性能的影响,基于四因素三水平正交热处理实验,对GH2036铁基高温合金的硬度性能进行优化,并分析热处理后的显微组织;同时利用疲劳实验与DIC(digital image correlation)非接触全场应变测量相结合的方法,利用Y方向应变-疲劳寿命比的云图,直观地分析热处理后GH2036合金疲劳失效过程。结果表明:固溶温度对合金硬度性能的影响最大,其次是固溶时间、时效时间、时效温度,极差分析所得的最优热处理工艺为960℃/60 min+水冷+560℃/2 h;正交试验中最高显微维氏硬度(HV305.34)较未处理试样(HV260.41)提高17.3%;热处理后金相组织基体为奥氏体,增强相为第二相碳化物,显微硬度值随着奥氏体中的第二相碳化物含量的增加而升高;热处理后平均疲劳寿命(942372次循环)较未处理试样(450800次循环)提高109%,疲劳性能明显优化。     

GH6159合金成分−组织−性能关联研究

目的 研究不同成分GH6159合金冷拉态和热处理态显微组织的变化情况,分析不同成分对合金室温和高温拉伸性能的影响规律,为GH6159合金成分优化与性能提升提供理论指导。方法 基于MP159合金成分,设计熔炼了4种不同成分的GH6159合金,经锻造开坯和热轧,进行了拉伸率为48%的冷拉变形和663 ℃/4 h的时效热处理,分别制成冷拉态和热处理态GH6159棒材,采用MTS 8810拉伸实验机进行室温和595 ℃的高温拉伸测试,获得了不同成分合金冷拉态和热处理态的室温和595 ℃高温拉伸性能,结合OLYMPUS−PM3光学显微镜和Tescan Mira 3 XMU扫描电子显微镜观察了显微组织的变化情况。结果 GH6159冷拉态棒材内存在大量的变形孪晶,热处理态组织内析出了弥散分布的强化相,合金拉伸性能主要受到基体元素和强化相元素的影响。结论 较高含量的Co、Cr、Ni基体元素有利于提高冷拉态GH6159合金的室温和高温拉伸强度,而Al、Ti、Nb强化相元素会提高热处理态GH6159合金的室温拉伸强度,但过高的Ti元素会降低合金强度,一定含量的Al、Ti、Nb元素有利于提高冷拉态和热处理态合金的高温塑性。     

Zr-Nb合金耐腐蚀性能的研究进展

概述了反应堆燃料包壳用Zr-Nb合金耐腐蚀性能的研究进展,结合氧化膜结构及第二相与耐腐蚀性能的关系,介绍了Nb含量和热处理制度对Zr-Nb合金组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响,指出Zr-Nb合金基体中的Nb含量对合金耐腐蚀性能起主导作用,选择合适的Nb含量和热处理制度,可以大大提高Zr-Nb合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Influence of forging deformation and heat treatment on microstructure of Ti-xNb-3Zr-2Ta alloys

Ti-xNb-3Zr-2Ta alloys (x = 33, 31, 29, 27, 25) (wt.%) were fabricated by vacuum non-consumable arc melting and hot forging. The hot-forging specimens were solid solution treated at 1053 K for 1.8 ks followed by water quenching (WQ) and air cooling (AC) respectively. The microstructure of hot-forging specimens with different deformation rate and solid solution treated at different temperatures was investigated. The result showed that a large amount of α" martensite appeared in the WQ group while only a little amount of α" phase could be found in the AC group. Moreover, for the WQ group, less niobium resulted in more diffraction peaks of α" phase in XRD profiles. This result suggested that the stability of β phase decreased with the decrease of Nb content. The microhardness of Ti-xNb-3Zr-2Ta (wt.%) alloys was improved significantly with the decreasing Nb content in both WQ group and AC group. Increasing deformation ratio could effectively refine β grains for Ti-25N-3Zr-2Ta (wt.%). Both acicular martensite and lath martensite were found in the transmission electron microscope observation of Ti-25Nb-3Zr-2Ta (wt.%) alloy. Martensitic internal twins were identified as well.     

Study of the in vitro corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of Zr-2.5Nb and Zr-1.5Nb-1Ta (at%) crystalline alloys

The in vitro corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of two Zr alloys, Zr-2.5Nb, employed for the manufacture of CANDU reactor pressure tubes, and Zr-1.5Nb-1Ta (at%), for use as implant materials have been assessed and compared with those of Grade 2 Ti, which is known to be a highly compatible metallic biomaterial. The in vitro corrosion resistance was investigated by open circuit potential and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, as a function of exposure time to an artificial physiological environment (Ringer’s solution). Open circuit potential values indicated that both the Zr alloys and Grade 2 Ti undergo spontaneous passivation due to spontaneously formed oxide film passivating the metallic surface, in the aggressive environment. It also indicated that the tendency for the formation of a spontaneous oxide is greater for the Zr-1.5Nb-1Ta alloy and that this oxide has better corrosion protection characteristics than the ones formed on Grade 2 Ti or on the Zr-2.5Nb alloy. EIS study showed high impedance values for all samples, increasing with exposure time, indicating an improvement in corrosion resistance of the spontaneous oxide film. The fit obtained suggests a single passive film presents on the metals surface, improving their resistance with exposure time, presenting the highest values to the Zr-1.5Nb-1Ta alloy. For the biocompatibility analysis human osteosarcoma cell line (Saos-2) and human primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were used. Biocompatibility tests showed that Saos-2 cells grow rapidly, independently of the surface, due to reduced dependency from matrix deposition and microenvironment recognition. BMSC instead display a reduced proliferation, possibly caused by a reduced crosstalk with the metal surface microenvironment. However, once the substrate has been colonized, BMSC seem to respond properly to osteoinduction stimuli, thus supporting a substantial equivalence in the biocompatibility among the Zr alloys and Grade 2 titanium. In summary, high in vitro corrosion resistance together with satisfactory biocompatibility make the Zr-2.5Nb and Zr-1.5Nb-1Ta crystalline alloys promising biomaterials for surgical implants.     

Electrochemical behaviour of Ti–25Nb–3Mo–3Zr–2Sn biomedical alloy in different simulated physiological environments

The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of biomedical Ti–25Nb–3Mo–3Zr-2Sn (TLM) alloy was investigated in various simulated body fluids at 37±0·5°C utilising potentiodynamic polarisation and current–time curves. The Ti–6Al–4V (TC4) alloy was also investigated to make a comparison. The different simulated body fluids comprised of 0·9%NaCl saline, Hank’s and Ringer’s solution were employed. The effect of heat treatment on the electrochemical behaviour of the TLM alloy was also considered. It was discovered that all the test specimens were passivated once immersed into the simulated body fluids. It was also found that the TLM alloy has poorer corrosion resistance in Hank’s solution, due to the chemical composition of the Hank’s. After different heat treated, the TLM alloy had different phases and microstructure, and the corrosion behaviour of the TLM alloy was different. In this study, after the heat treatment of 760°C/1 h/AC+550°C/6 h/AC, the TLM alloy had better corrosion resistance. Owing to the corrosion resistance of the TLM alloy was influenced by numerous factors, such as microstructure and the chemical composition of electrolyte, the corrosion behaviour of the TLM alloy is complex. By comparing with the corrosion behaviour of the TC4 alloy, the TLM alloy has poorer corrosion resistant than the TC4 alloy under the same conditions. But the current–time curves of the TLM alloy were more stable than these of the TC4 alloy with further experiments, because of the more passivation film on the surface of the TLM alloy.     

The heat capacity in two-phase regions and the heat of phase transformations of some alloys in Zr-Nb and Zr-Sn systems

Analytical expressions are given for the phase boundaries of diagrams of state for Zr-Nb and Zr-Sn systems. Thermodynamically justified temperature dependences of heat capacity of Zr-1% Nb, Zr-2.5% Nb, Zr-1.5% Sn, and Zr-2.5% Sn alloys in two-phase regions are given and recommended for use. The heats of second-order phase transformations α(Zr) ? β(Zr) in alloys of Zr-Nb and Zr-Sn binary systems are obtained, and the heats of monotectoid reaction α(Zr)+β(Nb) ? β(Zr) in the Zr-Nb system and of peritectoid reaction β(Zr)+Zr₄Sn ? α(Zr) in the Zr-Sn system are calculated.     

Effect of deformation on corrosion behavior of Ti–23Nb–0.7Ta–2Zr–O alloy

The influence of deformation on the corrosion behavior of a newly developed multifunctional beta titanium alloy Ti–23Nb–0.7Ta–2Zr–O (mol%) in Ringer's solution at 310 K was evaluated using an electron backscatter diffraction technique and electrochemical measurements. The results showed that the effect of deformation on the corrosion resistance of the beta titanium alloy is complicated. Small levels of plastic deformation are detrimental to the corrosion resistance, whereas large deformations tend to eliminate this detrimental effect.     

热处理对电沉积Ni-W合金镀层组织结构、硬度及耐蚀性的影响

为了提高直流电沉积Ni-W合金镀层的显微硬度,改善其耐腐蚀性能,对镀层进行了热处理,研究了热处理温度和时间对镀层组织结构、硬度及耐蚀性的影响.结果表明:在一定的温度和时间范围内对镀层热处理可较大提高其硬度和耐蚀性;500℃保温1 h热处理后镀层的综合性能最好,显微硬度最高,可达1 010.44HV,且在3.5%NaCl...     

High‐cycle fatigue properties of beta Ti alloy 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr,gum metal

This paper describes the fatigue properties of the beta titanium alloy 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr, generally referred to as ‘Gum Metal’. Rotating bending fatigue tests have been performed in laboratory air and in a 3% NaCl aqueous solution. The results obtained were compared with those of a conventional beta titanium alloy, Ti–22V–4Al. In tensile tests, 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr indicated elasticity and microplasticity in the elastic region. Thus, the elastic modulus slightly decreased with an increasing strain, and the work hardening was minimal during plastic deformation. The mechanical properties of both of the alloys were comparable. The fatigue strength of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr in laboratory air was higher than that of Ti–22V–4Al, which could be attributed to the higher fatigue crack initiation resistance of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr than Ti–22V–4Al, while the resistance to small fatigue crack growth was similar. The fatigue strength of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr in laboratory air and in the 3% NaCl aqueous solution was analogous. In addition, corrosion pits were not observed in the run‐out specimen in the 3% NaCl aqueous solution, indicating a high resistance of 55Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr against corrosion fatigue.     

挤压温度对Mg-5.3Gd-2.6Y-1.1Nd-0.3Zr合金的力学性能和耐生物腐蚀性能的影响

在不同温度下对均匀化处理后的Mg-5.3Gd-2.6Y-1.1Nd-0.3Zr(质量分数/%)镁合金进行挤压。利用光学显微镜和拉伸实验对比研究固溶态铸锭、不同挤压温度合金的显微组织和力学性能,采用析氢法、失重法和极化曲线实验综合测试合金在Hank’s人体模拟液中的耐生物腐蚀性能,利用扫描电子显微镜观察腐蚀后合金的表面腐蚀形貌。结果表明:随着挤压温度的降低,合金的晶粒不断细化,强度及塑性不断提高,其中390℃温度下挤压得到的合金屈服强度达到223.4MPa,较固溶态铸锭(139.8MPa)提升约60%,且挤压后的合金在Hank’s体液中具有更高的耐腐蚀性,随着挤压温度的降低,合金的耐蚀性先升高后降低,450℃挤压的棒材耐生物腐蚀性能最优,腐蚀速率为0.74mm/a。     

热处理工艺及冷变形对CuNiSiCr合金组织与性能的影响

研究了引线框架用CuNiSiCr合金不同热处理工艺及冷变形量对组织与性能的影响,研究表明,新型CuNiSiCr合金在930℃保温1 h进行固溶处理,然后进行30%的冷变形,随后在510℃下进行2.5 h的时效处理,合金的硬度与导电性能达到较好的配合,能满足引线框架的技术性能要求。