Occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in animal feed from bihar,india

A total of 387 samples comprising animal feed, poultry feed and cattle cakes from India were examined in order to isolate mycotoxin-producing fungi as well as mycotoxins. Of 385 Aspergillus flavus group isolates 53% were capable of producing aflatoxins in liquid SMKY medium. Toxigenic strains of other mycotoxigenic fungi, viz A ochraceus, A versicolor, Penicillium citrinum and Fusarium moniliforme, were also recorded. In feed samples, beside the aflatoxins present in 139 samples zearalenone, ochratoxin A and citrinin were also recorded alone or as cocontaminants. A monsoon climate together with the socioeconomic conditions of this region are important determinants for the high incidence of mycotoxins in animal food.     

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of DNA from beef, pork, chicken and turkey

Many meat products are composed of two or more meat species. To determine the proportion of these meat fractions, a quantitative multiplex PCR was developed for the quantification of beef, pork, chicken and turkey. This system proved its applicability, precision and accuracy in examining different meat products from the market. Thus it allows the efficient control of composed meat products in official food control and production control laboratories.     

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of DNA from beef,pork, horse and sheep

Meat products are often composed of more than one meat species. A quantitative multiplex PCR was developed to determine the proportion of meat fractions of beef, pork, horse and sheep. The precision and accuracy were investigated by dilutions of DNA from all four species and examining different meat products from the market. Application of this tetraplex quantitative real-time PCR system will enable official food control and production control laboratories to efficiently investigate the composition of meat products.     

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of DNA from duck, goose, chicken, turkey and pork

Meat products made from liver of poultry like duck and goose are popular and often sold as specialities for high prices. As the prices for the basic raw material are high, fraud may be attractive for producers. To prevent consumers from fraud, official control authorities survey such products. In this work, a quantitative multiplex PCR was developed determining the proportion of DNA and meat fractions of turkey, chicken, duck, goose and pork. The precision and accuracy of the PCR system was investigated. To examine the possibility of determining the meat fractions according to the recipe, reference material was produced and different liver–meat products from the market were analysed. For major components, the measurement uncertainty revealed to be at 39 %. For minor components, it was estimated to be 124 %. The results showed that this pentaplex real-time-PCR system is suitable to control the meat properties of such products although measurement uncertainty may be high.     

多重实时荧光定量PCR检测肴肉中的特定腐败菌

本试验以真空包装水晶肴肉中的3株特定腐败菌屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)、中间耶尔森菌(Yersinia intermedia)和清酒乳杆菌(Lactobacillus sakei)为研究对象,通过克隆3株菌的特异性DNA片段,构建重组质粒作为阳性模板,建立一种多重实时荧光定量PCR方法同时检测这3株特定腐败菌,结果表明:建立的多重实时荧光定量PCR具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,同时还具有很好的稳定性,可用于真空包装水晶肴肉贮藏期间特定腐败菌数量的检测,从而可以间接评价产品的货架期。     

A filtration-based real-time PCR method for the quantitative detection of viable Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in food samples

We developed a novel filtration-based method that can eliminate dead or severally damaged Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in food samples. This new method can recover all viable bacteria in less than 30 min, and can be coupled with a subsequent bacterial DNA extraction and real-time PCR. No statically significant differences (p < 0.01) were found between real-time PCR results obtained separately from S. enterica and L. monocytogenes when different ratios of living and dead cells were used. The analytical sensitivity in both cases was 1 genome equivalent (GE), and the quantification was linear (R² > 0.9969) over a 5-log dynamic range with PCR efficiencies >0.9754. When compared with the standard microbiological methods for the detection of these foodborne pathogens, the relative accuracy was excellent ranging from 95.72% to 104.48%. Finally, we applied the pre-treatment method to the direct detection of viable forms of these foodborne pathogens in food samples using yogurt as a model, the results being similar to those obtained using pure cultures.     

Quantitative detection of Secale cereale by real-time PCR amplification

Wheat, barley, rye free diet is required to control coeliac disease and therefore adequate analytical tools are necessary to check gluten-free products. At the moment, official analytical methods are based on immunochemical assays for gliadin detection. However, DNA-based methods for detection of specific sequences have been extensively proposed as alternative to the protein-based ones, e.g. for transgenic contamination analysis. The aim of this work has been to develop an alternative quantification method for rye-content evaluation in raw materials and processed food based on real-time PCR approach using both SYBR green detection system and TaqMan fluorogenic probe.     

Development and evaluation of aptamer magnetic capture assay in conjunction with real-time PCR for detection of Campylobacter jejuni

A prototype method for the concentration and detection of Campylobacter jejuni was developed using a previously reported biotinylated DNA aptamer in conjunction with qPCR. The so-called aptamer-based magnetic capture-qPCR (AMC-qPCR) assay was compared to a similar immunomagnetic separation (IMS)-qPCR assay. In small volume experiments (300 μl) applied to serially diluted C. jejuni suspended in buffer containing a mixed culture of other common food borne pathogens, the lower detection limit of the AMC-qPCR method was 1.1 log₁₀/300 μl C. jejuni cells, one log₁₀ better (lower) than that of IMS-qPCR (2.1 log₁₀ CFU/300 μl). AMC-qPCR capture efficiency was 10–13% at assay detection limit. In 10 ml scale-up experiments, the lower detection limit of AMC-qPCR was 2.0 log₁₀ CFU/10 ml with corresponding capture efficiency of 4–7%. Nucleic acid aptamers are promising alternatives to antibodies for magnetic bead-based capture followed by qPCR detection.     

Taqman real-time PCR for the detection and enumeration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wine

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main yeast species responsible for wine fermentation; however, its presence during maturing or barrel-ageing can sometimes result in a reduction in the quality of wine by refermentation. In this work, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) for the rapid detection and quantification of S. cerevisiae in wine. The primers and the hydrolysis probe (TaqMan^®) were designed from the sequence of a DNA fragment present only in S. cerevisiae and absent in other wine yeasts obtained from an RAPD-PCR analysis. The QPCR developed was highly reproducible, allowing the specific detection and quantification of this yeast in artificially contaminated wines, with a detection limit of 78 CFU/mL. Furthermore, the usefulness of the QPCR developed was evaluated through the quantification of the yeast in wine samples obtained from vineyards, confirming the quantitative capacity of the method. The methodology developed was specific, fast and a sensitive tool for the detection and enumeration of S. cerevisiae cells in wine.     

SYBR-Green real-time PCR approach for the detection and quantification of pig DNA in feedstuffs

A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay using primers targeting the porcine-specific mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene and universal eukaryotic primers amplifying a conserved fragment of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene has been developed for the detection and quantification of porcine DNA in food and feedstuffs. The 18S rRNA primers were used as endogenous control for the total content of PCR-amplifiable DNA in the sample. The assay was tested on DNA extracted from raw and heat-treated binary mixtures of porcine tissues in a plant matrix, and on DNA extracted from reference feedstuff samples. Analysis of experimental mixtures demonstrated the suitability of the assay for the detection and quantification of porcine DNA in mixtures containing as little as 0.1%.     

A novel real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method for the detection and quantification of lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae in the dairy and other food industries

The presence of lactose-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms is routinely assessed to determine the hygienic quality of water and foods, particularly dairy products. This paper reports the use of lacZ-specific primers in an SYBR green I-based real-time PCR method for the easy and rapid detection of coliforms in dairy products. A large number of bacterial species were assayed to establish the specificity of the method. The sensitivity of the method was assessed using artificially contaminated cheeses. The limit of detection was 1 coliform cell in cheese samples enriched for 8 h in a culture medium. The entire procedure, including sample processing, enrichment, DNA extraction, and real-time PCR amplification, can be completed within 10 to 12 h, making it a single-day assay.     

Total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in shrimp: Fast and reliable quantification by real-time PCR

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is found in aquatic environments and is the leading cause of gastroenteritis due to seafood consumption worldwide. We evaluated a quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) assay with hydrolysis probes, to determine whether this method could be used for the efficient counting of total, tdh and trh-positive V. parahaemolyticus in shrimps. We assessed the specificity of this assay, using 62 strains from 12 non target bacterial species of the Vibrio, Photobacterium, Shewanella and Aeromonas genera. Only V. parahaemolyticus with the appropriate target gene generated a fluorescent signal. We assessed the robustness of this assay, by analyzing spiked shrimps by Q-PCR and traditional culture methods, using most probable number (MPN)-PCR. After a 6 h enrichment period, the assay successfully detected total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in shrimps samples spiked with less than 5 V. parahaemolyticus cells/g of shrimp. The Q-PCR results obtained were compared with those obtained by most probable number (MPN)-PCR format. An excellent correlation between the two methods was observed in all cases (R² > 0.9742). The application of this Q-PCR assay to 85 natural shrimp samples also resulted in the successful quantification of V. parahaemolyticus in this matrix, and the counts obtained were correlated with those obtained by (MPN)-PCR (P = 0.2598). Thus, this rapid and sensitive Q-PCR can be used to quantify V. parahaemolyticus in natural shrimp samples. This assay could be proposed, in response to the demands of the European Commission, as a tool for testing for the presence of vibrios in crustaceans, making it possible to legislate in this domain.     

产黄曲霉毒素真菌多重PCR检测体系的建立

依据标准SN/T 2582—2010《产黄曲霉毒素真菌PCR检测方法》推荐的产黄曲霉毒素调节基因afl R、柄曲霉素转甲氧基酶基因omt-1、杂色曲霉素A脱氢酶基因ver-1及真菌共有的5.8S r DNA的ITS序列分别设计4对特异性引物,对4对引物进行多重PCR反应体系构建与优化,建立快速检测产黄曲霉毒素真菌的多重PCR方法,并应用10株试验菌株对所建立的检测方法进行验证。结果表明,建立的多重PCR方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、方便快捷的优点,为产黄曲霉毒素真菌快速检测试剂盒的研发及应用提供了重要技术保障。     

双重实时荧光PCR检测副溶血性弧菌毒力基因方法的建立和应用

目的 建立一种同时检测副溶血性弧菌两种毒力基因tdh和trh的双重荧光聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法,并对我国2 771株食源性副溶血性弧菌携带的毒力基因进行全面检测.方法 针对副溶血性弧菌tdh和trh毒力基因分别设计荧光PCR引物和探针,优化荧光PCR反应体系及反应程序,建立可同时检测两种毒力基因的双重荧光PCR检测...     

Multiplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of DNA from four transgenic soy Mon89788, A5547-127, Roundup Ready, A2704-12 and lectin

In the past, the transgenic soybean Roundup Ready was the predominantly cultivated transgenic soybean. With the announcement of Monsanto Corp. that this trait will be replaced by Mon89788 and the release of other company??s transgenic soy crops, this unique status of one trait has ended. Therefore, a multiplex quantitative real-time PCR system was developed and characterized for three additional transgenic traits Mon89788, A2704-12 and A5547-127. It showed amplification efficiency, correlation and sensitivity similar to the single PCR systems applied therein. This system allows relative multiplex quantification and/or delta?Cdelta Ct method and therefore an efficient control of products during production, trade and sale.     

实时荧光定量技术在食品微生物检测和研究中的应用

实时荧光定量PCR技术是通过检测PCR产物中荧光讯号强度来达到定量的目的,不仅实现了对核酸信息量的分析比较,而且与常规PCR相比,它具有特异性更强、能有效解决PCR污染问题、自动化程度高等特点。文章概述了实时荧光定量PCR技术的原理、优缺点及其在食品微生物检测中的应用与研究进展,并探讨了它的技术发展和应用前景。     

Multiplex real-time PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of DNA from three transgenic rice species and construction and application of an artificial oligonucleotide as reference molecule

According to the EU and Swiss legislation for food, only approved traits of transgene plants are allowed to be imported and sold to the consumer. In order to control imports of rice and rice products from retailers, dealers and importing companies, efficient and reliable methods for the detection and quantification are a prerequisite. Therefore, a novel pentaplex real-time polymerase chain reaction system was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of three genetically modified rice lines at once. This system simultaneously determines DNA contents of the phospholipase-gen, a rice species specific gene, the 35S:BAR-construct, as the promotor of different transgene rice lines and the specific systems for LL62, LL601 and Bt-63-rice (Shanyou63). The test exhibits a good specificity and sensitivity for the transgenes in the range of 0.01–1%. It proved its efficiency and reliability in daily routine. Due to the lack of appropriate reference material for the Bt-63-rice, a reference oligonucleotide was artificially constructed. This oligonucleotide proved its applicability in diagnostic analysis.     

Two tetraplex real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of DNA from eight allergens in food

According to the EU and Swiss legislation, food has to be labelled for allergens to enable allergic consumers to avoid such food and its products. To provide efficient and reliable methods, two novel quantitative multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction systems were developed and validated. They simultaneously determine DNA of peanut, hazelnut, celery, soy, egg, milk, almond and sesame, respectively. The tests exhibit good specificity and sensitivity in the range of 0.01%. Due to low DNA amounts, lower sensitivities for egg and milk were obtained. First comparisons of ELISA results with PCR results suggest a qualitative accordance, but a low correlation of quantitative results.     

A real-time PCR method for the detection and quantification of lupin flour in wheat flour-based matrices

Lupin flour is growingly being used in bakery products, mainly as a soybean protein substitute. The aim of the present work was to detect and quantify the presence of lupin flour in wheat-based foods using a newly set up qPCR system based on SYBR green. Although DNA sequence information for lupin is scarce, it has been possible to design a primer pair highly specific for the target gene and devoid of any primer-dimers amplification capacity. Lupin flour revealed to be a difficult matrix, since large amounts of compounds tend to co-purify with DNA, even adopting well established extraction protocols. Nonetheless, the primers used allowed to reach high PCR efficiencies and did not show any cross-reactivity with DNAs extracted from various plant and animal foods. The sensitivity achieved was 7 pg of lupin DNA, corresponding to a percentage of less than 0.1% of lupin flour in the foods.     

转基因大豆DAS44406-6多重荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

本文针对大豆内源基因Lectin和转基因大豆DAS44406-6品系的5’端插入位点序列,设计特异性引物及探针,建立同时检测转基因大豆DAS44406-6品系和大豆内源基因Lectin的多重荧光定量PCR方法,并运用15种转基因大豆、3种转基因玉米、1种转基因油菜、1种转基因水稻和非转基因大豆对该方法进行特异性评价,并分析该方法的灵敏度和稳定性。结果显示,该方法能准确从20种转基因样品和1种非转基因样品中检出靶目标,检测结果与待检样品信息一致,表明本方法具有良好的特异性;灵敏度高达0.01%;重复性实验表明DAS81419品系4种含量、9次重复反应Ct值的标准偏差介于0.050⁰.222,相对标准偏差介于0.169%⁰.677%,均在可接受范围内。该方法特异性强、灵敏度高、稳定性强,适用于各口岸实验室进行转基因大豆DAS44406-6的快速、准确的检测。