A component framework for system modeling based on high-level replacement systems

The aim of this paper is to present a generic component framework for system modeling that satisfies main requirements for component-based development in software engineering. In this sense, we have defined a framework that can be used, by providing an adequate instantiation, in connection with a large class of semi-formal and formal modeling techniques. Moreover, the framework is also flexible with respect to the connection of components, providing a compositional semantics of components. This means more precisely that the semantics of a system can be inferred from the semantics of its components. In contrast to other component concepts for data type specification techniques, our component framework is based on a generic notion of transformations. In particular, refinements and transformations are used to express intradependencies, between the export interface and the body of a component, and interdependencies, between the import and the export interfaces of different components. The generic component framework generalizes module concepts for different kinds of Petri nets and graph transformation systems proposed in the literature, and seems to be also suitable for visual modeling techniques, including parts of the UML, if these techniques provide a suitable refinement or transformation concept. In this paper the generic approach is instantiated in two steps. First to high-level replacement systems generalizing the transformation concept of graph transformations. In a second step it is further instantiated to low-level and high-level Petri nets. To show applicability we present sample components from a case study in the domain of production automation as proposed in a priority program of the German Research Council (DFG).     

A Component Framework Based on High-Level Replacement Systems

This paper is based on two general concepts. The first one is a generic component framework for system modeling presented at FASE 2002, which is especially useful for graph- and net-based modeling techniques. The second one is the concept of high-level replacement systems, which has been studied within the last decade as an abstraction of the DPO-approach for graph transformation systems in a categorical framework, with instantiations to a large class of different modeling techniques. In this contribution both concepts are combined in the sense that the generic transformation concept - essentially used in the component framework - is instantiated by high-level replacement systems. As the main result we show how the properties for transformations required in the component framework can be shown in the case of high-level replacement systems. Moreover, some interesting extensions concerning multiple interfaces, union, and operational semantics of components are proposed.     

Preface: UNIGRA''03 - Uniform Approaches to Graphical Process Specification Techniques

This volume contains selected papers of the proceedings of the workshop on Uniform Approaches to Graphical Process Specification Techniques (UNIGRA'03). The workshop was held in Warsaw, Poland, on April 5 and 6, 2003, as a satellite event of the sixth European Joint Conference on Theory and Practice of Software (ETAPS 2003). The workshop continues the UNIGRA workshop in 2001 which has been a successful satellite event of ETAPS 2001.Workshop ObjectivesDue to the increasing amount of divergent formalisms, the main idea of the UNIGRA workshops is to bring together people working especially in the following three areas:

• Low Level and High-Level Petri Nets

• Graph Transformation and High-Level Replacement Systems

• Visual Modeling Techniques including UML

In each of these areas there is a large variety of different approaches, however, first attempts for uniform approaches have been made already. According to the main idea and in order to further stimulate the research in this important area, this volume presents some uniform approaches and further introduce unifying and comparative studies across the borders of the three and related areas.Workshop ProgramIn the first part, unifying approaches for low-level and high-level Petri nets are proposed:The contribution by Ehrig shows how the notions occurrence net and process can be generalized from low-level to high-level Petri nets, and studies the behavior and instantiations of this new view of processes for high-level nets.In his overview on new developments in the area of Petri net transformations for Software Engineering, Urbášek presents recent work on net model transformations and net class transformations. Both kinds of transformations are studied with regard to the preservation of system properties such as safety properties or liveness. The formalization of Petri net transformations is originally based on the theory of graph transformation.Padberg considers a case study (the call center of a phone company)which is modeled using Petri net modules for structuring the operational behavior of the system. The notion of Petri net modules was achieved by a transfer from the concepts of algebraic module specifications to the modeling of component-based systems by Petri nets.Desel, Juhás and Lorenz deal with the semantics of place/transition nets. The authors relate the process semantics based on partial orders (individual token semantics) to the collective token semantics by defining partial orders associated to process terms of place/transition nets.In the second part concerning graph transformation and high-level replacement systems, new aspects of component modeling and application of graph transformation techniques are discussed:In their contribution on components for algebra transformation systems, Ehrig and Orejas define a component transformation semantics in terms of the semantics of the specifications included in the components. The underlying formal basis of the instantiation of their generic component framework are algebra transformation systems and high-level replacement rules.An application of the formal unifying framework of distributed transformation units is presented by Kuske and Knirsch. The authors illustrate how different features of agent systems can be modeled by distributed graph transformation systems in a uniform way.Another application for graph rewriting, presented by Van Eetvelde and Janssens, is the modeling of refactoring operations for programs. The authors propose a hierarchical graph representation for programs to facilitate the study of refactoring operation effects at class level.The third part contains contributions focusing on unifying concepts for visual modeling techniques including UML:Minas describes a graphical specification tool for DIAGEN, a diagram editor generator based on hypergraph transformation. The specification tool simplifies the specification and generation of diagram editors. It uses an XML-based specification language and comes with a generic XML editor.In his contribution on dynamic aspects of visual modeling languages, Bottoni proposes an approach to the definition of the syntax and semantics of visual languages based on a notion of transition of production/consumption of resources. Abstract meta-models for this notion of transition are presented.An approach to the model-based verification and validation of properties of UML models is presented by Engels, Kïster, Heckel and Lohmann. The authors use graph transformation techniques as a meta-language for the translation and analysis of models.In model-driven architectures, the problem arises to deal with multiple models. Kent and Smith focus in their contribution on bidirectional mappings between models for software requirements and models for software design as basis for tools checking model traceability and consistency.Program CommitteeThe following program committee of UNIGRA'03 has given valuable scientific support:

• Hartmut Ehrig (TU Berlin, Germany) [chair]

• Roswitha Bardohl (TU Berlin, Germany) [co-chair]

• Luciano Baresi (University of Milano, Italy)

• Paolo Bottoni (University of Pisa, Italy)

• Claudia Ermel (TU Berlin, Germany)

• Reiko Heckel (University of Paderborn, Germany)

• Dirk Janssens (University of Antwerp, Belgium)

• Stuart Kent (University of Kent, Great Britain)

• Hans-Jörg Kreowski (University of Bremen, Germany)

• Fernando Orejas (University of Catalunya, Espania)

• Julia Padberg (University of Bremen, Germany)

• Grzegorz Rozenberg (University of Leiden, The Netherlands)

AcknowledgementThis workshop is supported by the European research training network SegraVis, and by the steering committee of the International Conference on Graph Transformation (ICGT).June 2003, Roswitha Bardohl and Hartmut Ehrig     

Components for Algebra Transformation Systems

In this paper we study the instantiation of the generic notion of component introduced before in terms of algebra transformation systems, where refinements are defined by means of high-level replacement rules. With this work we follow two aims. On one hand we show that our generic component concept is not purely syntactic, but it may take into account the semantics of the specifications involved. On the other hand, with this instantiation we strengthen the role of our component concept in the study of component-based heterogeneous systems.     

基于Petri网的工作流过程建模

业务过程建模是整个工作流管理系统的基础,选择一种高效的建模技术对复杂多变的实际业务流程进行形式化表示对构建一个灵活的工作流管理系统起着至关重要的作用。本文利用了Petri网技术给业务过程建模,构造了一个灵活可分析的过程模型：首先介绍了相关的基于Petri网的工作流建模技术,接着描述了Petri网到工作流过程模型执行的映 射,然后给出了一个具体的基于Petri网建模方式的实例,最后利用随机Petri网和概率论的一些知识对该模型进行了时间性能分析。     

基于扩展Petri网模型的BPMN形式化

BPMN(Business Process Modeling Notation)作为一个在系统开发早期阶段获取业务过程模型的标准,指导系统的设计和开发,其模型的正确性是影响软件开发质量的关键。鉴于BPMN模型的形式化可以验证模型的正确性,提出了一种利用扩展Petri网模型,应用模型驱动技术实现BPMN模型形式化自动执行的方法。该方法通过细化Petri网模型中的Transition和Place元素以及增加Organization Identifier和Group Identifier容器,使其不但能够描述BPMN模型中的动态行为,而且还能描述BPMN模型中的动态行为协作和静态组织结构。从元模型结构、语法和图标记方面详细分析了扩展的Petri网模型元素,利用模型驱动开发技术设计BPMN模型元素至扩展的Petri网模型元素的转换规则,并在Eclipse平台上使用ATL模型转换语言执行映射,实现形式化的自动执行。最后在此基础上应用Travel Agency系统演示了模型形式化插件BPMN2ExtendPetrinets的执行结果。     

时间Petri网模拟能力的研究

模型的模拟能力一直是系统建模方面的一个重要研究课题。本文先用一个直观的“零检验”例子说明时间Petri网的模拟能力比传统Petri网要强,并首次证明了时间Petri网与计算科学的最高模型——图灵机有相等的模拟能力;最后给出了另外一种含时间因素的时延Petri网向时间Petri网的转换方法,这说明了时间Petri网虽然形式上较为简单,但其模拟能力却并不比其它含时间因素的Petri网逊色,同时为时延Petri网的研究提供了另外一种有效方法。     

Software modeling and analysis using a hierarchical object-oriented Petri net

Petri net is used widely to analyze and model various systems formally. Recently, many Petri nets mania devote their efforts to enhancing and extending the expressive power of Petri nets. One such effort is to extend Petri nets with object-oriented concepts. An object-oriented paradigm provides excellent concepts to model real-world problems. Object-oriented concepts allow us to build software systems easily, intuitively, and naturally. Although several high-level Petri nets with the concept of objects are suggested, these nets do not fully support the object-oriented concepts. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical object-oriented Petri net (HOONet). The formal syntax and semantics of HOONet are explained in detail. HOONet supports a wide range of object-oriented features including abstract, encapsulated and modularized objects, object interaction by message passing, inheritance, and ploymorphism. HOONet also supports a variety of modeling and analysis mechanisms such as incremental modeling of evolving systems, unfolding the HOONet to lower level Petri net, and incremental reachability analysis for HOONet models. We demonstrate the usefulness of HOONet by applying it to modeling and analysis with an example.     

一种形式化的学习过程建模

目前对E-learning技术进行深入的研究对于丰富我国教育方式和提高总体教育水平有着重要的意义。学习过程的建模则是为实现学习管理系统,将E-learning的相关理念运用于实际,打下坚实的理论基础。本文首先介绍了学习设计理念以及Petri网的概念。其次,依次描述了学习活动和活动构件、技能、学习过程的建模过程,并在在此基础上补充了活动结构的概念。最后,对学习过程建模在学习管理系统中的应用提出了展望。     

基于Petri网的MEMS柔性设计建模方法

微机电系统设计具有微尺度效应和多物理场耦合的特点,而现有的面向产品宏观结构的CAD系统难以满足微米尺度设计需求,为此提出一种基于Petri网的MEMS柔性设计建模方法.在分析MEMS设计特点、框架和流程的基础上,对已有设计系统进行抽象化和精细化,获得高内聚低耦合的设计模块,并将Petri网与设计系统各模块相互关联,建立了基于Petri网的MEMS柔性设计建模框架;然后通过添加前置库所和带权有向弧调节库所最大/最小标识数,控制设计流的总数;再添加控制库所形成控制回路,使并发变迁有序执行,消解并行设计冲突;最后用Petri网的状态空间求解结果控制各模块运行,满足复杂设计流的多元关系.以ACIS为几何造型内核开发了自主原型系统,以电容式三维硅微梳齿驱动器设计为例进行应用验证,结果表明,文中方法将现有MEMS设计从自顶向下和自底向上及其混合拓展到基于Petri网的柔性设计建模,使产品设计不局限于固定的设计流程,对于提高MEMS设计效率和质量具有重要意义.     

基于SPNAT的维修过程建模与仿真方法研究

Petri网是严格定义的数学对象,直观、形象,且可用于动态的行为分析。通过引进退化令牌对随机Petri网进行理论扩展,提出了一种基于退化令牌的随机Petri网（SPNAT）的维修过程建模与仿真方法。最后通过实例验证了该建模方法的有效性和优越性。     

A Petri net-based approach for supporting aspect-oriented modeling

The concept of aspect-orientation allows for modularizing crosscutting concerns as aspect modules. Aspect-orientation originally emerged at the programming level, and has stretched over other development phases now. Among them aspect-oriented modeling (AOM) is a hot topic, and there are many approaches supporting it. Petri net is a good formalism which can provide the foundations for modeling software and simulating its execution, but fails to resolve the problem of crosscutting concerns to support AOM. So, this paper presents an approach which extends the Petri net so as to support the AOM. In this paper, the basic functions of the system are modeled as base net by Petri net, and the crosscutting concerns are modeled as aspect nets. In order to analyze the whole system, woven mechanism is proposed to compose the aspect nets and base net together. The problems about aspectaspect conflict and conflict relations may exist among the aspect nets matching the shared join point, thus this paper propose solutions to resolve them. The Object Petri net which is an extension of traditional Petri net is also extended so as to support aspect-oriented modeling here.     

A Petri net model for integrated process and job shop production planning

In this paper a new Petri net class (Chameleon systems) for modeling and analyzing joined process planning and job shop production planning is proposed based on the multi-level Petri net model introduced by Valk (1995). Chameleon system is a High-level Petri net extended with time that consists of a High-level Petri net modeling the workshop which is called system net and ordinary Petri net modeling the jobs and setups which act as tokens of the system net and therefore are called token nets. Process plans of the jobs are partial orders of operation groups and alternatives. The uncertainty of operation duration is captured by a new time model. The advantages of this new modeling approach are the following: (i) a modular construction of the joined process and job shop planning is allowed, (ii) classical known Petri net analysis methods can be applied and (iii) the analysis can be done at different levels of abstraction.     

基于Petri网的实时多智能体系统建模

给出基于Petri网的实时多Agent系统建模方法，它通过Petri网建立由接口模块、目标模块、计划模块、调度模块、知识库模块、环境模块、内部模块和控制模块组成的实时Agent模型，抽象和清晰地描述出实时Agent内部和外部特征。     

Management of Multimedia Scenarios in an Object-Oriented Database System

In this paper, we present an approach to multimedia scenario management in a database system that considers : object-oriented concepts for multimedia and scenario modeling; both known and unknown multimedia object playing duration; temporal specification language; Petri net automatic generation based on temporal specifications; automatic detection of user temporal specification errors and contradictions; and finally user interactions based on composite Petri net features.     

基于对象Petri网的信息系统建模技术

针对复杂管理信息系统分析与建模的困难性,提出了一种基于Petri网和面向对象的建模技术,给出了对象Petri网系统OPN的形式化定义,具体介绍了用OPN进行信息系统建模分析的基本思路与方法,并通过一个典型的租赁管理系统建模对该方法进行了应用。     

Petri网结点精化及其应用

在Petri网精化概念的基础上,给出一种解决Petri网结点爆炸问题的方法,该方法针对精化的定义,从库所和变迁的约束条件入手,分析结点精化的可行性和方法,并给出证明。该方法的建立为今后利用Petri网进行建模提供了必要帮助。     

面向对象的Petri网建模技术的研究

将面向对象的概念引入到Petri网建模技术中，对网进行分类与抽象，给对象模型的消息和方法赋予新的含义，并将Petri网扩展成具有输入与输出的开放式系统，从而形成了面向对象的Petri网建模技术（简称OPNe技术）。给出的OPNet建模技术的一般方法具有较大的实际意义。     

Petri net-based modeling and control of the multi-elevator systems

This paper extends the Petri net (PN)-based modeling of multi-elevator control system for M floors and N elevators which provides the generic PN model of the system. A new class of Petri nets is introduced known as elevator control Petri net (ECPN) for such purpose. The model of the multi-elevator control system is developed through components, whereas the model of each elevator is defined as a component. The interaction between these elevators is implemented through control places (CPs) of its PN model. A bottom-up modeling approach is adopted by adding the CPs and using the arc-addition operator to the single-elevator modules. Mixture of collective and selective approaches, that is, collective-selective/up–down approach, is used for the control. The proposed Petri net class in the paper resolves the bunching problem among multiple elevators. The bunching problem is tackled by introducing the request places with the capacity of one in the ECPN. A case study of ECPN is also presented by taking the two elevators and four-floor model, and it is analyzed by the incidence matrix–based invariant method.     

基于粗糙集和Petri网的油层含油识别研究

油藏受天然气的侵入,就会产生油气分异的现象:天然气会萃取出油藏中的轻组分,造成凝析油藏或轻质油藏;此外,油藏中的重组分脱出,形成沉淀,直接导致储层的渗透率降低,从而影响油气的分布规律。针对油藏中油气分布规律复杂的问题,在传统油层含油判别分析的基础上,提出了一种基于粗糙集和Petri网的油藏建模方法。应用粗糙集的知识约简对油层含油识别相关的岩层厚度、泥质含量等6个指标进行属性选择,提取最简规则,建立Petri网模型,根据Petri网的并行推理达到简洁高效的含油识别。仿真实验结果表明,采用粗糙集与Petri网判断的油气分布规律与现场数据高度接近,精度高,识别速度快,正确率高。可见将粗糙集与Petri网组合用于油层油气识别是有效的。