藊豆作为黄粉虫饲料来源的可行性初探

以藊豆(Dolichos lablab)和麦麸为饲料,研究2种饲料对黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)及其粪便的影响,探讨藊豆作为黄粉虫饲料来源的可行性.结果表明,藊豆喂养的幼虫粗蛋白含量、粪便中氮和钙含量显著高于麦麸喂养的幼虫.2种饲料对黄粉虫质量、幼虫粗脂肪含量、粪便中磷钾含量没有显著影响.表明藊豆作为黄粉...     

怀牛膝对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育影响的研究

用含有3种不同配比的怀牛膝和麦麸的饲料饲喂黄粉虫幼虫,以研究怀牛膝对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,含怀牛膝为25%的混合饲料对黄粉虫幼虫的蜕皮次数作用最明显,且蜕皮次数的多少与化蛹率的高低表现出一致性,而完全是麦麸的对照组对黄粉虫幼虫的增重作用最明显。     

黄粉虫对大鲵生长性能、摄食、消化和抗氧化能力的影响

为探究黄粉虫(Tenebrio Molitor)对大鲵(Andrias davidianus)生长性能、摄食、消化和抗氧化能力的影响。分别以鱼肉、鲜黄粉虫和含15%鲜黄粉虫的饲料饲喂初始体重为(29.9±0.42) g的大鲵,分别命名为CTR组、YM组和YMF组,每组设置3个重复,每个重复8尾,养殖试验期80 d。结果显示:与CTR组相比,YM组的末均重(FBW)、增重率(WGR)和特定增长率(SGR)均显著降低(P0.05),YMF组的WGR和蛋白质摄入量(PI)均显著降低(P0.05),而尾均摄食量(FI)显著增加(P0.05);YM组和YMF组的饲料系数(FCR)、肌肉粗脂肪含量显著提高(P0.05);YMF组的肌肉胶原蛋白质含量显著提高(P0.05);YM组和YMF组的肠道蛋白酶、脂肪酶、Na~+-K~+-ATP酶活性以及肝脏和肠道丙二醛含量均显著降低(P0.05)。研究表明,饲喂鲜黄粉虫可以提高大鲵机体抗氧化能力,但会抑制大鲵生长;饲料中添加15%的鲜黄粉虫可以提高大鲵摄食量,改善大鲵肌肉品质,提高机体抗氧化能力,但饲喂黄粉虫饲料会影响大鲵的消化能力,进而降低其生长性能,在饲料中添加一定量的黄粉虫是可行的。     

建鲤和框鳞镜鲤对黑水虻幼虫消化率的离体和在体研究

为评估黑水虻幼虫作为鲤鱼饲料原料的可行性,采用离体处理和在体饲喂的方法,分别测定了建鲤和框鳞镜鲤两种鲤鱼对黑水虻幼虫的消化率。结果表明:(1)建鲤对黑水虻幼虫干物质消化率(29.93%)与黄粉虫(32.35%)、鱼粉(32.63%)的干物质消化率差异不显著(P0.05),对黑水虻幼虫粗脂肪离体消化率(55.56%)与黄粉虫(57.45%)差异不显著(P0.05),但两者均显著低于鱼粉(79.36%)(P0.05),对黑水虻粗蛋白的离体消化率(26.08%)与黄粉虫(27.95%)无显著性差异(P0.05),显著低于鱼粉(32.45%)(P0.05)。(2)框鳞镜鲤对黑水虻幼虫的干物质(61.28%)、粗蛋白(82.53%)、粗脂肪(86.02%)的表观消化率均低于鱼粉(干物质63.15%、粗蛋白87.36%、粗脂肪88.31%),其中粗蛋白消化率显著低于鱼粉(P0.05)。研究提示,黑水虻幼虫可用作建鲤和框鳞镜鲤饲料原料。     

黄粉虫规模化生产关键技术

(一)黄粉虫的饲料黄粉虫食性杂,大多以麦麸、米糠或玉米作为饲料,但为了提高产量与质量,降低饲养成本,一方面可利用农业有机废弃物资源(农作物秸杆草粉)降低养殖成本;另一方面     

氯化钠对黑水虻生长性能及微生物群落的影响

[目的]研究饲料中添加氯化钠对黑水虻（Hermetia illucens L.）生长性能及幼虫肠道、饲养基质微生物群落多样性的影响。[方法]以无添加氯化钠饲料饲喂的黑水虻为对照组,饲喂添加0.7%、2.0%氯化钠饲料的黑水虻为试验组。试验周期为6日龄幼虫至成虫产卵。对饲喂不同含量氯化钠饲料的黑水虻的生长性能指标、生长周期指标进行统计,并利用16S rDNA序列分析技术研究黑水虻幼虫肠道及饲养基质微生物群落的变化。[结果](1)饲喂添加0.7%氯化钠饲料的黑水虻,体长、体重（除9日龄外）、饲料转化率、饲料利用率、料重比、幼虫鲜质量及总增鲜质量、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、羽化时间以及产卵时间与对照组相比均无显著（P>0.05）差异。(2)与对照组相比,饲喂添加2.0%氯化钠饲料的黑水虻,9～18日龄幼虫的体长、体重均显著（P<0.05）降低;饲料减重率、表观消化率显著（P<0.05）降低,饲料转化率显著（P<0.05）提高,饲料利用率、料重比无显著（P>0.05）变化;脂肪含量显著（P<0.05）提高,幼虫的鲜质量、总增鲜质量及蛋白质...     

饲喂频率对军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)生长、摄食率和饲料转化率的影响

以初始体重9.19g左右的军曹鱼为研究对象,在室内养殖系统进行为期6周的养殖实验,以寻求军曹鱼的最适饲喂频率。根据军曹鱼的营养需要,以鱼粉和大豆粉为主要蛋白源,以鱼油、豆油和卵磷脂为主要脂肪源,同时添加矿物质混合物、维生素混合物等,制作成粗蛋白含量45.1%、粗脂肪含量11.3%的实验饲料。设置5个饲喂频率,分别是4次/d、3次/d、2次/d、1次/d和1次/2d。每个饲喂频率处理设3个重复,每个重复放养军曹鱼30尾。试验结果表明,4次/d饲喂组和3次/d饲喂组军曹鱼的特定生长率显著高于其他饲喂频率组(P0.05),3次/d饲喂组饲料效率显著高于其他饲喂频率组(P0.05)。高饲喂频率组鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于低饲喂频率组(P0.05),而水分和灰分含量明显低于低饲喂频率组(P0.05)。4次/d饲喂组和3次/d饲喂组鱼体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量以及特定生长率差异均不显著(P0.05),且3次/d饲喂组饲料效率显著高于4次/d饲喂组(P0.05),所以本实验条件下军曹鱼的最适饲喂频率为3次/d。     

苜蓿、白三叶对黄粉虫生长性能及体成分的影响

选用5~6龄黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor)幼虫,采用单因素随机设计,2个试验组[白三叶(Trifolium repens)组,饲喂白三叶干草;苜蓿(Medicago sativa)组,饲喂苜蓿干草],1个对照组[小麦(Triticum aestivum)麸组,饲喂小麦麸],研究白三叶干草、苜蓿干草饲粮对黄粉虫幼虫生长性能及体成分的影响。结果表明,白三叶组采食量正常,苜蓿组采食量极低,约为小麦麸组的1/4;3个参试组间虫体增质量、氮沉积量、脂肪沉积量差异均达显著水平(P0.01),顺序为苜蓿组白三叶组对照组;试验结束时3个参试组间虫体粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量差异均达显著水平,分别表现为苜蓿组白三叶组对照组、苜蓿组白三叶组对照组,总能值差异不显著(P0.05);2个试验组间死亡率及化蛹率无显著差异,均显著低于对照组(P0.01)。     

新型鱼用饲料原料紫背浮萍人工养殖的初步研究

为探究紫背浮萍是否可以作为鱼用饲料新型植物蛋白源,本试验在室外采集初始干重为(2.03±0.01)g鲜紫背浮萍,经清洗与饥饿处理后将其随机分为8组(以养殖第1天开始,每隔4 d一个组收割),每组3个平行,按照环境承载量一半的密度放置于表面积为0.5×0.075 cm2的养殖水槽中,在室外自然光照(光暗时间比为16 h∶8 h)下,以养殖水体Hoagland’s E-Medium为营养液,p H为7.8±0.2,水温(26.6±1.1)℃,人工养殖29 d后测定其生长性能、营养物质与天然色素的含量。试验结果表明:人工养殖紫背浮萍29 d后,其干生物量呈"J"型上升趋势,叶绿素含量(叶绿素a:1.78 mg/g,叶绿素b:1.02 mg/g,总叶绿素:2.80 mg/g)显著提高(P0.05);到养殖第25天时,相对增长率降低至最低,且营养指标达到饱和(粗蛋白质:32.82%,粗脂肪:6.07%),总类胡萝卜素含量(1.10 mg/g)无显著差异(P0.05)。因此,人工养殖紫背浮萍可应用于水产动物养殖场中,不仅能够处理养殖污水,还能大面积收割作为饲料原料,最终可形成一个生态循环的水产动物养殖模式。     

不同纤维来源的饲料对黄粉虫生长发育的研究

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同纤维来源的农副产品对黄粉虫的生长发育的影响。选用3周龄、体型基本一致的黄粉虫幼虫,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理组5个重复,分别饲喂含30%萝卜秧、青萝卜、胡萝卜、白萝卜和白菜的虫饲料60d,通过生长情况相关指标进行分析。结果显示:使用30%胡萝卜的饲料可显著提高增重,效果最优;而白萝卜在满足营养的情况下能够实现经济效益最大化。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.