星载极化干涉SAR系统电离层去相干研究

中低频段(UHF/VHF、P、L)星载极化干涉SAR系统运行于电离层之上,会受到相位扰动、法拉第旋转等电离层效应的影响,从而降低系统的成像质量以及参数反演的准确度.本文从电离层造成的成像散焦和极化平面旋转角度出发,重点分析和推导了电离层不规则体去相干以及法拉第旋转效应对相干最优的影响,并通过仿真实验模拟了典型系统条件以...     

基于全球定位系统的东亚电离层不规则体特性

利用2003年7月-2005年6月东亚110°E子午线附近的全球定位系统观测资料,对东亚区电离层不规则体形态特性及其随磁纬的变化进行了分析.主要结果表明:在处于磁纬±10°以内的磁赤道区,海南和东南亚台站存在明显的电离层不规则体活动,海南电离层闪烁与东南亚总电子含量起伏活动存在明显的相似性,在两分季明显增强且趋于对称,在两至季明显减弱且呈现一定不对称性,相对于其他季节,6月至季的电离层不规则体活动存在2～3 h的地方时延迟.而处于磁纬±14°以上的低中纬区,电离层不规则体活动会明显减弱,且南北半球呈现明显的形态差异.随着磁纬的增加,北半球电离层不规则体活动在两分季迅速减弱直至消失,在夏季相对有所增加;南半球所有季节的电离层不规则体活动会逐渐减弱直至消失.     

电离层沿场不规则体几何散射模型

电离层沿场不规则体散射具有很强的方向性,利用其进行甚高频(Very High Frequency,VHF)频段超视距通信时,需要准确可靠地确定散射轨迹以及地球上可接收散射信号的范围.文章基于电离层不规则体沿场散射的特点,分析了入射波、散射波及散射点地磁方向之间的几何关系,提出了一种电离层沿场不规则体散射几何分布模型.运用该模型对高中低纬度地区不同高度的电离层沿场不规则体散射进行了计算和分析,并将计算结果与已有文献中的数据结果进行了对比,结果比较一致.该模型能够计算电离层沿场不规则体VHF频段可接收信号的散射轨迹,为VHF散射通信链路的设计、布站提供了依据和技术指导.     

一次强磁暴期间全球电离层扰动研究

利用IGS台网观测数据,以总电子含量TEC、TEC的变化率ROT及其标准差ROTI作为表征电离层不规则结构和扰动的特征参量,研究发生在2004年11月上旬的一次强磁暴期间全球电离层扰动的分布以及扰动的传播.分析结果表明,在磁暴急始和初相阶段,全球电离层相对平静,没有显著扰动发生;不规则体和扰动主要发生在磁暴主相极大前后,并且在日落后几小时开始出现,持续到午夜之后.第一个主相极大期间,强扰动和不规则体主要出现在美洲扇区的中低纬度带;第三个主相极大期间,强扰动和不规则体主要出现在亚太扇区的中低纬度带.     

加热电离层生成不均匀体的理论及模拟研究

针对均匀和平面分层电离层背景,分别建立了描述大功率高频(HF)泵波加热电离层产生不均匀体的物理模型,从理论上解释了加热过程中不均匀体的生成主要是有质动力和热压力共同作用的结果.基于均匀电离层背景下加热电离层生成不均匀体的理论,通过数值模拟得到了加热导致电子密度不均匀体的空间分布.模拟结果表明,电子密度扰动在泵场方向上的特征长度为1km量级,在垂直于泵波电场方向上的特征长度为10～20m;这与电离层加热实验观测到的不均匀体纵向特征长度一般为千米量级、横向特征长度一般为10m量级的结论是相符的.另外,数值模拟得到的电子密度"空洞"和"稠团"的交替分布,可以解释加热过程产生的无线电波自聚焦效应.     

电离层对星载合成孔径雷达方位向分辨率影响的分析

该文分析了天线实孔径尺寸、不同电离层谱以及电离层不规则体尺度等因素在电离层对星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)方位向分辨率影响中的作用。研究结果表明,保持星载SAR合成孔径长度不变,增加天线实孔径的尺寸会引起SAR方位向分辨率的退化,同时导致SAR方位向图像平滑。电离层的Kolmogorov谱对SAR方位向的影响较双参谱严重。电离层不规则体尺度远大于合成孔径的尺寸时,电离层对SAR方位向分辨率的影响可以忽略;在电离层不规则体的尺度减小到合成孔径的尺寸以下,但量级接近时,电离层的影响会导致SAR方位向分辨率的恶化。     

天发船收高频雷达海面目标回波建模

天发船收高频雷达系统中,由于电离层随机扰动和接收船六维摆动运动影响,目标回波空时谱发生展宽和形变,严重影响雷达探测性能。本文对天发船收高频雷达海面目标回波建模问题开展研究,首先分析了动态空间几何关系变化下目标回波的多普勒频移特性,建立了理想条件下的空时目标回波模型;在此基础上,引入电离层不规则体和六维摆动空时相位扰动影响,分别构建电离层随机扰动相位仿真器和六维摆动扰动相位模型,进而建立了天发船收高频雷达扰动目标空时回波模型,实验数据验证了模型的有效性。      

基于多手段观测的海口站电离层闪烁对地磁暴响应研究

联合利用CHAMP卫星等离子体密度就位观测数据和海口站GPS电离层闪烁监测仪数据，分析了2004年1月、2月和11月三次地磁暴期间海口站的电离层闪烁特征.我们发现海口站电离层对3次磁暴事件的响应特征明显不同.就磁暴期间B_z分量和Dst指数的观测值来说，2004年11月的磁暴事件最强，其次是1月的，2月的最弱.而地基闪烁监测仪的观测结果表明:1月磁暴事件期间，L波段电离层闪烁最强，闪烁指数S₄最大值接近于1.0，闪烁出现率的最大值超过80%；2月磁暴事件期间，电离层闪烁持续时间最长，S₄最大值接近于1.0，闪烁出现率的最大值接近63%；11月磁暴主相和恢复相期间，无电离层闪烁现象出现.CHAMP卫星和地面闪烁监测仪观测到的结果一致，表明多重尺度的电离层不均匀体通常同时存在，但是小尺度的电离层不规则体通常会先消失.对比上述三次实验的观测结果，我们推断造成电离层响应特征差异的原因与环电流的影响有关，Aarons准则可较好地解释电离层对3次磁暴事件的响应.同时跨赤道风场可能也有贡献，它通过增加沿场向积分的Pedersen电导率，降低了R-T不稳定性，从而抑制了电离层闪烁的发生.     

基于多分辨率GPS层析技术的电离层暴时LSTID特征研究

利用GPS电离层层析技术探测电离层已经有了数十年的发展，特别在电离层暴时有着独特的优势.文章基于一种多分辨率层析算法，并结合美国东西部地区部分GPS地面数据对2015年3月16日-17日出现的电离层暴进行重构.首先，借助独立的测高仪数据验证多分辨率层析技术对电子密度反演的精度结果，同时也证实了电离层暴时多分辨率层析算法的适用性.其次，通过对美国东部地区2015年3月17日磁扰动最强烈时段的电离层重构，检验由磁暴引起的大尺度电离层行扰（large-scale travelling ionospheric disturbance，LSTID）的存在，并利用总电子含量（total electron content，TEC）数据分析此次电离层行扰的水平特征.同时，通过与非相干散射雷达（incoherent scatter radar，ISR）观测值的对比，借助反演得到的电子密度剖面信息讨论电离层行扰在垂向上的特征.结果表明:此次LSTID的波长为1 200 km左右，周期为50~60 min，以350~400 m/s的波速向西南方向传播，并且电离层行扰（travelling ionospheric disturbance，TID）的垂向电子密度具有较可靠的精度.     

极区夏季中层尘埃等离子体密度扰动功率谱分析研究

利用北欧火箭探空测量的极区夏季中层尘埃等离子体历史试验数据，采用傅里叶分析方法，计算了不同高度的尘埃密度和电子密度扰动功率谱.数值结果表明，在不同高度尘埃等离子体的扰动功率谱指数存在较大的差异，从功率谱的角度证明了中层顶尘埃等离子体不规则体结构并非都是由中性大气湍流产生的，与实验观测结果相符.研究结果对理解极区夏季中层回波（polar mesopause summer echoes，PMSE）的物理机制具有重要的意义.     

Nonlinear disturbance observers for robotic continuum manipulators

Robots are an indispensable part of modern production lines. Usually working in designated areas, they are separated from human workers in order to avoid collisions. A safe collaborative work environment is enabled by so-called soft robots, which constitute a human-friendly alternative to classical rigid industrial robots. However, modeling soft robots proves difficult and results in a lack of accuracy for control tasks. In this contribution, a disturbance observer-based control is proposed in order to improve tracking behavior. In doing so, unknown model errors are considered as disturbances and estimated by an observer. This estimate is used to actively reject the perturbation. Different disturbance observers are designed and implemented for a soft quasi-continuum manipulator, amongst them two nonlinear disturbance observers and two extended state observers. The distinction in the versions of the same observation concept lies in the disturbance dynamics assumption, which is either considered static or as a damped double integrator. All implemented concepts combined with a PD control show superior performance compared to an existing benchmark concept based on PID-like control. Thanks to the modularity of this approach, disturbance observers can be further investigated in combination with other control strategies.     

高频地波雷达多干扰的极化抑制

天波电台干扰是高频地波雷达所面临的主要干扰,虽然采用频率捷变技术可以躲避干扰,但是当短波电台十分密集时很难找到合适工作频段的,而且当存在与雷达回波同方向入射的干扰时,空间滤波技术也无能为力。利用极化技术可以较好地解决以下问题,但目前高频地波雷达中的极化滤波还只限于对单干扰的抑制,为了进一步拓宽雷达的工作频段,本文研究了多干扰的极化抑制问题,给出了一种在频域同时提取多干扰极化特征的方法,并根据这一方法构造了一种频域极化滤波器,使得频带互不重叠的多个干扰可以被有效滤除,而不受极化度的限制,从而克服了以往极化滤波器只能处理极化度较高的干扰的特点。理论和仿真实验证明了算法的有效性。     

The interpretation of topside sounder ionograms

Most of the phenomena observed on Alouette I and Alouette II ionograms are identified and interpreted. Simple as well as complex ionograms are treated, but emphasis is placed on ionograms exhibiting very low electron density, spread-F and field-aligned propagation. It is shown that many of the ionograms normally considered too complex for analysis can yield useful geophysical parameters using the methods described in the paper. Also discussed are signals observed on Alouette II ionograms at frequencies well below foF2, due to the propagation of earth-based transmissions via either the whistler or the Z mode.     

天基平台快速反射镜扰动信号抑制方法

天基平台快速反射镜在工作过程中受到空间电离辐射和天体摄动力的影响,会在音圈电机和负载输出端引起电流以及位置扰动,降低系统稳态精度和跟踪精度。为了减小扰动对系统的影响,在音圈电机输出电流路径和负载输出位置路径分别设计了扰动观测环节用于实现对特定扰动的抑制。首先,分析了天基环境下各扰动信号对系统输出精度的影响;然后,在系统中分别引入了电流和运动状态干扰观测环节,根据系统分析结果设计了各DOB（disturbance observer）环节控制器参数;最后,对理论模型进行了数值仿真并与刚柔耦合虚拟样机控制系统模型测试结果进行了对比分析。结果显示,当扰动电流和扰动位置频率分别为200 Hz和40 Hz时,双DOB系统对扰动的抑制能力可达92.59%,虚拟样机测试结果与理论结果的误差均在10%以内。     

空泡层环境下水中微小气泡的成像探测研究

为了分析实验条件的改变对透过超空泡层的微小气泡成像的影响,以选择最优的成像条件,本文在不同的实验条件下透过模拟超空泡层对直径为微米量级的微小气泡进行探测成像,并将结果图像进行处理,计算气泡群密度数与理论值进行比对判断成像效果。实验结果表明在探测角度为90°时成像最为清晰,直径越小的气泡对电流的敏感程度越高,随着电流增大能清晰成像的气泡数越多,但在一定程度达到饱和。在一定程度的界面扰动下,气泡数密度越大,可识别的气泡个数受扰动影响越为明显。     

Adaptive gain scheduling with feedforward control system based on system model for PMSM

A feedforward controller for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been proposed in this study, and proportional and integral gain could be self-adaptive under different operating conditions. The control structure used in the feedforward system is the same as in the feedback control system. This control structure could guarantee independence of the speed command input to output with the disturbance input to output, which makes the system have better reference trajectory tracking and disturbances rejection. In order to obtain optimal control performance when the parameters are uncertain, a gain scheduling adaptive controller is used in the feedforward system. The proposed controller has been verified by the experimental and simulation results with less steady-state error and better dynamic response than the controllers without it under the condition of external load torque disturbance and PMSM parameter uncertainties.     

Research note.Electron-beam-excited positive-ion oscillations: outstanding problems

Electron-beam-excited plasma-ion oscillations can either be locked into stable modes or be chaotic and continually making transitions between different modes. A frequency analysis of the chaotic oscillations could yield new information about the non-linear properties of such modes and their damping. It is not fully understood why beam-excited plasma-electron and plasma-ion oscillations often, possibly invariably, occur in alternate pulses, the one stopping when the other starts, nor why oppositely-directed interacting electron beams explode laterally and single beams end in a ‘blob’ when they excite oscillations. Possible experimental approaches to obtaining new information about such oscillations are indicated.     

State and Disturbance Estimator for Time-Delay Systems With Application to Fault Estimation and Signal Compensation

For a state-space time-delay system with linearly coupled input and output disturbances, a simultaneous state and disturbance estimation technique is developed. For a nonlinear state-space time-delay system with dependent input and output disturbances, a nonlinear estimator is also proposed to estimate system state and disturbance at the same time. The proposed estimator techniques are applied next to estimate system state and fault signal. Via actuator and/or sensor signal compensation, a simple and efficient fault-tolerant operation can be realized. In the developed design, no limitations and prior knowledge are required on the considered faults. Moreover, identical actuator and/or sensor switches and control gain reconstruction are not necessary. Therefore, the proposed estimation and fault-tolerant scheme is economical and convenient in practical applications. After that, the design techniques are extended to the case of systems with a class of uncoupled input and output faults. Examples and simulations given show excellent signal estimation and fault-tolerant performance.     

Electrical Stimulation with Pt Electrodes: II?Estimation of Maximum Surface Redox (Theoretical Non-Gassing) Limits

The maximum, biphasically applied charge which can be injected without electrolyzing water has been determined for Pt electrodes in simulated cerebral spinal fluid at 37TC. Electrolysis of water would lead to gas bubble formation, which is thought to be harmful. The experimental method involved the use of electrical transients. With lead (anodic faist) electrodes, the theoretical non-gassing limit is 300 ±20 ?C/real cm2, independent of current density in the range of ±50 to ±450 mA/cm2. For lag (cathodic first) electrodes, the theoretical non-gassing limit is 350 ±50 ?C/real cm2 over the same current density range. In both cases, only part of the additional charge beyond these limits results in water electrolysis. Microscopic observations of bubble formation indicate that these limits are conservative. These limits are sufficiently large for most purposes; they do not restrict the use of Pt electrodes in stimulation.