太阳能-空气光伏/光热一体化热泵热水系统实验特性

本文研究了一种新型光伏/光热一体化(PV/T)复合热源热泵热水系统,将多孔扁盒式PV/T集热板与空气源热泵相结合,根据不同控制方式组合成双热源并联、单太阳能和单空气能三种不同运行模式。在室外环境温度28.5℃下,将200 L 30℃热水加热到55℃,研究了加热时间、热水温度、COP等性能的变化规律,结果表明双热源并联运行模式下分别比单太阳能模式和单空气能模式的加热时间缩短了42%和54%,COP分别提高了32.78%和47.64%;同时实验研究了在夏季工况下将200 L水从9∶00循环加热到17∶00过程中系统热性能,探讨了太阳辐射强度、PV/T集热板温度对光电/光热效率的影响,通过实验对比可以得出在热电模式下系统的光电效率η_(pv)比单一光电模式平均高25.8%.     

热源塔热泵冬季供暖性能实测分析

热源塔热泵技术在南方地区具有良好的节能和环保效益,近年来正在南方地区逐渐推广开来。通过对重庆市某实际工程所采用的热源塔热泵系统进行测试分析,探索其在重庆地区是否适用。在空气干球温度为9℃-15℃,相对湿度为55%-65%,主机热水进出口温差为1.9℃-2.3℃,主机功率为144k W-155k W,源侧泵和用户侧泵功率为17k W-18k W,热源塔风机功率为34k W-35k W的试验条件下,该热泵机组的主机冬季制热性能系数COP为3.61-5.19,系统冬季制热综合性能系数SEER为1.84-2.66。在空气干球温度为12℃-14℃时,热泵机组的COP值在4.5-5.2之间,处于高效运行;同时热源塔的换热效率高达67%-74%,具有良好的换热性能。     

一种新型的太阳能—空气源复合热泵热水器系统

基于太阳能热利用技术、空气源热泵热水器理论,介绍了一种将太阳能与空气源相结合的双热源热泵热水器系统。该系统可充分利用太阳能加热生活用热水,辅以空气源热泵来满足太阳辐射照度不足时的用热水需求,同时用太阳能辅助加热来解决低温环境下空气源热泵运行工况恶劣的问题。系统充分利用了低品位的太阳能,保证稳定性,又可提高夏季阴雨天气、过渡季节及冬季太阳能热水器的热水温度,对于节约能源和环境保护具有重要意义。     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵系统仿真分析

为保证复合热源热泵系统在复杂工况下的稳定运行和进一步优化系统各组件之间合理、高效的能量匹配,本文设计并搭建了基于微热管阵列的太阳能-空气复合热源热泵系统,采用集中参数法建立系统数学模型,分别从系统的发电效率、集热效率、制热功率和性能系数(COP)4个方面基于实验数据进行模型验证与分析,利用控制变量法研究了太阳辐照度和环境温度等参数对热泵系统在光伏/光热-水&空气源热泵运行模式下系统性能的影响,并对其运行特性进行综合评价。结果表明：所建数学模型具有较好的准确性,模拟值与实验值的相对误差均在±15%之间。光伏/光热-水&空气源热泵系统运行模式下发电效率和集热效率均值分别为13.91%和41.14%,COP均值为2.29。此外,当辐照度和环境温度分别以500 W/m²和15℃为单一变量时,系统COP分别提升21.0%和29.8%。     

太阳能-空气源复合热泵性能研究

为提高空气源热泵的低温适用性,通过在焓差试验室设定工况条件下进行试验,研究标准工况下3种太阳能热水温度与7种风机频率对太阳能-空气源复合热泵机组制热性能的影响。试验结果表明,在20 Hz变化到50 Hz风机频率的工况下,随着蒸发器通入太阳能热水水温的升高,机组制热量增加越明显,当通入30℃太阳能热水时,机组制热量比单一空气源热泵制热量平均可增加24.4%。通过不同环境工况下无太阳能热水与利用20℃太阳能热水条件的制热量对比,结果表明,随着环境温度降低,太阳能热水作用越明显。利用20℃热水时,在7种风机频率工况下,制热量平均增加23.3%。     

太阳能-空气能双源直膨式热泵系统夏季冷热电性能研究

本文设计了一种基于微热管阵列的太阳能-空气能双源集热蒸发(冷凝)器及双源直膨式热泵系统,该系统可有效降低光伏组件温度提升光伏发电效率,同时可实现制热和制冷功能,是一种多能互补可满足多种用能需求的新型建筑供能系统形式。搭建了太阳能-空气能双源直膨式热泵系统实验台,并对系统在夏季典型工况下的发电、供冷与提供生活热水性能进行实验测试与分析,结果表明,双源直膨式热泵系统制热运行时,PV/T组件工作对光伏组件起到了显著降温作用,相比于热泵不运行工况,组件光电功率提高56.43%,光电效率提升53.15%;双源直膨式热泵系统将180 L水由20℃加热至50℃的制热过程,系统平均制热COP为4.59,集热功率为3.20 kW,总发电量为1.43 kW·h,总耗电量为1.36 kW·h;由12℃冷却至7℃的制冷过程,系统平均EER为2.29。     

浅谈太阳能-空气双热源热泵中央热水系统

本文针对新提出的一项技术一太阳能一空气双热源热泵中央热水系统进行了介绍,这项技术是在原有的太阳能技术的基础上研究出来的热水和热泵复合系统。该系统的主要热能是来自太阳能直射以及在空气中储存的太阳能,以较少的电能进行辅助驱动双热源热泵。该系统能够在任何气候环境下,经济的、节能的、全方位的满足人类对热水的需求。     

利用生活废水余热的CO_2热泵系统

为了充分利用生活废水的余热,提出利用生活废水余热作为低温热源的CO2热泵系统,并分析生活废水温度、蒸发温度、气体冷却器出口温度、气体冷却器出口压力、吸气过热度、制取热水温度等参数对CO2跨临界循环热泵系统性能的影响,得出提高蒸发温度、降低气体冷却器出口温度、适当增加过热度会使系统的COP增大,且在生活废水温度为20℃,制取热水温度为60℃,蒸发温度为15℃的工况下,存在最优的气体冷却器出口压力(9.8 MPa),获得最大性能系数(5.5)。CO2热泵的能耗比空气源热泵、电加热器、燃气锅炉、燃油锅炉分别节约38.2%,80.7%,84.8%和82.7%,CO2热泵的年运行费用较低,空气源热泵、电加热器、燃气锅炉和燃油锅炉分别是其1.6倍、5.1倍、2.9倍和5.5倍。     

空气源/污水源复合热泵系统设计与应用

基于公共浴室热水生产设备节能减排改造的需要,本文设计了可回收洗浴废水余热的空气源/污水源复合热泵热水系统,在合肥工业大学屯溪路校区建立了应用示范工程,进行了运行测试和应用研究工作。结果显示:在8℃±1.2℃的环境温度、50℃供水设定温度的运行条件下,通过预热器和污水源热泵机组进行余热回收,洗浴废水温度从30.6℃降低至15.5℃,热回收的能量约占热水生产总能量的1/3;在10℃±1℃的环境温度、45℃供水设定温度的条件下,复合热泵系统的能效比为3.45,与单独运行空气源热泵的2.96相比,能效提高16%;与传统的燃气锅炉设备、电热水器对比分析,复合热泵系统可分别节约运行费用53.3%、72.4%,节能、环保和降费的优势明显。     

采用空气源热泵或水源热泵供热时风机盘管机组供热量探讨

现行风机盘管机组标准中额定供热量是采用锅炉为热源加热水时的供热量,对于目前大规模采用热泵为热源的风机盘管机组来说,现行标准规定的名义工况下的额定供热量不能准确反映实际供热量。本文通过对不同风机盘管机组和热泵机组标准的探讨,并进行风机盘管机组供热量试验,确定按照热泵机组名义工况出水温度作为风机盘管进水温度计算的供热量与现行风机盘管机组名义工况下供热量存在很大差异,因此,对于现行标准GB/T19232—2003《风机盘管机组》规定的名义供热工况,除原有的进水温度为60℃名义工况,还须增加进水温度为45℃和41℃二点作为新的名义工况点。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.