某地区住院军事飞行人员年龄、机种和医学鉴定结论调查

目的分析某地区住院军事飞行人员的年龄、机种和医学鉴定结论情况,为军事飞行人员疾病的防治提供科学依据。方法收集某地区2000-2005年住院军事飞行人员的病历资料,根据《中国人民解放军空军飞行人员体格检查标准》,对该地区住院军事飞行人员的年龄及飞行机种分布、医学鉴定结论的年龄分布和医学鉴定结论的机种分布进行分析比较。应用SPSS10.0统计包处理调查数据。结果 (1)该地区2000-2005年住院军事飞行人员中以35～39岁年龄组和歼击机组住院构成比为最高(28.4%,32.6%),不同机种住院飞行人员年龄分布差异有显著性(P0.05);(2)35～39岁年龄组住院飞行人员医学鉴定结论"暂不合格"的构成比(64.4%)和"飞行不合格"的构成比(10.1%)最高;各种医学鉴定结论在不同年龄组的分布差异有显著性(P0.05);(3)不同机种飞行人员医学鉴定"暂不合格"人员构成比均超过50%。结论 35～39岁年龄段飞行人员的住院构成比、"暂不合格"构成比,以及歼击机飞行人员的住院构成比都高,应对他们的身心健康给予高度重视,对其他机种"暂不合格"构成比较高的现象也应引起注意。     

民航飞行事故中的药物因素

文章概述了1975年以来国外一些民航飞行事故的发生状况，重点分析了事故原因中的药物因素，包括飞行员私自服用药物、服用违禁药物、过量服用药物问题，以及发现的导致飞行事故的主要药物种类；并提出为了中国民用航空安全发展，建议借鉴国外的经验和教训，开展中国飞行人员的用药监测。     

非处方感冒药:儿童也应慎服

<正>感冒是儿童的常见病,有的家长为了省时省事省钱不带孩子去医院,而是选择去药店买药或者在家里小药箱找药给孩子服用。有的家长认为,处方药必须经医师开具处方才可使用,自行服药可能会对身体健康造成损害,而非处方药则是不需要凭医师处方即可自行判断、购买和使用的药品,相对安全。于是,很多家长在孩子感冒时,找来非处方感冒药给孩子服用。殊不知,非处方感冒药同样存在风险。大多数     

选择抗感冒药有讲究

近 13亿人口的中国,目前每年大约有 70％的人需服用抗感冒药,其中西药占 70％,中药占 30％。可以说,对每个人来说,服抗感冒药是“家常便饭”的事。可您别以为感冒是小毛病,随便吃些抗感冒药就能治好,殊不知药不对症,不但难以达到治疗目的,而且还有可能加重病情,甚至会引起严重的不良反应。 目前应用的抗感冒药很多,不吃含 PPA的“禁药”后,我们选择抗感冒药仍有较大余地。问题是“是药三分毒”,选择抗感冒药时,要注意以下 4个方面。 1．切勿再服用含 PPA类药物。 因为服用含有 PPA的制剂,容易引起过敏、心律失常、高…     

儿童感冒用药六原则

儿童感冒了,到底该不该用药?怎样用药才安全有效?专家告诫家长们面对儿童感冒应掌握以下几个原则:一.无论用哪种抗感冒药,对孩子来说剂量都不得过大,服用时间不应过久,一般以5～7天为宜;     

飞行人员高血压及其相关因素研究

目的调查飞行人员高血压发病情况,探讨引起飞行人员高血压的危险因素。方法采用整体抽样的方法抽取民航飞行学院598名飞行人员的体检资料,同时进行问卷调查,所有资料采用SPSS13.0软件,进行方差分析及t检验。结果飞行人员收缩压为(114.45±10.10)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),舒张压为(72.81±8.90)mmHg,大多分布在正常血压组和正常高值血压组。其中,正常组346例,占57.86%;正常高值血压组225例,占37.63%;高血压组27例(1级23例,2级4例),检出率为4.51%,多为单纯收缩期高血压,无3级高血压。根据危险因素与各组对照分析发现,超重、中心性肥胖及缺乏锻炼对飞行人员血压的影响存在显著差异(p<0.01)。结论超重、中心性肥胖及缺乏锻炼是飞行人员高血压的主要危险因素。建议对飞行人员中的高危人群加强高血压健康知识教育,通过改变他们的生活方式,进而达到减缓飞行人员血压偏高者向高血压发展的趋势。     

军事飞行人员外显自尊与防御及应对的关系研究

目的 探讨军事飞行人员防御与应对的关系及对外显自尊的影响。 方法 采用防御方式问卷,特质应对方式问卷及自尊量表对107名军事飞行人员进行测评及统计分析。 结果 年龄、军龄、军衔、婚姻状况、是否独生子女及受教育程度对军事飞行人员外显自尊的影响无统计学意义(P>0.05);军事飞行人员外显自尊与积极应对呈负相关(r=-0.344,P<0.01),与消极应对及不成熟防御呈正相关(r=0.369、0.455,P<0.01),有统计学意义;不成熟防御不仅对外显自尊有直接路径影响效应(Beta=0.316,P<0.01),而且还作为应对的中介对外显自尊有间接路径影响效应(Beta=-0.087、0.105,P<0.01)。 结论 军事飞行人员外显自尊受防御与应对的影响,且不成熟防御在该影响模式中起着中介影响作用。     

心理护理对慢性胃炎军事飞行人员心身健康的影响

正慢性胃炎是胃粘膜的非特异性炎症,属心身疾病。飞行人员慢性胃炎住院占消化系统疾病住院总数的25.0%~40.8%。我科将2012年12月-2013年7月收治的94例慢性胃炎军事飞行人员随机分为干预组和对照组(各47例),对干预组在常规护理的基础上采取有航空特色的全程心理护理干预措施,在其入院、出院时均进行康耐尔心身健康问卷(CMI)调查,旨在了解心理护理对慢性胃炎军事飞     

某地区四十五年间住院军事飞行人员病伤死因调查

目的;研究军事飞行人员病伤死因,旨在为加强军事飞行人员死因疾病的预防、诊治提供临床航空流行病学依据。方法：采用回顾性调查方法对某地区４５年间住院军事飞行人员病伤死亡病例进行分析。死因疾病按照ＩＣＤ－９分类,编制“１９５０￣１９９５年某地区军事尽善尽美赠病伤死因构成”。死亡率以１９６４年全国标准人品构成标化。结果：４５年间军事飞行人员病务死亡３８例,平均死亡年龄３１．４７岁。总病死率０．１２３％。死     

大棚蔬菜种植人员农药使用行为调查

目的了解大棚蔬菜种植人员农药使用行为的特点。方法采用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取样本,使用自行设计的调查问卷对大棚蔬菜种植人员的农药种类及安全使用知识的获得途径、生产过程中存在的不安全用药行为和自我保护情况进行调查。结果共调查907名大棚蔬菜种植人员。89.1%(808/907)人员在使用农药前会接受安全用药的指导,销售人员指导是获得安全用药知识的主要途径(占80.8%);96.7%(876/907)人员存在混合用药行为,91.9%(833/906)人员在喷洒农药时身体受到污染,53.4%(484/907)人员在喷洒农药时无使用个人防护用品。农药使用行为危险性评分得分为0~1分者占4.5%。结论应完善相关规范,加强职业健康教育,提高农药销售人员安全用药告知意识,提高大棚蔬菜种植人员的安全用药知识及其自我保护与自救意识。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.