The influence of metal ions on the aggregation and hydrophobicity of dyes in solutions

The effect of the addition of metal ions to dye solutions in promoting dye aggregation and in changing dye association in solution has been studied. Experimental findings indicate that the promoting effects of calcium and magnesium ions are greater than that of sodium ions. It is expected that any change in dye hydrophobicity would have a direct influence on the extent of dye aggregation. Under acid conditions, a higher concentration of metal ions would result in an increase in dye aggregation with a reduction in dye hydrophobicity. On the other hand, while the dye aggregation is increased under alkaline conditions under the influence of metal ions, hydrophobicity was shown to increase. These changes in dye hydrophobicity could be used to explain the dyeing behaviour of reactive dyes in the dyeing of silk.     

Observations of mechanisms for selected dye carriers using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry

The mechanisms of two dye carriers, anthranilic acid and salicylic acid have been investigated by observing their effects on the surface wettability of polyester film, dye uptake, and dye distribution within the film. Wettability, dye uptake and the distribution of the dye within the film were studied, the latter using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Both acids function as dye carriers for polyester by similar mechanisms. Anthranilic acid was found to increase the surface wettability of the film to a greater extent than did the salicylic acid, while the latter was found to give greater dye uptake and a more uniform distribution of dye. These differences have been attributed to the differences in molecular interactions between film, dye and dyebath.     

膜分离技术在染料行业中的应用研究进展

介绍了粗制染料的脱盐与浓缩纯化生产的研究进展。膜分离作为一种清洁生产工艺技术,使合成染料的脱盐和浓缩同时进行,从而成功地得到高浓度、低盐的染料产品如活性染料、荧光增白剂和酸性染料等。在膜法治理染料废水方面,介绍了膜分离、预处理/膜分离组合和膜分离/氧化组合等3种工艺及其应用实例,并简要介绍了新型膜材料和膜过程的发展状况。     

Phospholipid bilayers as vehicles of anthraquinone disperse dyes in wool dyeing

The use of multilamellar lipid vesicles as carriers of disperse dyes on wool fibres has been studied. Liposomes made from egg phosphatidylcholine containing the anthraquinone dye CI Disperse Violet 1 at different phospholipid/dye concentrations were used. The physical stability of these systems was assessed by measuring the mean vesicle size distribution of lipid vesicle suspensions after preparation and during dyeing. Kinetic aspects involving dye adsorption and bonding on untreated and chlorinated wool samples by means of the liposomes at different dye/lipid ratios were also investigated. This process led to the controlled dye exhaustion on wool, directly dependent on the relationship between the dye and lipid components, with a clear improvement in the dye-fibre bonding forces and in the dispersing efficiency, compared with conventional dispersing agents. The optimum dye exhaustion was reached for the dye/phospholipid concentrations 0.53 and 1.0 mmol/l respectively. The maximum amounts of dye bonded on untreated wool fibre were obtained for the same dye/lipid molar ratio. However, chlorinated wool samples showed a slight decrease in the total bonded dye as the chlorination level increased.     

The importance of film thickener structure,dye vapour pressure and solubility parameter in sublimation transfer printing

An attempt has been made to highlight the importance of the structure of the thickener film for dye release in sublimation transfer printing. The roles of (a) dye vapour pressure and (b) the solubility parameters of the dye and of the fibre have also been investigated. Indalca gum was found to hinder the release of dye from paper, resulting in low dye transfer. The incorporation of a suitable auxiliary in the print paste was helpful in eliminating the barrier action of the thickener film. It is suggested that, after the release of dye from the thickener film, the rate of transfer was dependent on dye vapour pressure, while the actual amount of dye transferred was governed by the solubility parameter of the dye and of the polyester fibre.     

阴阳离子菁染料超快荧光动力学特性研究

采用飞秒荧光上转换技术，研究了阴阳离子菁染料及对应的阴离子和阳离子菁染料吸附在立方型和T型溴碘化银表面上形成J-聚集体的荧光衰减时间分辨特性，分析了几种菁染料增感体系的超快电子转移动力学过程及其对增感效率的影响．通过比较几种菁染料增感体系的荧光衰减特性，两种阴阳离子染料要明显快于阴离子染料、阳离子染料及二者的加合，说明阴阳离子染料聚集体到溴碘化银的电子注入速率较快，增感效果更好．对两种阴阳离子染料聚集体荧光衰减特性的比较，可以看出染料在T型颗粒溴碘化银上形成聚集体的荧光寿命更短，因而对T型颗粒的增感效果更好．染料Dye2的荧光衰减要快于染料Dyel，说明染料Dye2到溴碘化银的电子注入速率更快，增感效率更高．     

聚乙烯醇改性水溶性高分子染料制备工艺研究

本课题以聚乙烯醇与活性蓝KN-R为原料合成大分子染料,并用硫酸钠和硼砂对其进行凝胶沉淀.用乙醛与大分子染料进行缩醛反应,以降低大分子染料的水溶性.通过考察大分子染料涂料染色织物的摩擦牢度、皂洗牢度来选择大分子染料的合成条件.通过单因子实验和正交实验确定了合成大分子染料的优化工艺:温度为 75℃,时间为2.5小时,pH值...     

Salt-free dyeing of cotton cellulose with a model cationic reactive dye

A model cationic reactive dye based on an anthraquinone chromophore was prepared. The synthesis of this dye was achieved by the modification of the a free amino group of an anthraquinone-based dye, reacting first with cyanuric chloride and then with N -(2-aminoethyl)pyridinium chloride. TLC analysis was employed to follow the chemical reactions. The application of the prepared dye to cotton fabric was carried out using the exhaustion method without the addition of electrolytes. The results showed that, despite no electrolytes being present in the dye bath, a high percentage of dye exhaustion could be obtained. The high percentage of dye exhaustion was attributed to the attractive force between positive charges on the dye molecule and the negatively charged fibre surface. A high degree of dye fixation with excellent wash fastness was also achievable. Advantageously, it was found that this cationic reactive dye showed promising fastness to light when compared with that of analogous conventional basic dye on cotton. It is believed that the pyridinium cationic moiety, which attached separately to the chromophore via aliphatic spacer groups, was later eliminated during the washing-off process, hence causing an insignificant effect on the photofading of the dyed fabric.     

Improvement of the dyeing and fastness properties of a naphthalimide fluorescent dye using poly(amidoamine) dendrimer

In this study, 4‐amino‐9‐methoxypropylnaphthalimide fluorescent dye (dye 1 ) was reacted with poly(amidoamine) dendrimer G = ?0.5 to prepare a naphthalimide–dendrimer hybrid dye (dye 2 ). The chemical structures of the synthesised dyes were confirmed by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. The solvatochromism of the dyes was evaluated in various solvents with respect to visible absorption properties, and positive solvatochromism was observed by solvent polarity change from chloroform to ethanol. The dyeing ability of the synthesised dyes was investigated by their application onto nylon fabric, and nylon substrates dyed with dye 2 exhibited marked enhancement both in terms of colour strength and general fastness properties. The results of this study clearly demonstrated the high potential and performance of dye 2 as a novel promising fluorescent dye as compared with dye 1 . Overall, it was inferred that the modification of the naphthalimide fluorescent dye with poly(amidoamine) denderimer could markedly improve the dyeing and fastness properties of the naphthalimide fluorescent dye on nylon fabrics.     

An analysis of the substantivity of hydrolysed reactive dyes and its implication for rinsing processes

Substantivity plays a key role in dyeing processes, for dye exhaustion and fixation as well as for dye removal during rinsing. The latter is especially relevant for reactive dyes when the hydrolysed dye has to be removed from the fibre. The substantivity of the hydrolysed form of 46 commercially important reactive dyes was analysed at two temperatures for a wide range of dye amounts, pH values and electrolyte concentrations. The results showed that substantivity was highly dye‐specific and varied, for each variable analysed, almost within the entire theoretically possible range of values. Substantivity values correlated best with the number of sulphatoethylsulphone groups in the dye molecule and dye solubility in the presence of sodium chloride. Sensitivity to electrolyte, pH, dye amount and temperature broadly correlated with each other, implying that a reduction in electrolyte concentration and an increase in pH and temperature are more beneficial in the removal of highly substantive reactive dyes. Some dyes remained highly substantive even at 90 °C, indicating that dye removal in industrial processes, too, would be difficult. For dyes with little substantivity, however, wash baths at the boil do not appear to be necessary, neither is the significant removal of electrolyte before rinsing at elevated temperature.     

护色洗衣液的研制与研究

将市售固色剂、抗染料迁移剂分别配入洗衣液中,通过固色实验、抗染料迁移实验、配伍性实验,考察了不同护色剂在洗衣液中的护色效能。实验结果表明,洗衣液中加入质量分数为0.25%护色剂X时,固色性能、抗染料迁移性能较好。在此基础上配伍0.25%HP66K时,洗衣液抗染料迁移性能更佳。洗衣液配方（添加护色剂X和HP66K）采用完全非离子表面活性剂体系时,其固色性能、抗染料迁移性能较佳。     

改进的同时测定法测定混合染液各组分浓度

针对常规同时测定法存在测定周期长且对于多峰吸光度曲线不适用的问题,提出一种改进的同时测定法测定混合染液中各组分的浓度。首先运用高斯逼近法拟合固定浓度下各单一染液的吸光度、波长的模型。然后根据朗伯-比尔定律推导出各单一染液的吸光度、波长与浓度的模型,并给出了求混合染液各组分含量的具体步骤。最后以3种活性染料的混合染液浓度测定说明算法的可行性和有效性。     

一种高分子季铵盐活性染料的合成

本文以聚乙烯亚胺为高分子骨架,通过与活性嫩黄X-RG反应,制备了一种高分子活性染料,然后再对所得染料进行季铵化改性,最终得到一种新型高分子阳离子活性染料。对该染料的耐溶剂性、酸碱性和溶解度等性能进行了测试,采用红外光谱对合成的高分子阳离子活性染料的结构进行了表征。在无盐染色条件下对棉织物进行浸染,上染率90%,固色率在...     

Dyeing of chemically modified celluloses. II. Effect of chemical modification of cellulose on the dyeing properties of some direct dyes

The behavior of partially acetylated cellulose, partially carboxymethylated cellulose, cyanoethylated cellulose, and cellulose grafted with polyacrylontrile toward three direct dyes, namely, Chlorantine Fast Red 6 BLL, Solophenyl Orange T4RL, and Diphenyl Brilliant Flavine 7GFF, was studied. Partially acetylated cellulose having 2.06% combined acetic acid showed higher dye uptake than the unmodified cellulose. The amount of dye uptake increased as the acetyl content increased up to 4% combined acetic acid. Beyond this, enhancement in the dye uptake was not significant. Whereas partially carboxymethylated cellulose showed a lower dye uptake than the control. The dye uptake decreased considerably as the carboxymethyl groups increased. The same holds true for cyanoethylated cellulose where increasing the cyanoethyl content caused a substantial reduction in the dye uptake. On the other hand, cellulose grafted with polyacrylonitrile up to 18.3% graft yield showed much higher dye uptake than the ungrafted cellulose.     

Dye demand/supply ratio as a predictor for the unlevelness of disperse‐dyed polyester

The ratio of the demand for dye by the fibre and the supply of dye by the dyebath is a useful indicator to predict unlevelness in the exhaust dyeing of polyester with disperse dyes, provided that dispersion breakage is small. The ratio can be calculated from the dye exhaustion curve, the dye solubility and the flow rate in the machine. The findings suggest that unlevelness can be successfully controlled by ensuring that dye demand never exceeds dye supply at any moment during the dyeing process.     

我国国产化CD—R染料的研发

染料国产化可大大压缩CD—R成本。染料工艺是CD—R盘片复制的核心工艺。运用中试过程筛选CD—R染料 ,并应用流体力学、薄膜光学、光谱化学对染料工艺进行分析。     

Synthesis and application to cotton of a polymeric black colorant prepared by grafting of reactive dyes to polyvinylamine

A novel polymeric black dye was synthesised by grafting yellow, orange, red, and blue reactive dyes onto polyvinylamine. Such a polymeric black dye takes the onus away from dyers to worry about the compatibility of individual dyes. The polymeric black dye was characterised by Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet‐visible, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The absorption of the polymeric black dye in aqueous solution was nearly constant across the wavelength range 400–700 nm. Compared with a black mixture of reactive dyes with low fixation on cotton, which was prepared by mixing yellow, orange, red, and blue reactive dyes, the polymeric black dye reached 99% fixation on cotton through the use of a crosslinking agent. The colorimetric properties of cotton dyed with the polymeric black dye and with the black mixture of reactive dyes showed that better blackness can be obtained by using the polymeric black dye. Analysis of the thermal stability and penetration ability of the polymeric black dye showed that the polymeric dye has high stability in the application and a uniform distributution in the cotton fabric.     

Effect of pH control on dyeing of polyester materials with disperse dyes

Dyeing of polyester materials with disperse dyes at a high temperature in the absence of carriers and at different ranges of dyebath pH was studied. It was found that the behaviour of the dye as well as the magnitude of dye uptake at different pH's are greatly affected by nature and position of the substituents of the dye. Substituents which from lyonium ions in acidic medium produce higher dye uptake in alkaline medium, and those which form lyate ions in alkaline medium bring about higher dye uptake in acidic medium. Substituents which are not able to form neither lyonium ions nor lyate ions yield practically the same dye uptake over a wide range of pH values.     

Novel di-anchoring dye for DSSC by bridging of two mono anchoring dye molecules: A conformational approach to reduce aggregation

Two mono anchoring dye molecules were bridged together to give a new di-anchoring bis-merocyanine dye which possessed a non-planar conformation on a TiO₂ surface, a feature that impedes intermolecular aggregation of the dye in the adsorbed state. This dye also showed enhanced molar absorptivity and increased adsorption on TiO₂. A dye sensitized solar cell based on the bis-merocyanine dye yielded enhanced power conversion efficiency of 6.1%.     

胶原多肽基表面活性剂对染料废水的泡沫分离性能

以结晶紫溶液模拟染料废水,研究了胶原多肽基表面活性剂(CBS)对染料废水的泡沫分离性能。通过单因素实验考察了pH、气速、表面活性剂质量浓度、泡沫相与液相高度比(H_F/H_L)、染料初始浓度、乙醇添加量等因素对废水中染料分离的影响。结果表明,CBS适用于碱性条件下染料废水的泡沫分离;随着气速的升高,染料的去除率增加,但富集比降低;随着CBS用量的增加,染料的去除率先增加而后降低,富集比随CBS用量的增加而降低;当泡沫相高度与液相高度比为3左右时,染料去除率较高;添加适量的乙醇对泡沫分离是有利的;在较佳的分离条件下,染料的去除率可达80%,富集比达到16。上述研究结果表明,胶原多肽基表面活性剂可用于染料废水的泡沫分离。