倾向评分匹配比较PCOS患者应用降调节激素替代与单纯激素替代方案准备内膜的疗效

目的比较降调节激素替代方案与单纯激素替代方案准备内膜在多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者中应用的临床疗效,探讨适合PCOS患者的子宫内膜准备方案。方法回顾性分析2017～2019年在江西省妇幼保健院行冻融胚胎移植(FET)助孕治疗的1 275例PCOS患者的临床资料。按照内膜准备方案不同将纳入患者分为降调节激素替代周期组(A组)478例和单纯激素替代周期组(B组)797例,使用倾向评分匹配(PSM)法进行匹配,比较匹配后两组的一般情况、临床结局,并运用多因素Logistic回归分析影响PCOS患者FET临床妊娠率的相关因素。结果 PSM匹配后每组患者349例,两组一般情况比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。A组的HCG阳性率显著高于B组(82.23%vs. 74.79%,P=0.017),临床妊娠率较B组有升高趋势(69.63%vs 63.04%),但尚无显著性差异(P=0.065)。A组的转化日内膜厚度[(9.43±1.74)mm vs.(9.46±1.71)mm,P=0.812]、生化妊娠丢失率(15.33%vs. 15.71%,P=0.903)、种植率(53.78%vs. 49.15%,P=0.111)与B组比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。以临床妊娠率为因变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示:内膜准备方案(aOR=1.46,P=0.026)、平均移植胚胎数(aOR=0.43,P0.001)、胚胎发育天数(aOR=0.64,P=0.047)是临床妊娠率的独立影响因素。结论与单纯激素替代方案准备内膜相比,降调节激素替代方案准备内膜有提高PCOS患者FET周期临床妊娠率的趋势,值得临床上的关注。     

两种不同黄体支持方案对人工周期FET妊娠结局的影响

目的探讨两种不同黄体支持方案对人工周期冻融胚胎移植(FET)妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2014年5月至2018年1月我院生殖医学科366个人工周期FET患者的临床资料,根据黄体支持方案不同分为A组(地屈孕酮+黄体酮注射液组,246个周期)和B组(地屈孕酮+黄体酮阴道缓释凝胶组,120个周期)。比较两组患者的实验室及临床妊娠指标。结果两组间患者的年龄、不孕年限、体重指数(BMI)、基础FSH、基础LH、基础E2、移植日内膜厚度、移植优质胚胎数等比较均无显著性差异(P0.05);B组的种植率(33.33%)、生化妊娠率(60.00%)、临床妊娠率(56.67%)均显著高于A组(分别为25.93%、46.34%和41.46%)(P0.05);A、B两组间的自然流产率(13.73%vs.14.71%)、双胎妊娠率(15.45%vs.15.00%)比较则无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论黄体酮阴道缓释凝胶联合地屈孕酮用于人工周期FET黄体支持能够提高临床妊娠率,但是尚需以后扩大样本量、完善实验设计进行深入探讨。     

体外受精-胚胎移植技术中失独女性胚胎移植策略的选择

目的探讨失独患者接受IVF助孕时新鲜移植及冻融胚胎移植(FET)周期的妊娠结局,以期为失独女性胚胎移植策略的选择提供参考。方法回顾性分析2013年12月至2019年3月我院生殖中心接收IVF助孕失独患者(共366个周期)的临床资料,根据不同的移植周期分为两组:新鲜组(114个新鲜周期),FET组(252个FET周期),比较两组患者的基线资料以及妊娠结局,构建多因素回归模型分析妊娠结局的影响因素;并对年龄进行分层,比较不同年龄(35岁、35～39岁、40～44岁、≥45岁)中两组患者的临床妊娠率和活产率。结果 FET组的男、女方年龄显著高于新鲜组,移植优胚数显著低于新鲜组(P0.05);新鲜组的生化妊娠率(33.33%vs.24.60%)、临床妊娠率(27.19%vs.20.63%)及胚胎种植率(16.84%vs.12.78%)略高于FET组,早期妊娠丢失率(21.05%vs.33.87%)略低于FET组,但均无显著性差异(P0.05)。FET组活产率显著低于新鲜组(12.30%vs.20.18%,P0.05)。不同年龄分层各组中新鲜组和FET组的临床妊娠率及活产率比较均无显著性差异(P0.05);但35～39岁组中新鲜组的临床妊娠率及活产率均略高于FET组(57.89%vs.32.35%及47.37%vs.25.81%),尚无显著性差异(P0.05)。以活产为因变量进行Logistic回归分析显示仅女性年龄为活产的独立影响因素(OR=0.859,95%CI:0.750-0.983,P=0.027)。结论失独患者IVF助孕胚胎移植策略中,新鲜移植周期比FET周期可能会获得较好的妊娠结局,但该结果尚需更大样本量的前瞻性研究加以探讨验证。     

来曲唑联合HMG准备子宫内膜在冻融胚胎移植中的应用

目的探讨来曲唑(LE)联合人绝经期促性腺激素(HMG)准备子宫内膜在冻融胚胎移植(FET)中应用的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析2013年7月至2015年6月在本中心行FET助孕周期的临床资料。根据内膜准备方案的不同进行分组:采用LE联合HMG方案进行内膜准备的3 480个周期为LE组;自然周期的940个周期为自然周期组;采用人工周期的1 495个周期为人工周期组。比较3组患者的一般情况、HCG日/内膜转化日的内膜厚度及激素水平、移植胚胎情况、周期取消率、临床妊娠率及流产率等。结果各组间患者的一般情况比较均无显著性差异(P0.05)。自然周期组的周期取消率(2.23%)显著高于其他两组(0.66%、0.74%)(P0.05)。LE组HCG日成熟卵泡直径[(21.95±2.30)mm]显著大于自然周期组[(18.57±0.92)mm],LH水平[(16.89±11.01)U/L]则显著低于自然周期组[(33.44±24.51)U/L](P0.05)。LE组的临床妊娠率(61.85%)及活产率(49.46%)显著高于自然周期组(54.95%和42.76%)和人工周期组(53.17%和39.35%),流产率(9.97%)则显著低于自然周期组(19.21%)和人工周期组(11.91%)(P0.05)。结论 LE联合HMG方案用于FET前内膜准备,其周期取消率及流产率低,临床妊娠率及活产率高,安全有效,值得临床推广。     

降调节激素替代周期对既往子宫内膜异常患者FET临床结局的影响

目的 探讨降调节激素替代周期(GnRH-a+HRT)方案对既往子宫内膜异常患者冻融胚胎移植(FET)临床结局的影响。方法 回顾性分析2019年10月至2021年11月在厦门大学附属第一医院因子宫内膜异常而行FET的患者的临床资料。根据内膜准备方案的不同,将纳入的393个周期分为2组,降调节激素替代周期组(GnRH-a+HRT组,n=332)和人工周期组(HRT组,n=61);再以患者既往是否有流产手术史进行亚组分析,其中GnRH-a+HRT组又分为流产史组(n=65)和无流产史组(n=267),HRT组分为流产史组(n=20)和无流产史组(n=41)。比较两种FET内膜准备方案的临床妊娠结局以及亚组间的结局差异。结果 整体比较中,两组患者的基本资料及移植情况均无显著性差异(P>0.05);与HRT组相比,GnRH-a+HRT组的胚胎种植率(40.43%vs. 26.09%)及临床妊娠率(51.81%vs. 36.07%)均显著升高(P<0.05),而生化妊娠率、活产率和流产率虽有改善趋势,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。亚组分析结果显示,GnRH-a+HRT组的...     

不同内膜准备方案在子宫内膜异位症患者冻融囊胚移植中的疗效观察

目的研究不同内膜准备方案对子宫内膜异位症(EMs)患者囊胚冻融移植(FET)妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析EMs患者375个囊胚FET周期,按照子宫内膜准备方式分为:单纯人工周期组(HRT组,45个周期),促性腺激素释放激素激动剂降调节后人工周期组(GnRH-a+HRT组,121个周期)和自然周期组(NC组,209个周期)。比较3种内膜准备方案的囊胚FET妊娠结局。结果 3组EMs患者间年龄、不孕年限、基础抗苗勒管激素(AMH)和基础内分泌水平比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。3组间移植胚胎数比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。移植日内膜厚度GnRH-a+HRT组显著厚于HRT组[(10.08±1.79)mm vs.(9.33±1.41)mm,P0.05]。HRT组胚胎种植率和临床妊娠率(分别为71.43%和75.56%)均显著高于GnRH-a+HRT组(分别为46.63%和57.02%)和NC组(分别为44.13%和54.55%)(P0.05)。3组患者间多胎率、异位妊娠率比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。HRT组流产率(2.94%)显著低于GnRH-a+HRT组(18.84%)和NC组(9.65%)(P0.05),且GnRH-a+HRT组流产率显著高于NC组(P0.05)。结论传统激素替代内膜准备方案可提高EMs患者囊胚FET周期种植率和临床妊娠率,降低流产率,可作为EMs患者高效、经济的FET内膜准备方案。     

2433例胚胎解冻移植预后因素分析

目的探讨影响胚胎解冻移植(frozen thawed embryo transfer,FET)预后的因素。方法对我院2007年1月~2008年1月2433例胚胎解冻移植的患者行总结分析。根据移植后的临床结局分为妊娠组(955例)及未妊娠组(1478例),其中临床妊娠856例,活产626例。胚胎解冻移植方案分为自然周期组、促排卵周期组及人工激素替代(hormone therapy,HT)周期组。结果本组解冻移植后临床妊娠率为35.2%(856/2433),活产率25.7%(626/2433);共移植6203个胚胎,形成1026个妊娠囊,胚胎种植率16.5%(1026/6203);自然周期、促排卵周期及HT周期三者妊娠率分别为40.0%(758/1897)、37.8%(70/185)及36.2%(127/351)(χ2=1.94,P=0.38),差异无显著性。Logistic回归分析表明,移植优质胚胎数及患者年龄是影响FET结局的主要因素,而移植优质胚胎数对FET结局影响最大,OR值为1.41,95%CI为1.11~1.79;随着年龄的增长,妊娠率及继续妊娠率呈下降趋势。移植2个以上胚胎临床妊娠率、胚胎种植率及活产率无明显增加,但多胎率明显升高。结论胚胎解冻移植方案与FET结局无关,移植优质胚胎的数目与FET结局密切相关。选择优质胚胎,减少移植胚胎数目,既可提高妊娠率,又降低多胎妊娠的发生率。     

人工周期在冻融胚胎移植周期中的应用价值

目的探讨人工周期子宫内膜准备方案对冻融胚胎移植(FET)妊娠结局的影响。方法募集接受FET的患者264例、共264个周期进行回顾性分析,按内膜准备方案不同予以分组:人工周期组177例(共177个周期),自然周期(NC)组72例(共72个周期)和促排卵周期组15例(共15个周期)。因促排卵周期组例数较少,故本文只对前两组即:人工周期组和自然周期(NC)组进行了比较分析。结果两组患者的年龄、不育年限、子宫内膜厚度、移植胚胎数、优质胚胎数、胚胎着床率、临床妊娠率等比较,均无显著性差异(P0.05),但人工周期组胚胎着床率和临床妊娠率略高于自然周期组(27.0%vs.19.9%;42.9%vs.40.3%)。结论人工周期在胚胎着床率和临床妊娠率方面略高于自然周期,且前者方便并利于临床医师工作安排,因此人工周期可作为常规的子宫内膜准备方案。     

微刺激方案在反复常规IVF-ET治疗失败无可移植胚胎患者中的应用

目的探讨微刺激方案在反复常规IVF-ET治疗失败无可移植胚胎患者中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2016年9月至2018年4月在我中心行助孕治疗,反复常规IVF治疗失败无可移植胚胎患者行微刺激方案促排卵的病例资料,共纳入130例患者(共329个周期)。按照患者卵巢功能分为:卵巢低反应(POR)组(95例患者,257个周期)和对照组(35例患者,72个周期),比较两组患者微刺激方案治疗后的妊娠结局。结果与对照组相比,POR组患者Gn总剂量、每周期获卵数、成熟卵母细胞数、正常受精卵个数、每周期冷冻胚胎数显著减少(P0.05)。POR组周期取消率显著高于对照组(49.42%vs.36.11%,P0.05);两组患者获卵率比较无显著性差异(64.12%vs.64.33%,P0.05)。POR组的受精率显著低于对照组(77.54%vs.86.55%),但卵裂率显著优于对照组(86.90%vs.69.42%)(P0.05)。进行移植的两组患者FET周期的每移植周期生化妊娠率、每移植周期临床妊娠率、胚胎种植率比较均无显著性差异(P0.05),但POR组的起始周期妊娠率(12.45%vs.27.78%)和累计临床妊娠率(49.23%vs.76.92%)均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论微刺激方案对于反复常规IVF治疗失败无可移植胚胎的患者,有可能改善卵母细胞质量而获得可移植胚胎,通过多次微刺激治疗仍可获得不错的妊娠率;但微刺激方案治疗中的高周期取消率不容忽视。     

不孕症患者子宫内膜息肉切除术后不同内膜准备方案的妊娠结局分析

目的探讨不同内膜准备方案对不孕症伴子宫内膜息肉(Endometrial Polyp,EP)切除患者冻融胚胎移植(FET)结局的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年9月至2019年6月在我院EP切除后第1次行FET助孕的677例患者的临床资料,根据内膜准备方案不同分为3组:自然周期组(A组,n=136)、激素替代周期组(B组,n=355)、降调激素替代组(C组,n=186)。比较3组患者的基本资料、移植情况及妊娠结局情况。结果3组患者的基本资料比较均无显著差异(P>0.05);3组间移植优等级胚胎个数、移植胚胎类别比较均无显著差异(P>0.05);3组患者间临床妊娠率、早期流产率和异位妊娠率比较均无显著差异(P>0.05);C组患者既往胚胎移植失败次数显著高于A组和B组(P<0.05);Logisitic分析显示,纠正混杂因素后3组患者间FET妊娠结局比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论自然周期、激素替代周期、降调激素替代周期内膜准备方案应用于不孕症伴EP切除术后FET患者能获得相似的妊娠结局。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.