华南海岸沙丘岩的特征及其与海滩岩的区别

沙丘岩是热带亚热带的一种特殊的岩石类型，尽管外貌相似，但它们成因和特征上有别于海滩岩。作者通过对西沙石岛、海南岛文昌和临高、广东阳江青洲岛、汕头广澳等处具一定代表性的沙丘岩的研究，总结了沙丘岩的沉积学、岩石学特征及其与海滩岩的区别。华南沙丘岩由岛屿上的灰砂和含生物碎屑的海岸风成沙丘物质胶结而成。分布高程可达＋６０ｍ以上，岩石中发育板状交错层理、大型槽状交错层理、上凸层理、似水平层理以及根管构造；其物质来源与海滩砂具继承关系，兼具风成砂的特点，部分沙丘岩还混有坡积物及陆生生物壳体。沙丘岩的颗粒多为中砂粒径，普遍分选好，（ＳＫ１）偏度变化比较大，ＫＧ峰度较小，Ｙ１值为负值，与海滩砂、海滩岩差别较大。沙丘岩中发育各种淡水渗流环境中特有的胶结物和胶结组构。虽然沙丘岩与现代海滩岩相比，其Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓｒ元素的含量及比例不同，但可以完全与上升海滩岩相似。本文作者认为:辨别沙丘岩主要从产状、沉积构造、粒度分析、胶结物及组构诸方面进行研究。     

海南岛莺歌海现代和全新世海滩岩与沙丘岩的胶结组构和成岩作用

海南岛乐东县莺歌海盐场南海岸,自前滨至滨岸沙丘发育有现代和全新世海滩岩与沙丘岩。这些岩石的产状、胶结物和胶结组构所反映的成岩作用特征,提供了一个全新世以来热带海滨近地表成岩环境中以陆源碎屑为主要成分的沉积物的早期成岩作用模式。一、莺歌海海滩岩与沙丘岩的一般特征1.地理背景 观察和采样地点位于莺歌海盐场南面自水道口至出水口一带海岸(图1)。这一带为砂质海岸,前滨宽约50米,后滨宽约20米,其后为滨岸沙丘带。沙丘带高约+8米,宽100-300米,顶部有木麻黄生长。沙丘带的基部是全新世老沙堤.     

华南海岸沙丘岩的特征及其形成发育模式

海岸沙丘岩是一种热带、亚热带干旱及季节性湿润地区特有的碳酸盐胶结的风成碎屑岩。本文对华南沿海沙丘岩的沉积结构、沉积构造特征,地球化学与古生物特征,及其胶结类型、成岩机制和发育模式进行了较系统研究,并讨论了与海滩岩的区别。     

海南三亚地区全新世海滩岩地球化学特征及沉积古地理环境意义

通过野外调查、薄片分析、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射技术、¹⁴C年龄测试、微区微量元素分析等,对海南岛南部海岸线上分布的三亚地区海滩岩的表面性质和胶结物特征进行了分析,探讨了海滩岩形成机制及形成的沉积古环境。三亚地区海滩岩由与现在海岸线平行的向海倾斜的低角度岩层构成,岩性为以浅褐色—灰黄色钙质胶结的含砾粗中粒长石(石英)砂岩和以灰黄色钙质胶结的含生物屑砂质砾岩为主,其胶结物主要是钙质,主要由亚稳态碳酸盐相、高镁方解石以及文石组成,从扫描电镜和薄片来看,主要形态是针状、泥晶,是典型的海相潜水沉淀。海滩岩中贝壳AMS ¹⁴C年龄结果为(4570±30) a BP,表明海滩岩形成于全新世中期。胶结物的稀土元素总量较低,总体表现呈微弱的左倾轻稀土亏损型曲线,轻、重稀土分异不强,具有弱的Eu正异常,轻微的Ce负异常及弱的La正异常,Sr/Ba、Th/U、V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)及Sr/Cu比值特征指示了海滩岩形成于海洋环境和干旱气候条件。     

海南岛西南部全新世海滩岩地球化学特征及其古气候意义

对海南岛西南部东方地区的潮间带海滩岩以及新发现的高排村埋藏海滩岩进行了微区稀土元素与碳、氧同位素分析,结果表明:高排村海滩岩亮晶胶结物ΣREE值以及LREE/HREE比值在几种不同类型胶结物中是最低的,但与文石、微晶高镁方解石等胶结物相比,其差值并不明显,说明陆地渗流环境对胶结物的REE影响有限。不同类型胶结物具有类似的配分特征,表现为轻稀土亏损,重稀土曲线平缓,具有铈负异常特征,并且与二叠纪海水和现代东太平洋海水配分模式基本一致。根据胶结物碳、氧同位素计算的出的古盐度Z均值为130,古海水平均温度为27℃,显示为热带海洋环境,与海南岛西南部气候吻合,指示海滩岩胶结物可作为记录古气候的良好载体。     

海南岛南岸全新世珊瑚礁的发育

海南岛南岸的珊瑚礁,是我国全新世珊瑚岸礁最为发育的地区之一,仅次于台湾岛南端的恒春半岛沿岸。前人从生物学^[1-5]、地貌学^[6-8]和地质学^[9-12]角度对海南岛南岸的珊瑚礁进行过较为广泛的研究。作者报道过崖县鹿回头水尾岭剖面珊瑚礁样品的C¹⁴年代测定结果^[13,14]。1979年底至1980年初,作者在海南岛南岸东起小东海沿岸西至西瑁岛西岸地区进行了野外调查与采样。根据野外和室内分析资料,本文公布了一批新测试的C¹⁴年代数据,并进一步讨论了全新世珊瑚礁的发育历史及其与海岸变迁、海面变化和地壳运动的关系等问题。     

广西涠洲岛全新世上升海滩沉积及其成岩作用

涠洲岛是广西北部湾中的一个火山岛,该岛由第四纪喜山期的喷出岩,主要是玄武岩和火山碎屑岩、凝灰质砂岩等所构成。岛的北部、西部和东部沿岸多处发育有珊瑚岸礁,它们是向海岸地带供应大量各种生物骨壳碎屑的物源区。在海滩地带相应地发育了以生物砂、砾屑为主的海滩沉积。所观察的岛北部和西部的全新世海滩沉积(与海南岛类似的沉积岩层比较,推断可能属全新世)由于海平面下降而处于     

海南岛南岸海滩岩的胶结作用及稳定同位素组成

海南岛南岸海滩岩发育.现代海滩岩位于高潮线附近,具有特征的文石胶结物,为海水潜流带产物.岩石有较均匀的稳定同位素组成。上升海滩岩位于高潮线以上.这类海滩岩经历了海水及淡水成岩环境,其稳定同位素组成变化范围大.     

海南岛保亭地区南好组的地质时代

海南岛保亭地区南好组选层型剖面新发现腹足类 H ormotoma、 Raphistomina ,腕足类 Ferganella?、Xinanospirif er ?、 strophomenids,竹节石 Tentaculites?和珊瑚 Favosites?等化石 ,表明其时代属志留纪而非早石炭世。以往报道该地区南好组的 Tenticospirif er、 Ptychomaletoechia等腕足类化石应为晚泥盆世 ,而非早石炭世。岛北部含有典型的早石炭世早期化石的岩关阶以碳酸盐岩及细碎屑岩交互成层为特征 ,与保亭地区南好组层型剖面岩性迥异 ,不宜用南好组表示 ,应另建新的组名。     

浙江沿海发现海滩岩

最近我们在浙江省海岸带调查时,于海滩上发现一种生物、沙砾被碳酸盐胶结、坚硬如石的沉积物——海滩岩。以往认为海难岩是热带、亚热带气候条件下形成特有的一种岩石。我国海南岛、福建均有报导,东海发现海滩岩还是首次。东海海滩岩主要见于象山县、岱山县、嵊泗县等处,出露部位均为小海湾。室内经染色试验、薄片鉴定,辅以X射线衍射、电镜扫描、红外光谱等分析,证实确属海滩岩。所见海滩岩胶结物均系碳酸盐(CaCO_3)。主要成     

巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛晚第四纪上升珊瑚礁造礁珊瑚的成岩历史

更新世以来,剧烈的构造运动已将巴布亚新几内亚合恩半岛东北海岸的晚第四纪珊瑚礁阶地抬升上千米.阶地中造礁珊瑚的成岩变化和成岩产物的组构特征反映了该礁的成岩历史,充分体现该区快速构造上升的影响.海水潜流带和淡水渗流带为上升礁的主要成岩环境.生物钻孔、生物碎屑填隙、珊瑚文石针粗化、珊瑚骨骼的溶解和新生变形转化,以及其不同矿物成分和组构的种种胶结物的胶结作用是造礁珊瑚经历的主要成岩作用.地球化学资料表明其成岩变化发生于开放的化学体系之中.     

Shallow-marine carbonate cementation in Holocene segments of the calcifying green alga Halimeda

Early-diagenetic cementation of tropical carbonates results from the combination of numerous physico-chemical and biological processes. In the marine phreatic environment it represents an essential mechanism for the development and stabilization of carbonate platforms. However, diagenetic cements that developed early in the marine phreatic environment are likely to become obliterated during later stages of meteoric or burial diagenesis. When lithified sediment samples are studied, this complicates the recognition of processes involved in early cementation, and their geological implications. In this contribution, a petrographic microfacies analysis of Holocene Halimeda segments collected on a coral island in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia, is presented. Through electron microscopical analyses of polished samples, this study shows that segments are characterized by intragranular cementation of fibrous aragonite, equant High-Mg calcite (3.9 to 7.2 Mol% Mg), bladed Low-Mg calcite (0.4 to 1.0 Mol% Mg) and mini-micritic Low-Mg calcite (3.2 to 3.3 Mol% Mg). The co-existence and consecutive development of fibrous aragonite and equant High-Mg calcite results initially from the flow of oversaturated seawater along the aragonite template of the Halimeda skeleton, followed by an adjustment of cement mineralogy towards High-Mg calcite as a result of reduced permeability and fluid flow rates in the pores. Growth of bladed Low-Mg calcite cements on top of etched substrates of equant High-Mg calcite is explained by shifts in pore water pH and alkalinity through microbial sulphate reduction. Microbial activity appears to be the main trigger for the precipitation of mini-micritic Low-Mg calcite as well, based on the presumable detection of an extracellular polymeric matrix during an early stage of mini-micrite Low-Mg calcite cement precipitation. Radiocarbon analyses of five Halimeda segments furthermore indicate that virtually complete intragranular cementation in the marine phreatic environment with thermodynamically/kinetically controlled aragonite and High-Mg calcite takes place in about 100 years. Collectively, this study shows that early-diagenetic cements are highly diverse and provides new quantitative constraints on the rate of diagenetic cementation in tropical carbonate factories.     

Controls of facies and sediment composition on the diagenetic pathway of shallow-water Heterozoan carbonates: the Oligocene of the Maltese Islands

Relatively few studies have so far addressed diagenetic processes in Heterozoan carbonates and the role that sediment composition and depositional facies exert over diagenetic pathways. This paper presents a study of Oligocene shallow-water, Heterozoan carbonates from the Maltese Islands. We investigate stratigraphic distribution, abundance and timing of diagenetic features and their relationship to sediment composition and depositional facies. The studied carbonate rocks comprise rud- to packstones of the Heterozoan association predominantly containing coralline red algae, bryozoans, echinoids and benthic foraminifers. XRD analyses show that all high-Mg calcite has been transformed to low-Mg calcite and that no aragonite is preserved. Diagenetic processes include dissolution of aragonitic biota, neomorphism of high-Mg calcitic biota to low-Mg calcite and cementation by fibrous, bladed, epitaxial and blocky cements. Stable isotopes on bulk rock integrated with petrographic data suggest that the study interval was not exposed to significant meteoric diagenesis. We interpret early cementation to have taken place in the marine and marine burial environment. The distribution and abundance of early diagenetic features, determining the diagenetic pathway, can be related to the primary sediment composition and depositional texture. Sorting and micrite content are important controls over the abundance of diagenetic features.     

Submarine and vadose cements in Pleistocene Bermuda reef rock

Well-rounded pebbles and cobbles of reef rock, which in bio- and lithofacies closely resembles the Recent algal cup reefs, occur in the basal conglomerate of the Pleistocene Devonshire Formation cropping out along Grape Bay on the south shore of Bermuda. The framebuilders of this rock include coralline red algae, vermetid gastropods, and barnacles. Study by petrographic microscope, electron microprobe, and SEM revealed aragonite-needle and spherulitic cements, high-Mg calcite micrite and palisade cements including calcified algal filaments. Two or three generations of these may occur in a given pore. By analogy with the Recent cup-reef material, on the basis of their composition (high strontium content of aragonite, high magnesium content of calcite) and of circumstantial evidence, these are considered submarine cements.In addition, a vadose blocky low-Mg calcite cement occurs, which never precedes any, but frequently succeedes one, two, or three of the above cements. Its fabrics vary: it may exhibit an increase in crystal size toward the center or not, it may or may not be bounded by the meniscus outline characteristic of the vadose diagenetic environment. The limitation of cement precipitation by a meniscus gives rise to a large diversity of forms determined by respective combinations of solution supply, permeability of the micro-environment, and substrate morphology. To illustrate the diversity, the meniscus cement is shown in relation to sediment particles, aragonite-needle cement, and calcified filaments.From the blocky low-Mg cement, selective neomorphism extends into some aragonitic gastropod shells; it is controlled, in part, by original shell structure. The resulting low-Mg calcite mosaic is characterized by relic structures and plane crystalline boundaries. Aragonite needles between blocky calcite cement and neomorphic calcite were not affected by the process of mineralogic alteration.This study shows that cements recognized earlier in Recent Bermuda cup reefs can be traced into the past and that additions to the diagenetic sequence can be distinguished. Knowledge of these features and their sequences should help decipher the diagenetic history of other fossil reefs.     

Early diagenetic phosphate cements in the Albian condensed glauconitic limestone of the Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians

Early diagenetic phosphate cements are described from the Albian condensed glauconitic limestone of the Tatra Mountains, Western Carpathians with regard to their macro- and micromorphology, distribution, classification, and genesis. The cements occur within stratigraphically condensed semi-pelagic foramini-feral-glauconitic layers and are associated with mature hardgrounds within the Tatra Albian limestone. Phosphate cement fabrics consist of crypto- to microcrystalline carbonate-fluorapatite, and they occur as: (i) rim envelopes, (ii) infillings of intraparticle porosity, (iii) rim cement, (iv) multiple rim cement, (v) palisade fabric and (vi) cluster cement. Micromorphological variability of the cement fabrics results from varying texture of the cemented sediment, the nature of original porosity, as well as from presence of associated microbial fabrics. The microbial fabrics are interpreted as fossilized coccoid cyanobacteria. Phosphate cementation developed under peculiar early diagenetic conditions within semi-closed microenvironments rich in organic matter in the marine phreatic environment. The cementation contributed to the formation of phosphatic fossils and hardgrounds. The accretion of the cements was due to concentration of biologically uptaken phosphorus near the sediment/water interface, enrichment of pore fluids with respect to phosphate, and its precipitation within restricted microenvironments. Phosphate cementation post-dated seafloor formation of pelletal glauconite but predated partial decomposition of organic matter as well as dissolution or neomorphism of aragonite and high-Mg calcite. Phosphate cementation occurred on a carbonate platform following the submersion of Urgonian reefal build-ups. Episodes of phosphate cementation were repeated during the sedimentation of the Tatra Albian limestone as a response to rapid relative sea-level rises and increased influence of nutrient-rich Tethyan waters.     

Beachrock as evidence of sea-level lowstand during the classical period,Parion antique city,Marmara Sea,Turkey

Results obtained from beachrock lying on the north coast of the antique city of Parion in Çanakkale province, NW Turkey, are presented based on field data, petrographic analyses, cement fabrics, and radiocarbon dating. Extending to 20?m offshore at a depth of ?2?m, the studied 50-cm thick beachrock is poorly sorted lithic sandstone. Both exposed and submerged parts are characterized by sequentially precipitated marine phreatic and vadose cements composed of micrite encrustations with micro-organism borings, pseudopeloidal aggregates of high-Mg calcites with scalenohedral habits and meniscus bridges. Radiocarbon ages point to a deposition during the classical period when the sea level was below (between ?1 and ?1.5?m) that of the present. The beachrock witnesses a granule- and pebble-dominated wide beach prior to cementation, suggesting that Parion’s fortification walls were behind the coastline during this lowstand and raises questions concerning the existence of a harbor north of the city.     

Brick-like texture and radial rays in Triassic pisolites of Lombardy,Italy: A clue to distinguish ancient aragonitic pisolites

Triassic pisolites from the Calcare Rosso, Lombardy, Italy, were formed in a hypersaline vadose environment and now show alternating dolomite and calcite laminae. The calcite consists either of microsparite laminae with a brick-like fabric, or of a mass of mosaic crystals with the external form of square-ended rays.These features suggest that the original laminae and rays were aragonitic, like those of the Holocene supratidal pisolites of the Persian Gulf, which consist of alternating laminae of unoriented nannomicrite with Mg-rich mucilaginous material, and aragonitic fibers with radial orientation separated by mucilaginous films. It is suggested that the transformation to brick-like and ray textures passed through the following diagenetic path: (1) original formation of fibrous aragonite laminae; (2) local aggrading recrystallization of aragonite fibers to large square-ended rays during hypersaline phases; (3) dolomitization of Mg-rich mucilaginous nannomicrite laminae during hyposaline phases; (4) inversion of the aragonite fibers and rays to calcite on a piece-by piece basis that preserved the original textural details, when the pH or Mg/Ca ratio dropped.The brick-like and ray fabrics have not been found in laminae of continental freshwater pisolites because these were deposited as equant and stable crystals of low-Mg calcite. These textures consequently make it possible to establish the chemistry of the depositional and early diagenetic milieu for some ancient pisolitic rocks.     

The application of cathodoluminescence to interpreting the diagenesis of an ancient calcrete profile

A laterally extensive calcrete profile has been identified in the Late Asbian (Lower Carboniferous) shallow marine shelf limestones of the Llangollen area, North Wales. The upper surface of the profile is defined by a laterally discontinuous palaeokarstic surface and by laminated calcareous crusts which developed within the underlying limestone. The profile contains a unique series of early pore-filling vadose cements which only occur down to 1 m below the palaeokarstic surface. Cathodoluminescence reveals that these cements pre-date the late pore-filling meteoric phreatic cements which occur throughout local Asbian lithologies. A spar cement stratigraphy has been established for the calcrete profile. Subaerial vadose cements comprise two generations of non-luminescent cement, followed by a brightly luminescent generation which occasionally shows an acicular habit. This needle-fibre calcite represents the final stage of vadose cementation. Precipitation of vadose cements was contemporary with subaerial alteration and micritization of the limestone. Textures, visible only with cathodoluminescence, provide evidence of recurrent periods of fabric dissolution. The most extensive phase of dissolution occurred immediately after the precipitation of the non-luminescent subaerial vadose cements. Several different textures have been recorded, each reflecting the morphology of a partially dissolved substrate. Dissolution textures are generally confined to the walls of the larger pores and to early brecciation fractures. These probably acted as fluid pathways in the calcrete during early subaerial diagenesis. Much of the non-marine micrite in the calcrete profile appears as needle-fibre calcite under cathodoluminescence. This acicular calcite was probably formed in response to localized supersaturation of meteoric pore fluids caused by periods of near-surface evaporation. Since needle-fibre luminescence is strongly variable, these ambient conditions are not believed to have directly controlled the activator ion concentrations of cementing pore waters. Needle-fibre calcite is considered to be a cement precipitate which has almost completely recrystallized to micrite, probably during the late stages of subaerial diagenesis. Two generations of subaerial micrite which define a ‘micrite stratigraphy’, have been distinguished under cathodoluminescence. Reconstructing the diagenetic history of this ancient calcrete profile has revealed that subaerial alteration was multistaged, with many diagenetic processes acting simultaneously during a single phase of emergence.     

Rates of vadose diagenesis in quaternary dune and shallow marine calcarenites,Warrnambool, Victoria,Australia

Progressively younger cycles of Quaternary dune limestones and shallow marine calcarenites infill a coastal embayment near Warrnambool in southeastern Australia. The formations have been dated using U/Th and C¹⁴ methods or have had their ages estimated by comparison with adjacent deposits. They provide a well-dated framework for the quantification of diagenetic rates in the fresh-water vadose zone.The sequence as a whole shows progressive increase in diagenetic alteration with age, related to increasing duration of subaerial exposure. Diagenesis includes alteration of high-Mg calcite to low-Mg calcite, dissolution of aragonite and precipitation of increasing amounts of void-filling low-Mg calcite spar. These changes are reflected in the progression of bulk-rock isotope values from the youngest to the oldest strata.The rocks at Warrnambool pass through 3 main stages of diagenetic evolution. The end of stage 1 is marked by the disappearance of high-Mg calcite. This occurs in just less than 90,000 years. The end of stage 2 occurs between 400,000 and 700,000 years and is marked by the disappearance of aragonite. The end of stage 3 and the beginning of stage 4 is marked by the complete infilling of all pore space by low-Mg calcite spar. This is not generally seen in this sequence but is restricted to specific diagenetic sites such as immediately below paleosol horizons.