Prospective evaluation of associations between hearing sensitivity and selected cardiovascular risk factors

The prospective decline of hearing sensitivity was evaluated in an occupational cohort of university blue collar workers in relation to age, gender, occupational and nonoccu-pational noise exposure, smoking, blood pressure, and cholesterol. Each of these were associated with loss of hearing sensitivity univariately. When controlling for age and historical noise exposure in a multiple regression model, systolic blood pressure and cholesterol level were independently associated with decline in auditory sensitivity.     

Dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Folate is hypothesized to be inversely associated with the risk of several cancers, but such a potential association has not been well studied for prostate cancer. Vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, methionine, and alcohol can influence folate-related metabolism. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the associations between dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk within the alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. DESIGN: Of the cohort's 27 111 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 y who had complete dietary data, 1270 had a diagnosis of incident prostate cancer between 1985 and 2002. Folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, methionine, and alcohol intakes were estimated from a 276-item modified dietary history questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for age and vitamin supplement use, estimated relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (RR for highest versus lowest quintile: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.07; P for trend = 0.045), whereas vitamin B-12 intake was associated with significantly increased risk (RR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.96; P for trend = 0.01). No association between folate or alcohol intake and prostate cancer risk was observed. No differences were found in the above associations according to stage of disease or subgroups of several potential effect modifiers. CONCLUSIONS: We found no convincing evidence for a protective role of one-carbon metabolism against prostate cancer, although these observations can be generalized only to smokers. The possible modest protective association with vitamin B-6 and the significantly elevated risk with vitamin B-12 intake warrant further investigation.     

Statin use and the risk of breast and prostate cancer

BACKGROUND: Laboratory data suggest that the cholesterol-lowering "statin" drugs may have chemopreventive potential against cancer at various sites, including breast and prostate. However, in one trial of pravastatin there was a significant excess of breast cancer in the treatment group. In the present study, we assessed the relation of statin use to the risk of breast and prostate cancer in our hospital-based Case-Control Surveillance Study of Drugs and Serious Illnesses. METHODS: Cases were 1,132 women with breast cancer and 1,009 men with prostate cancer; controls were 1,331 women and 1,387 men admitted for conditions unrelated to statin use. We used multivariate unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for use of statins compared with no use. RESULTS: The OR for breast cancer among statin users was 1.5 (95% CI = 1.0-2.3), largely accounted for by an OR of 1.8 (95% CI = 0.9-3.6) among cases with carcinoma in situ. Among invasive cases, the OR was 1.2 (95% CI = 0.7-2.0). The odds ratio for prostate cancer overall was 1.2 (95% CI = 0.8-1.7), and it was 1.4 (95% CI = 0.7-2.5) for Stage A. CONCLUSIONS: The data from the present study do not support a protective effect of statins against breast or prostate cancer. Detection bias is a possible explanation for the higher ORs observed for carcinoma in situ or early-stage cancer as compared with more invasive cancer.     

Measures of combined antioxidant and pro-oxidant exposures and risk of overall and advanced stage prostate cancer

PurposeOxidative stress is possibly related to prostate carcinogenesis. We constructed a dietary antioxidant score, which is a measure of combined antioxidant exposures, and an oxidative balance score (OBS), which is a measure of combined antioxidant and pro-oxidant exposures. We hypothesized that both scores are inversely associated with the risk of prostate cancer (PCa).MethodsWe conducted a case–cohort study among 58,279 men in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Cohort members completed a baseline questionnaire. From 1986 to 2003, 3451 patients with PCa were identified including 1196 advanced cancers (stage III/IV). The antioxidant score and the OBS were created by summing quartile and category scores of individual score constituents, which had an equal weight. Pro-oxidants were scored in the opposite way to antioxidants.ResultsBoth the antioxidant score and OBS were not associated with risk of overall PCa or PCa subgroups on the basis of disease stage. Most score constituents were not associated with the risk of PCa. Total catechin intake was associated with a decreased risk of stage IV PCa (greatest vs. lowest quartile: hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.59–0.98).ConclusionsThe antioxidant score and OBS were not associated with risk of overall and advanced-stage PCa.     

脂代谢相关指标和肥胖与血尿酸关系

目的 研究脂代谢相关指标及肥胖与血尿酸(SUA)的关系.方法 2007年1月～7月随机抽取新疆医科大学附属中医医院住院病人466例为研究对象,血清检测血尿酸(SUA)及血脂相关生化指标,同时测量并计算体脂相关指标.结果 高尿酸组生化各指标中除高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)外,SUA、甘油三酯(TG)、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL-C)均高于正常组;体脂肪相关指标中体重、腰围、臀围、腰围/身高比(WHTR)、腰臀比(WHR)、体质指数(BMI)均为高尿酸组高于正常组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);＞30岁男性体脂肪含量(BF%)高尿酸组高于正常组;相关性分析中除HDL-C外TG、VLDL-C、体重、腰围、臀围、WHTR、BMI与血尿酸呈正相关;＞30岁男性和女性的血尿酸与体脂百分含量呈正相关;按几种肥胖判定方法将研究对象分组,组间血尿酸差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 高尿酸血症与脂代谢紊乱、肥胖有相关性,而肥胖与血尿酸相关的机制可能与内脏脂肪含量有关,利用BF%、WHTR、BMI、WHR等对肥胖分组并了解脂肪分布,对与血脂相关的高尿酸血症危险性的预测有积极意义.     

Serum lycopene,other serum carotenoids,and risk of prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites

Epidemiologic studies investigating the relation between individual carotenoids and risk of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results. To further explore these associations and to search for reasons prostate cancer incidence is over 50% higher in US Blacks than Whites, the authors analyzed the serum levels of individual carotenoids in 209 cases and 228 controls in a US multicenter, population-based case-control study (1986-1989) that included comparable numbers of Black men and White men aged 40-79 years. Lycopene was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (comparing highest with lowest quartiles, odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36, 1.15; test for trend, p = 0.09), particularly for aggressive disease (comparing extreme quartiles, OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.94; test for trend, p = 0.04). Other carotenoids were positively associated with risk. For all carotenoids, patterns were similar for Blacks and Whites. However, in both the controls and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, serum lycopene concentrations were significantly lower in Blacks than in Whites, raising the possibility that differences in lycopene exposure may contribute to the racial disparity in incidence. In conclusion, the results, though not statistically significant, suggest that serum lycopene is inversely related to prostate cancer risk in US Blacks and Whites.     

The relationship between Wolfe's classification of mammograms, accepted breast cancer risk factors, and the incidence of breast cancer

Data collected between 1973 and 1984 on 696 incident cases of breast cancer and 1,376 matched controls from four Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project clinics in the United States were used to assess the role of mammographic parenchymal pattern as a risk factor and its relationship with other, accepted, risk factors. The data confirm previous reports of the influence of benign breast biopsy, age at first live birth, family history of breast cancer, and duration of menstruation on the incidence of breast cancer. Height is also found to be an influential factor. Parenchymal pattern is found to be a risk factor with effects comparable in magnitude to the other factors studied. It operates separately from them, except for its relationship with height and weight. After adjustment for parenchymal pattern, weight is seen to have a significant effect on breast cancer incidence, and height is no longer needed in a model for risk. A model which simultaneously incorporates all of the risk factors considered, including parenchymal pattern, is presented. While these factors are of interest in the epidemiology of breast cancer, it is demonstrated that they are insufficient to allow reliable prediction of the disease in an individual woman.     

Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer

Antioxidant micronutrients may have chemopreventive effects. The authors examined the associations between prediagnostic blood levels of micronutrients and prostate cancer risk in two nested case-control studies of 9,804 and 10,456 male residents of Washington County, Maryland, who donated blood in 1974 (CLUE I) and 1989 (CLUE II), respectively. Until 1996, 182 men for whom adequate serum remained for assays in the CLUE I cohort and 142 men in the CLUE II cohort developed prostate cancer. Each case was matched with two controls by age, gender, race, and date of blood donation. In both cohorts, cases and controls had similar concentrations of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, total carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, retinol, and ascorbic acid; serum alpha-tocopherol was weakly associated with prostate cancer risk. Higher retinyl palmitate concentrations were associated with a lower risk in CLUE I but not CLUE II. In CLUE I, cases had lower concentrations of gamma-tocopherol than did controls (p = 0.02), but no dose-response trend was observed. A strong inverse association between gamma-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk was observed in CLUE II. Findings do not replicate previous reports of a protective association between lycopene and prostate cancer, but they suggest potential chemopreventive effects of gamma-tocopherol on prostate cancer.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清鸢尾素水平与糖脂代谢、妊娠结局的相关性

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者血清鸢尾素水平与糖脂代谢、妊娠结局的相关性。方法选取2017年4月-2019年4月接受产检并确诊为GDM的孕妇90例为GDM组,根据血清鸢尾素水平分为高鸢尾素组、低鸢尾素组,每组45例。选取同期进行产检的健康孕妇100例为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清鸢尾素水平。检测糖代谢指标、脂代谢指标水平。比较高鸢尾素组、低鸢尾素组孕妇的妊娠结局和胎儿/新生儿结局。结果 GDM组孕妇血清鸢尾素水平为(6. 59±0. 82) ng/ml,显著高于对照组孕妇[(4. 11±0. 56) ng/ml](P <0. 05)。GDM组孕妇血清空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)水平均高于对照组,高鸢尾素组孕妇血清FPG、Fins、Hb A1c水平均高于低鸢尾素组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。GDM组与对照组孕妇血清脂代谢指标水平比较差异有统计学意义,高鸢尾素组和低鸢尾素组孕妇血清脂代谢指标水平比较差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。高鸢尾素组和低鸢尾素组孕妇剖宫产率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0. 05)。高鸢尾素组巨大儿和新生儿窒息发生率均高于低鸢尾素组(P<0. 05)。结论 GDM患者血清鸢尾素水平与病情严重程度存在直接相关关系,对妊娠结局也有一定预测价值。     

汉族成人脂代谢与心血管病危险因素关系

目的了解乌鲁木齐地区汉族成年人群特殊的脂代谢特点及其与其他心血管危险因素的关系.方法采用整群抽样,对2 688人进行血脂、血糖测定和血压、身高、体重、腰围、臀围的测量.结果(1)血脂水平在体质指数18.5时有显著性差异P＜0.01;男、女腰围均以70 cm,腰臀比均以0.75为界点,两组人群血脂水平有显著性差异;(2)当血压120/75mmHg为界点时血脂水平有显著性差异;(3)当空腹血糖5.5 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖6.5 mmol/L时,血脂有显著性差异.结论乌鲁木齐地区汉族人群的血脂与心血管其他危险因素有密切关系.     

Few favorable associations between fruit and vegetable intake and biomarkers for chronic disease risk in American adults

Using 24-hour dietary recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999 to 2006, the possible link between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease risk was assessed. C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol, and glycosylated hemoglobin were selected as biomarkers for chronic disease risk. It is hypothesized that individuals who consume more fruits and vegetables will have reduced chronic disease risk because of the healthful benefits of these foods. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption on selected biomarkers for chronic disease risk. Although some associations were significant for FPG, HDL-C, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in some of the models, no trend was present. After adjusting for demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, body mass index, total energy intake, and the presence of at least 1 of our 5 predetermined comorbidities, no associations of reduced or increased risk were observed in any quartiles of combined fruit and vegetable intake. Fruit and vegetable intakes were weakly associated with an increased HDL-C level and decreased FPG, glycosylated hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein levels in some of the models; however, no association was observed in the final model. Because selected biomarkers of future disease risk remained in reference ranges at both high and low intake and no significance was observed in the final model, no protective association was observed between fruit and vegetable intake and biomarkers for chronic disease risk. However, fruit and vegetable consumption is recommended as part of an overall healthy diet and to displace other energy-dense foods for weight maintenance, which can lead to a decrease in future disease risk.     

Inverse association between dietary and serum conjugated linoleic acid and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is anticarcinogenic in experimental animal studies. We studied dietary and serum CLA in Finnish patients with breast cancer in 1992-1995. Participants were consecutive women with breast cancer (68 premenopausal and 127 postmenopausal) and population-based control women (75 premenopausal and 133 postmenopausal), matched for age and area of residence. Diet was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire and the fatty acid composition of serum by gas-liquid chromatography. In postmenopausal women, dietary CLA, serum CLA, myristic acid, and trans-vaccenic acid were significantly lower in cases than in controls. The odds ratio for breast cancer in the highest quintile vs. the lowest was 0.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-0.9]for CLA, 0.3 (95% CI = 0.1-0.7) for myristic acid, and 0.3 (95% CI = 0.1-0.7) for trans-vaccenic acid in serum. The odds ratios remained similar after adjustment for known risk factors of breast cancer. A diet composed of CLA-rich foods, particularly cheese, may protect against breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but it is impossible to assess the independent effects of CLA in this study. The findings may be of relevance for food production, inasmuch as it is possible to increase CLA and its precursor trans-vaccenic acid in foods by modifying the feeding of ruminants.     

Dose-response relation between serum total cholesterol levels and overall cancer risk: evidence from 12 prospective studies involving 1,926,275 participants

This study aimed to clarify the association between serum total cholesterol (TC) levels and overall cancer risk. Study-specific relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model, and dose–response relation was also evaluated. Twelve prospective studies were identified with a total of 1,926,275 participants and 13,1676 cases. High levels of serum TC showed an inverse association with overall cancer risk (RR for the highest versus the lowest category: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.83?～?0.90; I²?=?52.5%). A linear dose-response relation between serum TC levels and overall cancer risk was found (p?=?.004 for Wald test; I²?=?49.6%), and the pooled RR was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.89?～?0.94) for 3?mmol/L, 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81?～?0.90) for 5?mmol/L, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74?～?0.87) for 7?mmol/L. Our dose-response meta-analysis of 12 prospective studies indicated that higher serum TC levels were significantly associated with reduced cancer risk.     

Association between serum trans-monounsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk in the E3N-EPIC Study

The authors assessed the association between serum phospholipid fatty acids as biomarkers of fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk among women in the E3N Study (1989-2002), the French component of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. During an average of 7 years of follow-up, 363 cases of incident invasive breast cancer were documented among 19,934 women who, at baseline (1995-1998), had completed a diet history questionnaire and provided serum samples. Controls were randomly matched to cases by age, menopausal status at blood collection, fasting status at blood collection, date, and collection center. Serum phospholipid fatty acid composition was assessed by gas chromatography. Adjusted odds ratios for risk of breast cancer with increasing levels of fatty acids were calculated using conditional logistic regression. An increased risk of breast cancer was associated with increasing levels of the trans-monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic acid and elaidic acid (highest quintile vs. lowest: odds ratio = 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.83; p-trend = 0.018). cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids were unrelated to breast cancer risk. A high serum level of trans-monounsaturated fatty acids, presumably reflecting a high intake of industrially processed foods, is probably one factor contributing to increased risk of invasive breast cancer in women.     

Anthropometrics and prostate cancer risk

Studies on obesity and prostate cancer risk are inconsistent, perhaps because of differential effects on aggressive and nonaggressive cancers. Participants included 34,754 men residing in Washington State (aged 50-76 years at baseline) in a prospective cohort study who were recruited between 2000 and 2002; 383 developed aggressive (regional/distant stage or Gleason sum 7-10) and 437 developed nonaggressive disease through December 2004. Compared with normal-weight men (body mass index (kg/m(2)) <25), obese men (> or = 30 kg/m(2)) had a reduced risk of nonaggressive disease (hazard ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval: 0.52, 0.93; p for trend = 0.01). Overweight men (25-29.9 kg/m(2)) had an increased risk of aggressive disease (hazard ratio = 1.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.8), but there was no increased risk for obese men (p for trend = 0.69). Body mass index of >25 at age 18 years was associated with increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer; obesity at ages 30 and 45, but not 18, years was associated with reduced risk of nonaggressive prostate cancer. Height (fourth vs. first quartile) was associated with an increased risk of total prostate cancer (hazard ratio = 1.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.6), which did not differ by aggressiveness. There were no associations of prostate cancer with age at which maximum height was reached. Results from this study demonstrate the complexity of prostate cancer epidemiology and the importance of examining risk factors by tumor characteristics.     

Family history of breast cancer, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk.

I reexamined the relations of family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk, using data from three case-control studies. Subjects included 1,047 cases with newly diagnosed breast cancer and 2,329 controls. Family history of breast cancer showed only a weak relation to mammographic features. In addition, while family history and mammographic features were each related to breast cancer risk, associations of these two factors with risk appeared additive. In contrast to previous reports, these data suggest that, to a large extent, family history and mammographic features have independent effects on breast cancer development.     

Phytoestrogens and prostate cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Phytoestrogens are natural plant substances. The four main classes are isoflavones, flavonoids, coumestans, and lignans. Phytoestrogens have anti-carcinogenic potential. For evaluation of the effect of phytoestrogens on prostate cancer risk, we reviewed analytical epidemiological data. METHODS: Up to now, there are few studies that have assessed the direct relation between the individual dietary intake of soy products and other nutrients with phytoestrogens and the risk of prostate cancer. We decided to review analytical epidemiological studies providing data on (a) dietary soy intake or flavonoids intake, (b) urinary excretion of isoflavones or lignans, or (c) blood measurements of isoflavones or lignans. Soy is used as a marker for isoflavone intake. RESULTS: Overall, the results of these studies do not show protective effects. Only four of these studies are prospective, and none of them found statistically significant prostate cancer reductions. Two prospective studies measured flavonoid intake and one reported a preventive effect on prostate cancer for the assumption of myricetin. One study assessed enterolactone concentrations in three different countries and showed no reduction in prostate cancer occurrence. CONCLUSION: Few studies showed protective effect between phytoestrogen intake and prostate cancer risk.