组织型纤溶酶原激活物基因的DNA改组

目的：探索利用DNA改组（DNAshuffling)技术，获得更高活性tPA的可能性。方法：以人，恒河猴及大白鼠tPAcDNA为一组基因，进行tPA的DNA改组（DNAfamily shuffling)。以改组后构建的tPA多样性文库转染CHO细胞并进行克隆和筛选。结果：得到了两株有意义的克隆；t9和t17，其中t9克隆表达的tPA活性略高于人tPA，初步的比活性测定结果表明，活性约提高4倍。t17克隆表达的tPA虽然有88个氨基酸的缺失，但仍表现出与人tPA相同的活性，两株克隆经测序证明，为改组后的基因，其序列以人和恒河猴的tPAcDNA序列为主，少数序列来源于大白鼠tPAcDNA。结论：这一探索性结果将为后续几轮的tPADNA改组探明道路，为最终从改组后tPA多样性基因库中筛选到比较理想的重组体打下基础。     

肝癌组织浸液尿激酶型和组织型纤溶酶原激活物的检测

一些研究表明体液中的尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(urokinasetypeplasminogenactivator,u PA)和尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体 (uokinasetypeplasminogenactivatorreceptor,u PAR )浓度与癌细胞自身分泌和释放的水平及其浸润转移有关 ,而组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (tissueplasminogenactivator,t PA)则与癌组织血管内皮细胞的释放和血管新生有关 ,组织型纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 (Tissueplasminogenactivatorinhibitor 1,PAI 1)则对t PA和u PA起调控作用 ,同时参与癌细胞的转移等过程[1 ,2 ] 。为探讨癌生长和癌扩散转移及血管新生与上述指标之间的…     

内皮细胞损伤对组织型纤溶酶原激活物结合力的影响

组织型纤溶酶原激活物（ｔ－ＰＡ）在人体纤溶中起主导作用，与内皮细胞结合后可提高自身催化活性并免受其抑制物灭活。本实验用联胺诱发内皮细胞过氧化损伤，以硒做为抗氧化剂，用放射性核素测定及放射自显影的方法观察内皮细胞损伤前后与ｔ－ＰＡ结合力的改变。结果表明：过氧化损伤后内皮细胞与ｔ－ＰＡ结合力明显下降，硒对该结合力的下降有一定抑制作用。提示内皮细胞损伤后纤溶活性降低可能与二者结合力下降有关。     

外源性组织型纤溶酶原激活物信号肽突变体增强蛋白质在哺乳细胞中的表达及分泌

目的 比较不同tPA信号肽突变体对目的蛋白表达和分泌水平的影响,优化并筛选通用性外源信号肽序列.方法 通过定点突变技术将人类组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tPA）的信号肽第22位氨基酸由脯氨酸（P）突变为丙氨酸（tPA22P/A）或甘氨酸（tPA22P/G）,并将突变前后的3种信号肽序列分别插入HIV-1 p24基因的N末端,构建不同的p24蛋白表达载体,这些重组表达载体体外瞬时转染人胚肾HEK293T细胞,转染72 h后,通过SDS-PAGE与western blot检测并比较各组培养上清和细胞中p24蛋白的表达水平.结果 成功构建了3个p24蛋白的真核表达载体P24T.tPA、P24T.tPA22P/A和P24T.tPA22P/G,经序列测定证实基因序列和方向与预期相符;重组载体转染293T细胞72 h后均检测到分泌性p24的表达.与P24T.tPA组相比,P24T.tPA22P/A转染组培养上清中和细胞内p24蛋白表达水平分别提高62%和29%,P24T.tPA22P/G转染组分别提高8%和6%.结论 tPA信号肽22位由脯氨酸突变为丙氨酸或甘氨酸,这就提高了目的蛋白的表达和分泌水平,为优化外源蛋白在哺乳细胞中的表达和分泌提供了实验基础.     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体及可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体与炎症相关的研究进展

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,uPAR）与尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（urokinase plasminogen activator,uPA）同为纤溶酶原激活系统的主要成员,是一种协调多种信号转导途径的多功能分子,可溶性尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物受体（soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor,suPAR）是其可溶形式。除凝血-纤溶以外,uPAR参与了肿瘤侵袭及炎症等多种疾病过程,而suPAR可能是一种良好的炎性标志物。本文就uPAR及suPAR在炎症中的作用进行简要综述。     

组织型纤溶酶原激活物单克隆抗体的研制及其特性鉴定

目的：为应用ｔ ＰＡ单克隆抗体建立ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ｔ ＰＡ含量以及研究ｔ ＰＡ功能和结构的关系。方法：运用杂交瘤技术成功地研制５株ｔ ＰＡ单克隆抗体，并进行较系统的免疫特性的鉴定。结果：５株单抗特异性高，与ｕ ＰＡ、ＰＬＧ、Ｆｇ、Ｆｂ、ＢＳＡ均无交叉反应；亲合力强１Ｈ４＞３Ｃ１０＞５Ｈ１０＞４Ｅ６＞４Ｃ６；腹水效价５×１０－６～１×１０－７；免疫球蛋白亚类为ＩｇＧ１和ＩｇＧ２ａ；５株单抗中，３Ｃ１０和１Ｈ４可明显抑制ｔ ＰＡ活性，而５Ｈ１０、４Ｅ６、４Ｃ６则对ｔ ＰＡ活性无明显影响。结论：为进一步应用这些单抗作为研究手段提供了基础。     

内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因转染对血管损伤后新生内膜增生的影响

背景：一氧化氮能够抑制血管平滑肌细胞的迁移和增殖,而一氧化氮合酶是其合成的关键酶,有关一氧化氮合酶基因体内转染对平滑肌细胞及动脉粥样硬化血管损伤后内膜增生影响少有报道。 目的：观察内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)基因体内局部转染对动脉粥样硬化大鼠血管损伤后新生内膜增生的抑制作用。 方法：建立动脉粥样硬化Wistar大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型,建模后随机分成空白对照组、AdCMV-lacz对照组和AdCMV-eNOS组,分别将PBS,AdCMV-lacz和AdCMV-eNOS体内转染至以上3组大鼠的损伤血管壁。转染2周后培养并鉴定损伤局部平滑肌细胞,并用RT-PCR法检测各组损伤及转染后血管平滑肌细胞eNOS mRNA的表达,同时观察转染后不同时期新生内膜增生的影响。 结果与结论：AdCMV-eNOS组的颈总动脉血管平滑肌细胞可表达eNOS mRNA。3组大鼠转染后1和3个月,AdCMV-eNOS组内膜/中膜面积比值低于空白对照组和AdCMV-lacz对照组(P < 0.01)。结果显示,eNOS基因体内转染损伤后血管可以抑制血管新生内膜增生,减少再狭窄发生率。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物及其特异受体和抑制物与肺癌的浸润转移

研究尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物(uPA)及其特异受体(uPA-R)和抑制物(PAI-1、PAI-2)在肺癌浸润转移中的作用.应用RIA分别对67例经组织病理确诊的各期肺癌和30例肺部相关炎症患者及30名健康献血者进行了相应的检测.结果显示,小细胞肺癌Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期患者血浆中uPA、uPA-R、PAI-1水平显著升高(P＜0.001),而PAI-2的水平逐渐降低;腺癌、鳞癌伴有浸润主支气管及肺门淋巴结者uPA、uPA-R与PAI-1水平亦显著升高(P＜0.001);周围型肺癌未见淋巴结受侵者uPA、uPA-R、PAI-1与PAI-2水平异常升高.uPA、uPA-R与PAI-1在肺癌中水平明显升高,并与肺癌的浸润转移相关密切,可作为肿瘤患者早期诊断、预后评估的有力指标.     

缺血再灌注大鼠视网膜组织型纤溶酶原激活物活性与细胞外基质的相关性

目的：探讨缺血再灌注时大鼠视网膜组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tissue-type plasminogen activator，TPA）活性与视网膜微血管外基质降解的相关性。方法：采用眼压升降法造成视网膜缺血后再灌注。实验组分缺血1～2h再灌注1～2h各组。各组视网膜测试TPA的活性，并用免疫组化法对视网膜微血管外基质作Ⅳ型胶原、层粘连蛋白和纤维粘连蛋白染色。结果：缺血再灌注后，大鼠视网膜TPA的活性随缺血和再灌注时间的延长而显著升高；实验组的Ⅳ型胶原、层粘连蛋白和纤维粘连蛋白阳性染色平均单位面积显著地小于正常对照组，阳性染色呈不连续线状的微血管数显著地多于正常对照组。结论：缺血再灌注可引起视网膜TPA的活性升高，使微血管外基质降解，破坏血-视网膜屏障，导致视网膜结构和功能损伤。     

手术应激对猪冠脉血管组织型纤溶酶原激活物快速释放的诱导作用

组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (t- PA)是一种来源于血管内皮、启动内源性纤溶作用的关键酶 ;作为对血栓性动脉闭塞的反应 ,活性 t- PA急性的释放调解可在数分钟内出现。目的　该项研究旨在观察外科手术对猪冠脉血管床中t- PA释放动力学的影响。方法　选取麻醉猪 (n=16 ) ,分别于胸骨切开术前、术后 1、 3、 5和 10 min检测冠状动 -静脉血流中 t- PA浓度差和血浆流量 (后者用逆向性热稀释法测定 )。结果　术前 ,冠状动 -静脉中 t- PA净流量 (释放或摄取 )无显著性差别 ,而手术却诱导 t- PA净释放量的快速上升 ;总 t- PA净释放量为 132 .6 ng·…     

Rat myometrial smooth muscle cells express endothelial nitric oxide synthase

We examined if rat myometrial cells in culture generate nitric oxide (NO) and express various isoforms of NO synthase (NOS). Myometrial cells isolated from rats on day 18 of gestation were incubated with various stimulators and inhibitors of NOS for 24 and 48 h, and NO production was evaluated by measuring nitrites in the media and NOS proteins in the cell lysates. NO was produced by myometrial cells and its production inhibited by N(G)-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). This inhibition was reversed by L-arginine (3 mM). Interleukin-1beta (IL- 1beta) significantly stimulated NO production, in a dose-dependent manner. The IL-1beta-stimulated NO production was inhibited by the NOS inhibitor, L-NMMA, whose effects were reversed by L-arginine. Abundant NOS III protein was detectable in freshly isolated myometrial cells, and this was maintained in culture in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS; 10%). In the absence of FBS, NOS III levels decreased significantly (by 90%) within 24 h. In contrast, NOS I and NOS II proteins were undetectable in freshly isolated muscle cells and in cells cultured without IL-1beta. However, NOS II protein in these cells was induced by IL-1beta. Thus, NO is produced by myometrial cells through the NOS III isoform, and the myometrial NO may be important in maintaining uterine quiescence during pregnancy.      

非诺贝特上调血管内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的:观察PPARα激动剂非诺贝特对牛主动脉(BAECs)内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)活性和表达的影响。方法:制备5-9代BAECs,加入不同浓度的非诺贝特(0, 5, 10, 50, 100 μmol/L)后,用NOS Assay Kit测定eNOS活性,RT-PCR法检测eNOS mRNA表达,Western blot分析检测eNOS蛋白质表达。结果: 非诺贝特以浓度和时间依赖的方式增加eNOS活性,非诺贝特浓度10 μmol/L以上时,明显增加eNOS活性。50μmol/L非诺贝特处理48 h时eNOS活性最大(为对照组的2.32±0.47倍,P<0.01)。非诺贝特处理1 h和12 h不增加eNOS活性。RT-PCR分析表明,非诺贝特浓度大于5 μmol/L以上时,明显增加eNOS mRNA水平,在非诺贝特浓度为50 μmol/L时作用最大,为对照组的2.08±0.33倍(P<0.01)。此作用在6 h时出现,持续到48 h。Western blot显示,非诺贝特处理48 h,eNOS蛋白表达明显增加,在浓度为10,50 和100 μmol/L时,eNOS蛋白表达分别为对照组的1.80±0.45, 2.70±0.42 和 2.20±0.32 倍,均P<0.01。在非诺贝特处理12 h后出现,持续到48 h。结论:PPARα激动剂非诺贝特增加BAECs eNOS基因表达,提高eNOS活性及增加蛋白表达。     

Overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells is protective against ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse skeletal muscle

Microvascular injury has been proposed to be a main cause of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The roles of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived NO, a key regulator of vascular function, in I/R injury are incompletely understood. We used transgenic mice overexpressing eNOS in endothelial cells (eNOS-Tg) and their littermates wild-type mice (WT) to investigate the roles of eNOS in I/R injury in skeletal muscle. Superoxide levels in the affected muscles were reduced by approximately 50% in eNOS-Tg compared with WT during reperfusion. In WT, the disassembly of endothelial junctional proteins seen in the early period of reperfusion was recovered in the later phase. These findings were correlated with the increased vascular permeability in vivo. In contrast, eNOS-Tg maintained the endothelial junction assembly as well as vascular permeability during reperfusion. Leukocyte extravasation into tissue and up-regulated expression of adhesion molecules in the reperfused vessels were significantly inhibited in eNOS-Tg. Tissue viability of the affected muscle was decreased in WT time-dependently after reperfusion, whereas eNOS-Tg showed no significant reduction. NOS inhibition completely reversed these protective effects of eNOS overexpression in I/R injury. Thus, eNOS overexpression appears to prevent the I/R injury in skeletal muscle by maintaining vascular integrity.     

Effects of black cohosh on the plasminogen activator system in vascular smooth muscle cells

Objective

The rhizome of the Cimicifuga racemosa plant (commonly known as black cohosh) has been used for menopausal complaints. Studies regarding the cardiovascular effects of black cohosh are lacking. We investigated the effect of black cohosh on the plasminogen activator system in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).

Methods

VSMCs were isolated from rat aortae. Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The activities of PAI-1 and t-PA in the conditioned media were assessed by fibrin overlay zymography. A 40% 2-propanol extract of black cohosh was used.

Results

Black cohosh extract (BcEx) stimulated the protein expression of PAI-1, but it did not affect that of t-PA. Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, inhibited the BcEx-induced increase in PAI-1 expression, while ICI 182,780, an estrogen receptor antagonist, had no effect. Fibrin overlay zymography revealed that BcEx increased the activity of PAI-1 in the conditioned media, while concurrently decreasing that of free t-PA by inducing a binding to PAI-1.

Conclusions

BcEx induces PAI-1 protein expression in the VSMCs likely via an oxidant mechanism. It also stimulates the enzyme activity of PAI-1 and reduces that of free t-PA. These findings suggest that black cohosh might exert a negative influence on fibrinolysis.     

脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞及一氧化氮含量的变化

目的　探讨脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性细胞和一氧化氮 (NO)的变化和意义。方法　采用自由落体法致Wistar大鼠顶叶皮质挫裂伤动物模型。伤后 2 4h、72h和 7d取脑 ,制作冰冻切片 ,采用NADPH组织化学染色 ,显示脑挫伤区NOS阳性细胞。用硝酸还原酶法测定血液和脑组织中NO含量。结果　脑挫伤后 72h ,NOS阳性细胞数密度 (Nv)和面密度(Sv)明显增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而且 7d时仍无明显下降。血液和脑中NO含量也增高 ,并与NOS细胞呈平行关系。结论　脑挫伤后不同时间NOS细胞数目和NO含量有明显改变 ,提示NOS和NO参与了脑挫伤的病理过程     

脑动脉内皮细胞缺氧时内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因表达的变化及蛋白激酶C的作用

目的：研究缺氧时脑动脉内皮细胞(CAECs)内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因表达的变化，并探讨可能的分子机制。方法： 分别采用RT-PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹技术检测原代培养的猪脑动脉内皮细胞缺氧2、6、12、24、48 h后eNOS mRNA和蛋白质表达的变化，并观察蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂对缺氧24 h引起的eNOS mRNA和蛋白质变化的影响。加入转录抑制剂放线菌素D后观察缺氧24 h对eNOS mRNA稳定性的影响。结果：缺氧2 h后脑动脉内皮细胞eNOS mRNA和蛋白质表达均增加，12 h达到高峰，约分别为常氧组的2.5倍和2.0倍，缺氧48 h仍高于常氧组。缺氧对eNOS mRNA稳定性无明显影响。选择性PKC抑制剂BIM I(1 μmol/L)、G6983(1 μmol/L)均能降低缺氧24 h所引起的eNOS基因表达的上调。结论： 脑动脉内皮细胞缺氧时可通过PKC信号途径上调eNOS基因的表达，并可能由此介导缺氧时脑血管的扩张反应，发挥其神经保护作用。     

Atheromatous plaque macrophages produce plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 and stimulate its production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.

The capacity of macrophages to influence directly and indirectly fibrinolytic processes in atherosclerosis was studied using macrophages isolated from atherosclerotic plaques of patients undergoing surgical repair of distal aortic and femoral arteries. These cells were characterized by their morphology, adherence, esterase positivity, and expression of CD14 antigen. Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) by plaque macrophages (6.7 +/- 2.7 ng/10(5) cells/24 hours [mean +/- SEM]) was significantly greater than PAI-1 production by blood monocytes isolated simultaneously from the same patients (1.8 +/- 1.5 ng/10(5) cells/24 hours). Production of tissue type plasminogen activator and urokinase type was not augmented compared to blood monocytes. Conditioned medium from cultured plaque macrophages significantly increased production of PAI-1 by endothelial cells (85 +/- 11% above basal) and vascular smooth muscle cells (25 +/- 10%) in vitro. This response was significantly greater than the response to monocyte-conditioned medium (endothelial cells 38 +/- 11%, vascular smooth muscle cells 2.5 +/- 2.0%). Stimulation of endothelial cell PAI-1 production by macrophage-conditioned medium was partially inhibitable by a monoclonal antibody to transforming growth factor-beta. Tissue type plasminogen activator production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells was not affected by plaque macrophage- or monocyte-conditioned medium. Urokinase type plasminogen activator production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells was undetectable in control medium and was augmented to similar levels in response to plaque macrophage- and monocyte-conditioned media. These results demonstrate upregulation of PAI-1 production by macrophages in atheromatous plaques and the capacity of soluble products from plaque macrophages to upregulate PAI-1 production by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. These data suggest that macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques may inhibit thrombolysis both directly and indirectly by effects of their soluble products on endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.