1999年和2000年夏季南极菲尔德斯半岛N_2O浓度对比

1999与 2 0 0 0年夏季对南极菲尔德斯半岛不同地点大气中 N2 O浓度进行了监测 ,分析了苔藓植被区 N2 O浓度季节变化特征 ;2 0 0 0年夏季该植被区 N2 O浓度均值为 ( 31 0 .7± 4.4)×1 0 - 9(体积百分比 ) ,比 1 999年的 ( 32 1 .9± 3.3)× 1 0 - 9约低 1 1× 1 0 - 9;阿德雷岛企鹅滩及其沙坝处N2 O浓度变化趋势与苔藓植被区相一致 ,浓度均值分别为 ( 31 2 .4± 5 .1 )× 1 0 - 9和 ( 31 2 .7± 5 .3)× 1 0 - 9,比 1 999年约低 9× 1 0 - 9;另外 ,不同地点大气中 N2 O浓度普遍比 1 999年低 ,但整体变化规律相似 :各考察站区 N2 O浓度普遍高于无人区 ;唯一例外的是企鹅聚集区 N2 O浓度却高于各考察站区 ,暗示了企鹅及其排泄物、人为源是南极大气中 N2 O主要的源。本文初步探讨了 N2 O浓度异常降低的原因     

1999年和2000年夏季南极菲尔德斯半岛N_2O浓度对比

1999与 2 0 0 0年夏季对南极菲尔德斯半岛不同地点大气中 N2 O浓度进行了监测 ,分析了苔藓植被区 N2 O浓度季节变化特征 ;2 0 0 0年夏季该植被区 N2 O浓度均值为 ( 31 0 .7± 4.4)×1 0 - 9(体积百分比 ) ,比 1 999年的 ( 32 1 .9± 3.3)× 1 0 - 9约低 1 1× 1 0 - 9;阿德雷岛企鹅滩及其沙坝处N2 O浓度变化趋势与苔藓植被区相一致 ,浓度均值分别为 ( 31 2 .4± 5 .1 )× 1 0 - 9和 ( 31 2 .7± 5 .3)× 1 0 - 9,比 1 999年约低 9× 1 0 - 9;另外 ,不同地点大气中 N2 O浓度普遍比 1 999年低 ,但整体变化规律相似 :各考察站区 N2 O浓度普遍高于无人区 ;唯一例外的是企鹅聚集区 N2 O浓度却高于各考察站区 ,暗示了企鹅及其排泄物、人为源是南极大气中 N2 O主要的源。本文初步探讨了 N2 O浓度异常降低的原因     

南极苔原沼泽温室气体通量变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

以南极阿德雷岛苔原沼泽为研究区域,2016年12月至2017年1月南极夏季期间观测研究了温室气体CH_4、CO_2和N_2O通量的变化规律及其对环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:光照条件下干旱苔原沼泽表现为CH_4吸收,通量为(–5.4±4.3)μg CH_4·m~(–2)·h~(–1),半干旱苔原与淹水苔原沼泽表现为净排放;三个类型苔原沼泽观测点均表现为N_2O净吸收,最高吸收通量出现在淹水苔原,为(–2.6±2.4)μg N_2O·m~(–2)·h~(–1);黑暗条件下苔原沼泽一致表现为CH_4和N_2O净排放。光照与土壤水分减少增加了苔原CH_4有氧氧化吸收,同时促进了反硝化作用对N_2O的还原转化。观测期间所有观测点均表现为CO_2的汇,最高CO_2净交换量与光合作用强度都出现在淹水苔原区,分别为(–40.1±17.6)μg CO_2·m~(–2)·h~(–1)和(91.2±26.5) mg CO_2·m~(–2)·h~(–1);而最高苔原沼泽呼吸速率出现在干旱苔原观测点,为(73.1±17.6)μg CO_2·m~(–2)·h~(–1)。夏季适宜的温度、降水条件促进了苔原植被的光合作用,增加了苔原沼泽CO_2吸收量。CO_2、N_2O、CH_4通量随时间变化的相互关系规律不显著(P0.05),但在降水与温度波动下,N_2O与CH_4通量都随CO_2通量呈现相似的波动。三种温室气体与各种环境因子之间的响应关系值得进一步研究;不同光照条件对CH_4、N_2O排放量的估算有重要影响。     

北极新奥尔松地区夏季近地面CO2、CH4和N2O浓度的观测研究

2008和2009年夏在北极新奥尔松地区（Ny-Ålesund）不同苔原区域（鸟类保护区、海滩苔原、矿区、人类活动区等）监测CO₂、CH₄和N₂O近地面浓度的时空变化并分析其可能的影响因素。2008年7月25日-8月13日和2009年7月13-26日,在不同观测区域设置常规和非常规采样点采集气体样品共239瓶并妥善保存。实验室内使用气相色谱（GC）测定准确真空瓶中温室气体（CO₂、CH₄和N₂O）的浓度。鸟类保护区的日变化中,2008年鸟类保护区CO₂和N₂O日变化浓度均大于2009年约30 ppm和25 ppb。2008年海滩苔原CO₂浓度均高于2009年约30 ppm;N₂O浓度低于2009年11 ppb;2008年鸟类保护区CH₄浓度低于2009年,而海滩苔原2008年浓度高于2009年,差值均约为0.7 ppm。这些年际变化可能由环境条件（天气变化等）和地表覆盖情况的变化引起。高海鸟活动区（HB）CO₂浓度低于海鸟活动较少的区域（MB 和 LB）;鸟类保护区CO₂浓度低于海滩苔原,N₂O浓度高于海滩苔原,主要原因是海鸟活动和鸟粪增加了土壤营养元素,影响苔藓植被发育的情况并改变上垫面状况。综合不同苔原区域：新奥尔松地区CO₂和CH₄浓度高于ZEP (Zeppelin Station)监测平均浓度,地表向大气输送CO₂和CH₄;而N₂O低于ZEP监测的平均浓度,地表从大气吸收N₂O。不同区域影响因素不同：鸟类保护区、海滩苔原和鸟岛主要是受到海鸟活动影响;矿区主要是受水分和土壤基质影响;站区和机场受到人类活动影响但并不明显,总的来说直接原因是由于地表覆盖情况以及地形不同引起。     

反硝化-分解模型在荒漠土壤CH4和N2O通量估计中的应用

甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)等温室气体通量具有高度时空变化特点,通过野外站点直接测量耗时且费力。为弥补监测方面不足,解析变化环境下反硝化-分解模型(DNDC)模拟值和样地原位观测值之间的对应关系,探讨模型在温室气体预测方面的潜力具有意义。本文选择古尔班通古特沙漠,对氮沉降影响下荒漠土壤CH₄和N₂O通量进行了模拟估计,并与实测数据进行了对比分析。结果表明：DNDC模型可较好地模拟荒漠土壤N₂O通量的变化,模拟值与实测值显著相关(P<0.001);而模型对荒漠土壤CH₄吸收量的变化模拟效果不显著,但模拟的年累计吸收量与真实值较为符合。DNDC模型敏感性试验分析表明,随着年平均气温、土壤有机碳(SOC)含量和施氮量的增加,土壤N₂O排放量和CH₄的吸收量显著增加;年降水量对土壤N₂O和CH₄通量变化影响不显著;土壤容重与土壤N₂O排放量和C...     

罗马湖旁路/离线人工湿地系统CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放通量动态研究

为了研究旁路/离线人工湿地系统在净化水体时的温室气体排放状况及其与环境因子的关系,于2010年7~11月,采用静态箱—气相色谱法,对罗马湖旁路/离线人工湿地系统的3个不同景观结构单元(温榆河龙道河交叉处河岸带S1采样点、龙道河河道S2采样点和罗马东湖湖岸带S3采样点)的CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量进行了同步采样和对比研究,探讨了影响温室气体排放的主要环境因子。研究结果表明,该湿地系统CO2、CH4和N2O的排放通量都有明显的时空变化特征。从空间上看,S1采样点和S2采样点的CO2月平均排放通量较高,分别为73.5 mg/(m2·h)和75.1 mg/(m2·h),与其表层(0~5 cm)沉积物中较高的有机质含量(7.04~29.4 g/kg)有关。S2采样点的CH4月平均排放通量[4.78 mg/(m2·h)]高于S1采样点[1.59 mg/(m2·h)]和S3采样点[1.70 mg/(m2·h)],其与该采样点水体中的氧化还原电位显著负相关(r=-0.779,p0.01)。3个不同景观结构单元的N2O排放通量差异不大[0.022~0.025 mg/(m2·h)];相关性分析结果表明,N2O排放通量与表层沉积物的NO2-—N含量显著正相关(r=0.689,p0.05)。从时间上看,水温是影响旁路/离线人工湿地系统运行时CH4和N2O排放通量的重要环境因子。     

南极冰盖SO_4~(2-)浓度记录研究进展

本文综述了南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 的来源、SO2 -4 浓度记录的时空分布特征 ,特别对nss SO2 -4 记录的火山活动事件进行了概括与总结 ,反映了近年来南极雪冰中SO2 -4 记录的最新研究进展。南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 来源的综述表明南极地区雪冰中的SO2 -4 主要来源于海盐、海洋生物和火山喷发三种。很多研究表明 ,用南极冰芯中记录的nssSO2 -4 可以恢复火山活动的历史 ,虽然对同一次火山活动 ,在取自南极不同地区的冰芯中 ,其浓度和沉积通量大不一样 ,然而 ,各次火山活动引起的硫酸根离子的沉积通量相对于Tambora火山的沉积通量的百分比在不同冰芯中却经常具有可比性 ,这使得利用冰芯中nssSO2 -4 的沉积通量推算历史时期火山喷发的强度成为可能     

南极冰盖SO_4~(2-)浓度记录研究进展

本文综述了南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 的来源、SO2 -4 浓度记录的时空分布特征 ,特别对nss SO2 -4 记录的火山活动事件进行了概括与总结 ,反映了近年来南极雪冰中SO2 -4 记录的最新研究进展。南极冰盖雪冰中SO2 -4 来源的综述表明南极地区雪冰中的SO2 -4 主要来源于海盐、海洋生物和火山喷发三种。很多研究表明 ,用南极冰芯中记录的nssSO2 -4 可以恢复火山活动的历史 ,虽然对同一次火山活动 ,在取自南极不同地区的冰芯中 ,其浓度和沉积通量大不一样 ,然而 ,各次火山活动引起的硫酸根离子的沉积通量相对于Tambora火山的沉积通量的百分比在不同冰芯中却经常具有可比性 ,这使得利用冰芯中nssSO2 -4 的沉积通量推算历史时期火山喷发的强度成为可能     

南极威德尔海周边雪冰和大气气溶胶中的MSA,nssSO_4~(2-)浓度及其比率研究

分析了威德尔海周边雪冰和大气中ＭＳＡ和ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４浓度资料。结果表明,威德尔海是造成这一地区大气中高含量生物硫化物的“源”,其周边岛屿及冰架表层雪冰记载和反映了大气中生物硫化物的空间分布和季节变化特点。源区产出硫化物的强度存在显著差异：靠近南极半岛一侧高于靠近Ｆｉｌｃｈｎｅｒ－Ｒｏｎｎｅ冰架一侧。尽管诸多因素对输运和沉降过程发生影响,表层积雪ＭＳＡ和ｎｓＳＯ２－４浓度仍呈现出很有规律性的空间分布：随沉降地点离海距离和海拔高度的增加,浓度值递减;但在一定海拔之下,“高程效应”不显著。冰芯中ＭＳＡ浓度垂向分布显示出季节分配“滞后”现象,在表层表现为受天气条件制约的输运过程造成的相位差,在深层则归因于有待验证的“迁移”机制作用的结果。大气和雪冰样品对比研究结果表明,在类似威德尔海这样的高纬地区,大气中的ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ“信号”在雪冰样品中会遭到不同程度的减弱。但就空间变化趋势和季节分布而言,表层雪冰仍是大气中组分（在本文是ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ）的良好载体。十分接近的大气和雪冰ＭＳＡ对ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４（或ＳＯ２－４）比率证实,这两种大气组分在由大气洗净和沉降到冰雪过程中只发生微弱的分离作用。这也就是大气和雪冰中     

崇明东滩湿地CO2 、CH4和N2O 排放的时空差异

通过静态暗箱—气相色谱法研究了长江口崇明东滩四类典型湿地(围垦湿地、高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩)CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放特征及影响因素。结果表明,在生长季尺度下,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O均以排放为主;在昼夜尺度下,CO₂和CH₄在夜间排放量大于白昼排放量,而N₂O的排放高峰出现在下午;在潮水退去、潮滩暴露初期,CH₄和N₂O有大量排放,CO₂正好相反。崇明东滩温室气体排放通量自岸向海有明显的梯度变化,总体趋势是越近岸通量值越大。观测与实验表明,温度、潮汐、土壤理化性质、植物和土地利用变化都对温室气体排放通量有明显的影响,其中滨海潮滩湿地特有环境因子潮汐以"淹没—暴露"光滩沉积物的方式控制温室气体的排放。     

南极普里兹湾及邻近南大洋水体N_2O分布特征

利用中国第25、26次南极科学考察航次获得南极普里兹湾及邻近南大洋附近水样,采用顶空气相色谱法分析其中N_2O含量,结果表明普里兹湾陆架水体N_2O浓度较低,介于13.2―17.4 nmol·L~(-1),且呈现不饱和状态,饱和度异常值为-7%;而普里兹湾附近南大洋水体中N_2O浓度较高,介于15.5―23.3 nmol·L-1,除表面一层极薄的不饱和层外,中层至底层水体相对工业革命前大气浓度为高度过饱和状态。该区域N_2O的分布格局与复杂的水团特性和水文过程有密切关系。N_2O含量不饱和的普里兹湾陆架水(SW)和绕极深层流(CDW)混合下沉形成南极底层水(AABW),可能为温室气体N_2O提供向深层海洋输运的通路。这个过程为大气N_2O提供了一个汇的机制,使南极近岸水体成为大气N_2O的汇区。     

三江平原湿地CH4、N2O的地-气交换特征

利用暗箱-气相色谱法对三江平原3种具有代表性的湿地类型（常年积水的毛果苔草沼泽、季节性积水的小叶章湿草甸和灌丛湿地）进行了为期两年的CH⁴和N²O现场同步观测。结果表明,湿地全年CH⁴和N²O通量有明显的季节和年际变化,与温度和土壤水分条件密切相关。在发生季节性干旱的年份,生长季（5月¹0月）CH⁴排放通量峰值出现在6月和8月,呈双峰型;而在降水充沛的年份,CH⁴排放通量峰值出现在6、7月份,呈单峰型。冰冻期（11月到次年4月）CH⁴排放通量十分的微弱,其中灌丛湿地表现为负排放。3种类型湿地N²O通量一般在非冰冻期表现为排放,呈双峰型,5月份融化期为第一个高峰期,7、8月为第二个高峰期,冰雪覆盖期表现为吸收。湿地CH⁴和N²O通量在春季的融冻期,存在此消彼长的现象。     

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统CO2,CH4和N2O排放通量研究

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CHh and N2O were measured in the alpinegrassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2Owere generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest CO2 emission occurred in August, whereasalmost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a dailyvariation, the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimumemission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes waspositively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=4).86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures andclimatic variables. CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique, fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001, determinations of mean fluxes showed that co2 and N2O were generally released from the soil, while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink. Fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O ranged widely. The highest co2 emission occurred in August, whereas almost 90% of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season. But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment. During a daily variation, the maximum co2 emission occurred at 16:00, and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning. Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in co2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures (R2=0.73) and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm (R2=0.86), whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables. co2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

Fluxes of CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O from alpine grassland in the Tibetan Plateau

Using static chamber technique,fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O were measured in the alpine grassland area from July 2000 to July 2001,determinations of mean fluxes showed that CO2 and N2O were generally released from the soil,while the alpine grassland accounted for a weak CH4 sink.Fluxes of CO2,CH4 and N2O ranged widely.The highest CO2 emission occurred in August,whereas almost 90?of the whole year emission occurred in the growing season.But the variations of CH4 and N2O fluxes did not show any clear patterns over the one-year-experiment.During a daily variation,the maximum CO2 emission occurred at 16:00,and then decreased to the minimum emission in the early morning.Daily pattern analyses indicated that the variation in CO2 fluxes was positively related to air temperatures(R^2=0.73)and soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm(R^2=0.86),whereas daily variations in CH4 and N2O fluxes were poorly explained by soil temperatures and climatic variables.CO2 emissions in this area were much lower than other grasslands in plain areas.     

The weak effects of fencing on ecosystem respiration, CH4, and N2O fluxes in a Tibetan alpine meadow during the growing season

Fencing is the most common land-management practice to protect grassland degradation from livestock overgrazing on the Tibetan Plateau. However, it is unclear whether fencing reduces CO_2, CH_4, and N_2O emission. Here, we selected four vegetation types of alpine meadow(graminoid, shrub, forb, and sparse vegetation) to determine fencing effects on ecosystem respiration(Re), CH_4, and N_2O fluxes during the growing season. Despite increased average monthly ecosystem respiration(Re) for fenced graminoid vegetation at the end of the growing season, there was no significant difference between grazing and fencing across all vegetation types. Fencing significantly reduced average CH_4 uptake by about 50% in 2008 only for forb vegetation and increased average N_2O release for graminoid vegetation by 38% and 48% in 2008 and 2009,respectively. Temperature, moisture, total organic carbon, C/N, nitrate, ammonia, and/or bulk density of soil, as well as above-and belowground biomass, explained 19%~71% and 6%~33% of variation in daily and average Re and CH_4 fluxes across all vegetation types, while soil-bulk density explained 27% of variation in average N_2O fluxes. Stepwise regression showed that soil temperature and soil moisture controlled average Re, while soil moisture and bulk density controlled average CH_4 fluxes. These results indicate that abiotic factors control Re, CH_4, and N_2O fluxes; and grazing exclusion has little effect on reducing their emission—implying that climatic change rather than grazing may have a more important influence on the budgets of Re and CH_4 for the Tibetan alpine meadow during the growing season.     

Effects of freeze–thaw cycles on soil N_2O concentration and flux in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Nitrous oxide(N_2 O) is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere; freeze–thaw cycles(FTCs) might strongly influence the emission of soil N_2 O on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP). However, there is a lack of in situ research on the characteristics of soil N_2 O concentration and flux in response to variations in soil properties caused by FTCs.Here, we report the effect of FTC-induced changes in soil properties on the soil N_2 O concentration and flux in the permafrost region of the higher reaches of the Shule River Basin on the northeastern margin of the QTP. We measured chemical properties of the topsoil, activities of soil microorganisms, and air temperature(AT), as well as soil N_2 O concentration and flux, over an annual cycle from July 31, 2011, to July 30, 2012. The results showed that soil N_2 O concentration was significantly affected by soil temperature(ST), soil moisture(SM), soil salinity(SS), soil polyphenol oxidase(SPO), soil alkaline phosphatase(SAP), and soil culturable actinomycetes(SCA), ranked as SMSSSTSPOSAPSCA, whereas ST significantly increased soil N_2 O flux, compared with SS. Overall, our study indicated that the soil N_2 O concentration and flux in permafrost zone FTCs were strongly affected by soil properties, especially soil moisture, soil salinity, and soil temperature.