Supply Shortage of Adipic Acid

Adipic acid is an important organicchemical raw material.In China adi-pic acid is mainly used as raw mate-rial in the production of nylon 66 salt,     

Rapid Demand Inerease of Iminodiacetic Acid

Iminodiacetic acid is an important finechemical intermediate.It can formchelates with many types of metalions.98% of iminodiacetic acid inChina is used to produce herbicide     

Optimization of Synthetic Conditions for the Preparation of Dihomo-γ-Linolenic Acid from γ-Linolenic Acid

Orthogonal experiments were employed to optimize the correlated parameters of reduction, sulfonation, substitution and hydrolysis. These reactions were used to convert γ-linolenic acids into dihomo-γ-linolenic acids (DGLA). For the reduction, the best reaction conditions were at 35 °C for 4.5 h with LiAlH₄ and γ-linolenic acid (in the ratio of 40 g:100 g); for the sulfonation, reaction at 29 °C for 3.5 h with 150 g γ-linolenic alcohol and 65 mL mesyl chloride, then the water phase being extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 100 mL); for the substitution, the reaction at 80 °C for 2.5 h with metallic sodium and sulfonate (at a ratio of 8 g:100 g); and for the hydrolysis, reaction at 80 °C for 2.5 h with NaOH and dihomo dioate (at a ratio of 50 g:100 g). The four reactions gave yields that exceeded 90% for each step. Finally, crystallization and decarboxylation provided DGLA in an overall yield of 60% and >95% purity.     

Synthesis and Properties of Lipoamino Acid–Fatty Acid Mixtures: Influence of the Amphiphilic Structure

The acylation of amino acids by acid chlorides with from 8 to 12 carbon atoms in alkaline aqueous medium following Schotten–Baumann reaction results in sodium salts of a N ^α-acylamino acid and fatty acid mixture. The latter are present in a proportion from 40 to 60%. These compositions represent mixtures of amphiphilic anionic surfactants. Together they contribute to the properties of the formulation. Measurements of the surface-active properties of these formulations, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), surface tension at the CMC (ST), foaming capacity (FC) and foaming stability (FS), show that surfactant mixtures with the longest chain have the most desirable properties. They are comparable to commercial petroleum-based surfactants. Thus, the CMC, ST and CM values of the formulation obtained starting from leucine and dodecanoyl chloride (310 mg/l, 30.1 mN/m and 200%, respectively) are similar to, and even better than, sodium dodecylsulfate (290 mg/l, 39.1 mN/m and 230%, respectively).     

Chemical Properties of 2‐Bromodecanoic Acid

Abstract

Some chemical equilibrium constants for 2‐bromodecanoic acid were investigated. The dimerization constant of 2‐bromodecanoic acid, k₂ =278 M^?1, in tert‐butylbenzene was first derived from IR spectroscopy measurements. Secondly, the distribution coefficient, k _d =799, was found by combining the value of k₂ with distribution data obtained from solvent extraction experiments evaluated with the aid of neutron activation analysis. Finally the dissociation constant, k _a =3.18 ?10^?3 M, was estimated from two‐phase titrations. A theoretical calculation was made based on the obtained constants and this calculation was validated by a second solvent extraction experiment that gave a good correspondence between calculated and experimental values.     

Rapid Capacity Increase of the Acetic Acid

Acetic acid is a very important basicorganic chemical raw material.It ismainly used in the production of vinyacetate,acetic anhydride,PTA,polyvi-nyl alcohol,ethyl acetate,butyl acetate     

Market Analysis of Propionaldehyde and Propionic Acid

Propionaldehyde and propionic acidare important fine chemicals and ba-sic chemical raw materials exten-sively used in food,feed,rubber,plastic,paint,coatings,flavor,pharmaceutical,pesticide and print-ing sectors.     

Rapid Demand Increase of the Chloroacetic Acid

Chloroacetic acid is an important in-termediate for organic synthesis.Itis mainly used to produce syntheticdyestuffs,pesticides,carboxyme-thyl cellulose,flavors andPharmaceuticals.     

Structural,Textural and Acid–Base Properties of Nano-Sized NiFe<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Spinel Catalysts

Abstract  

The effect of preparation methods on the textural, structural and acid–base properties of nano-sized nickel ferrite oxides was investigated. Several physicochemical methods are used for their characterization. Isopropanol, as a probe molecule, is used to determine acid–base properties. A correlation between textural, structural and acid–base properties of nanomaterials is established.     

Acid–base properties of polymer-coated paper

The wetting behavior of a series of polymer-coated papers has been studied. Different ways of determining the acid–base properties of the polymers are presented. The well-known van Oss–Chaudhury–Good (vOCG) bi–bi polar model is compared with more simplified mono–bi polar and mono–mono polar models. The effect of surface roughness on the wetting was also studied with atomic force microscopy. The overall wetting of each probe liquid was evaluated by calculating the work of adhesion to the polymer surfaces. It is shown that ethylene glycol and water may be considered as mono polar liquids, which simplifies the original vOCG-model. It is also shown that in most cases the surface energy values are in the same range when using both the complex bi–bi polar approach and the simpler mono–mono polar approach. The different polymers used are found to be of a predominating basic character.     

Reaction of γ-Tocopherol with Hypochlorous Acid

In addition to being a very good antioxidant, γ-tocopherol is also an excellent electrophile trap. This is a study of the reactivity of γ-tocopherol with hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite, a potential biological foe that is both an oxidant and an electrophile. Aqueous sodium hypochlorite (1.72 mmol; pH 7.4) was stirred with γ-tocopherol (0.12 mmol) in hexane for 2 min at room temperature. The following products were isolated: γ-tocopheryl quinone (0.6%), tocored (10%), 3-chloro-γ-tocopheryl quinone (14%), an ether dimer of 3-chloro-γ-tocopheryl quinone (0.4%), two isomers of 5-(5-γ-tocopheryl)-γ-tocopherol (3 and 2% respectively), 5-chloro-γ-tocopherol (14%) and two chlorinated dimers (14 and 24% respectively) which were identified as diastereomers of (3R,10R)-11a-chloro-2,3,9,10-tetrahydro-3,5,6,10,12,13-hexamethyl-3,10-bis[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-1H-pyrano(3,2a)-8H-pyrano(3,2g)-dibenzofuran-14(7aH)(14aH)-one. The chlorinated dimers, 5-chloro-γ-tocopherol, 3-chloro-γ-tocopheryl quinone and its ether dimer are new compounds.     

Effect of Calcium Salts of Glutaric Acid and Pimelic Acid on the Formation of β Crystalline Form in Isotactic Polypropylene

The effect of calcium glutarate (Cagt) and calcium pimelate (Capt) on the formation of β crystalline form in isotactic polypropylene (iPP) after isothermal crystallization at 130°C for 30 min has been investigated. The maximum K_WAXD and K_DSC values were 31.97% and 38.06%, respectively, for iPP doped with 0.2 wt.% Cagt. The maximum values of K_WAXD and K_DSC were 73.60% and 68.44% for iPP doped with 0.3 wt.% and 0.15 wt.% Capt, respectively. The crystal size of iPP doped with Capt is finer than that of iPP doped with Cagt. It is shown that the β nucleation ability of Capt is superior to that of Cagt. The difference in the β nucleation ability between Cagt and Capt is explained by the structural difference of the nucleators with β-iPP.     

Sustained Demand Increase of Concentrated Nitric Acid

Nitric Acid is an important Inorganicchemical raw material,and mainlyused in chemical,metallurgy,chemi-cal fiber and pharmaceuticalindustries.     

Enantioselective Pharmacokinetics of α-Lipoic Acid in Rats

α-Lipoic acid (LA) is widely used for nutritional supplements as a racemic mixture, even though the R enantiomer is biologically active. After oral administration of the racemic mixture (R-α-lipoic acid (RLA) and S-α-lipoic acid (SLA) mixed at the ratio of 50:50) to rats, RLA showed higher plasma concentration than SLA, and its area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to the last (AUC) was significantly about 1.26 times higher than that of SLA. However, after intravenous administration of the racemic mixture, the pharmacokinetic profiles, initial concentration (C₀), AUC, and half-life (T_1/2) of the enantiomers were not significantly different. After oral and intraduodenal administration of the racemic mixture to pyrolus-ligated rats, the AUCs of RLA were significantly about 1.24 and 1.32 times higher than that of SLA, respectively. In addition, after intraportal administration the AUC of RLA was significantly 1.16 times higher than that of SLA. In conclusion, the enantioselective pharmacokinetics of LA in rats arose from the fraction absorbed multiplied by gastrointestinal availability (F_aF_g) and hepatic availability (F_h), and not from the total clearance.     

General Regulation of Advertising in SulPhuric Acid Industry

Sulphuric Acid Industry is an only state-published journal concerning sulphuric acid manufacture in China. It has a broad readership of executives, scientific and technical workers and managing staff who are engaged in sulphuric acid industry. The journal is published bimonthly and distributed over five thousand copies each issue domestically and abroad.     

Kinetics of Asymmetric Reduction of Phenylglyoxylic Acid to R-(－)-Mandelic Acid by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae FD11b

The kinetics of asymmetric production of R-(-)-mandelic acid (R-MA) from phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA)catalyzed by Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp. strain FD11b was studied by fed-batch cultures. The concentrations of glucose and PGA were controlled respectively with a dual feeding system. When the electron donor glucose was supplied at the rate of 0.0833mmol·gdw-1·h-1, the specific production rate (qp) and the enantiomeric excess of R-MAreached the maximum 0.353mmol·gdw-1·h-1 and 97.1％, respectively. The apparent reduction activity of yeast FD11b was obviously affected by both substrate PGA and product MA. The qp value reached the maximum 0.36-0.38mmol·gdw-1·h-1 when the PGA concentration was controlled between 25 and 35mmol·L-1. The obvious substrate inhibition of bioconversion was observed at the PGA concentrations higher than 40mmol· L-1. The accumulation of product MA also caused a severe feed-back inhibition for its production when the product concentration was above 60mmol· L-1. The kinetic model with the inhibition effect of both substrate and product was simulated by a computer-based least-square arithmatic. The established kinetic model was in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Maintenance of Arachidonic Acid and Evidence of Δ5 Desaturation in Cats Fed γ-Linolenic and Linoleic Acid Enriched Diets

Cats have limited Δ6 desaturase activity. However, γ-linolenate (GLA) feeding may by-pass the Δ6 desaturase step allowing arachidonate (ARA) accumulation via Δ5-desaturation. Alternatively, high dietary linoleate (LNA) may induce limited Δ6 desaturase also resulting in ARA accumulation. Fatty acid profiles were determined after feeding high LNA, high GLA, or adequate LNA diets. Adult female cats (n = 29) were assigned to one of three groups and fed for 8 weeks. Plasma samples were collected at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 8 for plasma triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), lipoprotein (LP), and plasma and red blood cell membrane phospholipid fatty acid determinations. Time, but no diet, effects were observed for TAG, TC, and LP fractions at weeks 2 and 4 with significant increases likely due to increased dietary fat. However, all values were within feline normal limits. The GLA diet resulted in increased dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and ARA as early as week 2, supporting a ∆5 desaturase. Further evidence of Δ5 desaturase was found at high dietary LNA with the appearance of a novel fatty acid, 20:3 ∆7, 11, 14, apparently formed via ∆5 desaturation and chain elongation of LNA. However, Δ6 desaturase induction at high dietary LNA concentration was not observed. Cats are able to maintain plasma and red blood cell ARA when fed a practical diet containing GLA using what appears to be an active Δ5 desaturase enzyme.     

Repletion of n-3 Fatty Acid Deficient Dams with α-Linolenic Acid: Effects on Fetal Brain and Liver Fatty Acid Composition

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supply to the fetal brain depends upon the dam’s dietary intake of n-3 fats. In this study, we measured the incorporation of DHA into the fetal brain and liver in n-3 fatty acid deficient (0.1% alpha-linolenate) mice upon switching to an n-3 fatty acid adequate (2.1% alpha-linolenate) diet. Second generation mice raised and maintained on an n-3 deficient diet during mating were switched to an n-3 adequate diet on embryonic day 1 (ED 1) or ED 13. Fatty acid analysis was performed on fetal brains and livers and on maternal serum on ED 13, 15, 17, and 19. Although fetal brain and liver DHA began at a very low level (both exhibited an 85% decline), recovery was nearly complete by ED 15 in the group switched near conception but thereafter diverged. The maternal serum and fetal liver were very similar in their DHA and docosapentaenoic acid time courses. However, when repletion began on ED 13, brain DHA recovery was only about 44%. These results suggest that a nutritional intervention with alpha-linolenic acid can nearly but incompletely rescue the mouse fetal DHA deficiency if began at the time of conception but that the third trimester is too late, thus leaving a large DHA gap.