Sensor fault detection and isolation system for a condensation process

This article presents the design of a sensor Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) system for a condensation process based on a nonlinear model. The condenser is modeled by dynamic and thermodynamic equations. For this work, the dynamic equations are described by three pairs of differential equations which represent the energy balance between the fluids. The thermodynamic equations consist in algebraic heat transfer equations and empirical equations, that allow for the estimation of heat transfer coefficients. The FDI system consists of a bank of two nonlinear high-gain observers, in order to detect, estimate and to isolate the fault in any of both outlet temperature sensors. The main contributions of this work were the experimental validation of the condenser nonlinear model and the FDI system.     

Multi-thresholds for fault isolation in the presence of uncertainties

Monitoring of the faults is an important task in mechatronics. It involves the detection and isolation of faults which are performed by using the residuals. These residuals represent numerical values that define certain intervals called thresholds. In fact, the fault is detected if the residuals exceed the thresholds. In addition, each considered fault must activate a unique set of residuals to be isolated. However, in the presence of uncertainties, false decisions can occur due to the low sensitivity of certain residuals towards faults. In this paper, an efficient approach to make decision on fault isolation in the presence of uncertainties is proposed. Based on the bond graph tool, the approach is developed in order to generate systematically the relations between residuals and faults. The generated relations allow the estimation of the minimum detectable and isolable fault values. The latter is used to calculate the thresholds of isolation for each residual.     

A roller bearing fault diagnosis method based on hierarchical entropy and support vector machine with particle swarm optimization algorithm

Targeting the non-linear dynamic characteristics of roller bearing faulty signals, a fault feature extraction method based on hierarchical entropy (HE) is proposed in this paper. SampEns of 8 hierarchical decomposition nodes (e.g. HE at scale 4) are calculated to serve as fault feature vectors, which takes into account not only the low frequency components but also high frequency components of the bearing vibration signals. HE can extract more faulty information than multi-scale entropy (MSE) which considers only the low frequency components. After extracting HE as feature vectors, a multi-class support vector machine (SVM) is trained to achieve a prediction model by using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to seek the optimal parameters of SVM, and then ten different bearing conditions are identified through the obtained SVM model. The experimental results indicate that HE can depict the characteristics of the bearing vibration signal more accurately and more completely than MSE, and the proposed approach based on HE can identify various bearing conditions effectively and accurately and is superior to that based on MSE.     

Sensor fault diagnosis based on energy balance evaluation: application to a metal processing

This paper deals with the design of a residual generator for fault detection and isolation in the dynamic closed-loop systems based on the balance of energy which "enters" and "leaves" plants. The main contribution of this paper consists in developing a suitable fault detection and isolation technique to detect faults in single-input single-output closed-loop system based on major signals without the requirement of an accurate static or dynamic model. Indeed, in the absence of conventional input-output models, the proposed method involves the on-line energy balance evaluation to detect a sensor fault. The application to the monitoring of a galvanizing line in steel industry shows the effectiveness of the suggested approach when a sensor fault occurs.     

Isolability of faults in sensor fault diagnosis

A major concern with fault detection and isolation (FDI) methods is their robustness with respect to noise and modeling uncertainties. With this in mind, several approaches have been proposed to minimize the vulnerability of FDI methods to these uncertainties. But, apart from the algorithm used, there is a theoretical limit on the minimum effect of noise on detectability and isolability. This limit has been quantified in this paper for the problem of sensor fault diagnosis based on direct redundancies. In this study, first a geometric approach to sensor fault detection is proposed. The sensor fault is isolated based on the direction of residuals found from a residual generator. This residual generator can be constructed from an input-output or a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based model. The simplicity of this technique, compared to the existing methods of sensor fault diagnosis, allows for more rational formulation of the isolability concepts in linear systems. Using this residual generator and the assumption of Gaussian noise, the effect of noise on isolability is studied, and the minimum magnitude of isolable fault in each sensor is found based on the distribution of noise in the measurement system. Finally, some numerical examples are presented to clarify this approach.     

基于小波包变换预处理的神经网络故障字典法的研究

本文以进行模拟电路故障诊断为主要目的，提出了基于小波包变换预处理的交流电路神经网络故障字典法，此方法充分利用小波包分解信号的能力，把交流电路的频率响应任意细分，能获取更多的故障特征。诊断速度快．效果好     

基于DataSocket和小波消噪的齿轮故障远程监测与诊断

介绍利用LabVIEW平台检测齿轮故障信号 ,叙述DataSocket协议和使用DataSocket技术进行远程监控的方法 ,给出在LabVIEW的环境内 ,使用MATLAB脚本节点对齿轮振动信号进行小波消噪和分解 ,提取齿轮故障特征信息 ,实现齿轮故障的远程诊断的方案。     

A novel fault diagnosis model for gearbox based on wavelet support vector machine with immune genetic algorithm

A novel intelligent diagnosis model based on wavelet support vector machine (WSVM) and immune genetic algorithm (IGA) for gearbox fault diagnosis is proposed. Wavelet support vector machine is a powerful novel tool for solving the diagnosis problem with small sampling, nonlinearity and high dimension. Immune genetic algorithm is developed in this study to determine the optimal parameters for WSVM with the highest accuracy and generalization ability. Moreover, the feature vectors for fault diagnosis are obtained from vibration signal that preprocessed by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). The experimental results indicate that this proposed approach is an effective method for gearbox fault diagnosis, which has more strong generalization ability and can achieve higher diagnostic accuracy than that of the artificial neural network and the SVM which has randomly extracted parameters.     

Neural networks applied for the identification and fault diagnosis of process valves and actuators

This paper is concerned with the instrumentation and technology of fault detection and isolation (FDI) in process valves and actuators. A classification of faults in process valves and actuators is followed by a brief review of EDI techniques. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are classified and introduced as an effective way of modelling valves and actuators, which are severely nonlinear components. Experimental results obtained from tests conducted on a double acting, twin piston rack-and-pinion actuator, are presented.     

基于图像熵的自动聚焦函数研究

从图像中熵的定义出来,研究了图像熵在成像系统自动聚焦判决函数中的应用,研究发现:图像熵作为聚焦判决函数出现了两类不同的判决准则,一类是图像清晰熵小,另一类是图像清晰熵大.对不同类型测试图像的分析和计算,证实了这种非一致性的存在并分析了造成这种现象的可能原因,而且由于图像熵的峰值较小,数值仅在小数点后变化,不易找出全局最大值.在均方差判决函数的基础上,提出了条件加权均方的方法,得到了具有准则一致性的自动聚焦判别函数.实验证明:条件加权均方差判决函数在不增加运算量的前提下,可以加大函数的峰值,从而提高判决的准确性.实用中在测试条件变化不大的情况下,通过人机交互,可选用图像熵作为自动聚焦判决函数,否则优先考虑条件加权均方函数.     

基于信息熵属性约简的航空发动机故障诊断

针对不协调信息条件下的航空发动机故障诊断问题,研究了基于信息熵属性约简的故障诊断方法。首先定义了故障诊断信息系统来描述不协调故障样本数据,针对基本粗糙集模型分类能力不足的问题,引入变精度粗糙集模型处理不协调诊断信息系统;然后针对现有条件熵不能区分不确定性规则的缺陷,提出了变精度条件熵作为属性重要度的度量标准,设计了启发式属性约简算法,提取故障诊断规则。将该方法用于航空发动机故障诊断,验证了该方法可有效处理不协调信息,显著提高了航空发动机故障诊断的准确率。     

基于信息熵和Haar小波变换的开关电流电路故障诊断新方法

针对开关电流(SI)电路的故障诊断和定位问题,为进一步提高故障准确率,提出了基于信息熵和Haar小波变换的开关电流电路故障诊断新方法。该方法采用伪随机信号激励经蒙特卡罗分析、Haar小波正交滤波器分解和信息熵及模糊集的计算来实现故障特征的提取,以减少信号的冗余。最后构建故障字典,完成各故障模式的故障分类。对六阶切比雪夫低通滤波器进行了仿真实验验证,获得了100%的故障诊断准确率,与其它方法进行比较,实验结果显示了本文方法的优越性。     

Application of time–frequency entropy method based on Hilbert–Huang transform to gear fault diagnosis

When faults occur in the gear, energy distribution of gear vibration signals measured in time–frequency plane would be different from the distribution under the normal state. Therefore, it is possible to detect a fault by comparing the energy distribution of gear vibration signals with and without fault conditions. Hilbert–Huang transform can offer a complete and accurate energy–frequency–time distribution. On the other hand, Shannon entropy could give a useful criterion for analyzing and comparing probability distribution and offer a measure of the information of any distribution. Targeting the feature of energy distribution of gear vibration signal, the merit of entropy and Hilbert–Huang transform, the concept of time–frequency entropy based on Hilbert–Huang transform is defined and furthermore gear fault diagnosis method based on time–frequency entropy is proposed. The analysis results from simulated signals and experimental signals with normal and defective gears show that the diagnosis approach proposed could identify gear status-with or without fault accurately and effectively. However, further study is needed to the classify gear fault pattern such as crack fault or broken teeth.     

基于小波熵的微弱信号检测方法研究

在科学技术研究领域中,经常会遇到非平稳、低能量、瞬时变化的微弱信号检测问题,然而,微弱的有用信号往往被环境噪声所湮没,最大程度地提取有用信息一直是弱信号检测中的一个难题。尤其对短时低能量的瞬变信号,采用传统信号处理方法提取其位置信息难以奏效。小波分析的方法为弱信号检测技术开辟了一条新途径,但小波变换对弱信号进行特征提取的关键在于确定小波系数的阈值。为此,在软阈值基础上引入反映信号能量分布特性的小波熵概念,利用信号在不同分解尺度上具有不同的小波熵,能够自适应地确定高频系数分量的阈值。仿真分析表明,基于小波熵分析的方法能够在强噪声环境中对微弱信号准确定位,实现低能量的瞬变信号有效提取。     

基于最优小波基的轴承故障状态特征提取方法研究

针对轴承故障诊断中最优小波基的选取问题,通过计算SUMVAR值选取最优小波基。用不同小波基对轴承故障仿真信号和故障实验信号进行降噪处理,分析降噪后信号与原信号的能量比值,降噪后信号与原信号标准差,峭度等指标,验证所选小波基的优越性。并对使用最优小波基降噪后信号做希尔伯特包络解调分析,结果表明,该方法能准确提取轴承故障特征频率。     

基于全矢小波包能量熵的滚动轴承智能诊断

研究滚动轴承不同状态下的振动信号,使用小波包变换提取信号各频带的能量熵,作为轴承故障的特征,然后使用支持向量机智能诊断轴承不同故障。传统单通道信号诊断方法容易造成误诊,全矢小波包能量熵融合了振动信号双通道的信息,能更准确地反映故障的特征。实验结果表明,采用全矢小波包能量熵比传统单通道方法有更高的诊断精度。     

New method of fault diagnosis of rotating machinery based on distance of information entropy

This paper introduces the basic conception of information fusion and some fusion diagnosis methods commonly used nowadays in rotating machinery. From the thought of the information fusion, a new quantitative feature index monitoring and diagnosing the vibration fault of rotating machinery, which is called distance of information entropy, is put forward on the basis of the singular spectrum entropy in time domain, power spectrum entropy in frequency domain, wavelet energy spectrum entropy, and wavelet space feature entropy in time-frequency domain. The mathematic deduction suggests that the conception of distance of information entropy is accordant with the maximum subordination principle in the fuzzy theory. Through calculation it has been proved that this method can effectively distinguish different fault types. Then, the accuracy of rotor fault diagnosis can be improved through the curve chart of the distance of information entropy at multi-speed.     

一种新型的配电网故障定位、隔离和恢复实用算法

为解决矩阵算法不能正确判断末梢故障及节点过多时运算速度慢的弊端,根据配电网络结构特点,提出了一种基于树形搜索的配电网故障区域检测、隔离及恢复实用算法。该算法基于各开关联络关系构造出配电网树形模型结构,利用配电自动化终端采集的故障信息搜索出了故障区域,并找出了多重供电恢复方案。最后由算例表明,该配电网故障定位、隔离和恢复算法是高效和可行的。     

基于多维度排列熵与支持向量机的轴承早期故障诊断方法

针对许多现有方法无法有效诊断滚动轴承早期故障的问题,引入排列熵的方法对轴承振动信号进行早期故障分析。通过研究嵌入维数和延迟时间对信号排列熵的影响,提出多维度排列熵的特征提取方法。利用多维度排列熵方法所提取的特征,建立了基于支持向量机的轴承早期故障智能诊断模型。对轴承不同类型、不同程度的故障数据进行分析,证明了多维度排列熵方法可以有效提取轴承不同状态的特征信息,与支持向量机结合的智能诊断模型可以精确地诊断轴承不同类型的早期故障,具有很强的通用性;该模型在贫样本的情况下,依然具有很高的诊断精度,适用于滚动轴承早期故障状态的在线监测。     

Fault detection and isolation of DURUMI-II using similarity measure

This paper describes the flight test method for studying the primary control surface stuck condition and the combination stuck of the primary control. An aircraft must show controllability and trimmability under post-failure conditions. An aircraft is successfully tested under various fault conditions. It is recognized that a control surface fault is detected by monitoring the value of the coefficients related to the control surface deviation. The control surface stuck position is determined by comparing the trim value with the reference value. To detect and isolate the fault, an analysis that employs the real-time parameter estimation method is used. If the flight control system is reconfigured using online estimates of aircraft parameters from a real-time parameter estimation scheme, the reliability increases without the addition of sensors or additional cost. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Eung-Soo Shin Wook-Je Park received the B.S. and the Ph.D. degrees, both in Aeronautical Engineering, from Korea Aerospace University in 1994 and 2005, respectively. He is now a Post-Doc in Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Western Michigan University. His research interests are in fault detection and isolation, real-time parameter estimation method, flight test, and their application in aircraft and UAV. Sang-Hyuk Lee received the Ph. D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Seoul National University in 1998. Dr. Lee has been with the Changwon National University as a research professor since 2006. His research interests include fuzzy theory, game theory, and nonlinear control. Jung-Il Song received his Ph. D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from POSTECH, Korea, in 1997. Dr. Song is currently a Professor at the School of Mechanical Engineering at Changwon National University in Changwon, Korea. His research interests include manufacturing process and evaluation of composites, biomedical engineering and rehabilitation engineering.