低聚合度聚醋酸乙烯合成与反应液流变特性

以甲醇为溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,四氯化碳为链转移剂,制备不同浓度、不同聚合度的低聚合度的聚醋酸乙烯（PVAc）反应液。用流变仪测定不同温度下反应液的黏度,研究了反应液黏度随温度、PVAc质量分数和聚合度的变化规律。结果发现,反应液黏度与温度的关系符合Arrhenius方程,反应液黏度的对数与PVAc质量分数的对数成正比,与聚合度的关系符合Mark-houwink方程,并由此得到反应温度下反应液黏度与PVAc质量分数和聚合度的关系式。     

淀粉接枝高吸水树脂的制备及性能研究

以淀粉、丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺为原料,以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂(MBA)、 Span80为分散剂、过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,采用反相悬浮聚合法制备了高吸水树脂,引入2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)提高树脂的吸盐水率。研究对MBA、AMPS、KPS、Span80的用量对产物吸液能力的影响。结果表明,实验条件下AMPS、MBA、KPS和Span80的最佳用量分别为5%、0.3%、0.4%和3%,AMPS的引入能够较大程度的增强高吸水树脂的吸盐水能力。     

LC-MS/MS在2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶合成中的应用

在抗球虫药物常山酮中间体2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶的合成反应中建立了LC-MS测定方法,合成反应液经脱色、过滤后直接测定。色谱条件:色谱柱为ZORBAX Edipse XDB C-18柱(2.1×100mm,3.5 m),流动相为甲醇-醋酸铵(醋酸铵质量分数为0.01%),二者体积比为25∶75,流速为0.2 mL/min,DAD检测器,紫外检测波长为254 nm,进样量为1μL。采用外标峰面积法进行产物定量。方法的线性范围为10~200 mg/L,线性系数r=0.999 02,相对标准偏差为1.3%,回收率在98%以上。在2-甲基-3-羟基吡啶合成反应中利用LC-MS/MS确定了最佳反应条件为反应温度180℃,反应时间16 h。     

完善羟丙基瓜尔胶表观黏度质量检测实验研究

为完善羟丙基瓜尔胶表观黏度检测方法,提高检测质量,在行业标准SY/T 5764-2007《压裂用植物胶通用技术要求》基础上,设计了不同条件下表观黏度测试对比实验。检测过程中发现,测试方法、测试条件等因素对表观黏度测试值的影响较大,研究分析得出黏度计转子旋转超过2min时,数据读取比较稳定;高速搅拌胶粉溶液黏度测试值比低速搅拌偏高,约3～4mPa·s;溶液存在上层的泡沫时的溶液表观黏度检测值比去除泡沫检测值偏高,约2～4mPa·s;黏度计转子洁净程度对检测值由上次样品测试值影响。     

4,5-二甲基-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-2-酮合成工艺参数研究

体系水分≤0.05%,3-羟基-2-丁酮:BTC:N,N-二甲苯胺(摩尔比)=1:0.35:1.09;3-羟基2-丁酮:二氯甲烷(质量比)=1:10,反应参数为3-8℃/3H、160℃/4H,最后产品收率为84.5%,以3-羟基2-丁酮计为1做1.1。     

2-乙氧亚胺基-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)乙酸的合成

2-乙氧亚胺基-2-(5-氨基-1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基)乙酸类化合物多用于新型头孢菌素类药物的合成,确定了其合理的工艺路线,以氰基乙酰胺为原料,经肟化、烷基化、三氯氧磷脱水、氨解、溴代、环合、碱性水解得到目标产物。     

苄基-2-萘基醚的合成工艺

苄基-2-萘基醚是芳香族的混醚。其传统合成方法条件苛刻。反应时间较长、操作复杂，产品收率低。主要用于合成苄氧萘青霉素等医药工业，且广泛地作为合成香料，用于皂用香料、化妆品香精及调合香精等香料工业。现以四丁基溴化铵作为相转移催化剂，在碱性的水-甲苯体     

2-（2-甲氧基乙氧基）乙醛缩二甲醇的合成

2-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)乙醛缩二甲醇是一种重要的中间体，用途极其广泛。其合成工艺国内未见报道。现介绍采用乙二醇一甲醚为溶剂，与金属钠取代反应，再与2-氯乙醛缩二甲醇缩合反应生成产品的合成工艺。     

磷酸三（2-丙基-1-庚）酯的合成

磷酸三(2-丙基-1-庚)酯合成的最佳工艺条件是采用氯化镁,催化剂用量为三氯氧磷重量0.05%,反应温度60-65℃保温2小时,真空抽酸反应温度为75-80℃,时间为2小时,2-丙基-1-庚醇与三氯氧磷的摩尔配比3.2:1,收率为:92.6%。     

2-羟基喹恶啉的合成

2-羟基喹恶啉(HQ)是生产杀虫剂喹硫磷、除草剂禾草克等农药的重要中间体。这些农药品种我国已经生产和应用。由于中间体HQ生产工艺落后，质量不高，生产成本高，不得不依赖进口，影响了农药新品种的推广应用。传统方法是以邻苯二胺、氯乙酸为原料、碳酸铵为缚酸剂制备3、4-二     

生物聚合物改良玄武岩残积土崩解特性研究

为提高玄武岩残积土的抗崩解性及其边坡水稳性,利用生物聚合物瓜尔胶改良玄武岩残积土。在干湿循环条件下开展不同掺量瓜尔胶改良玄武岩残积土的崩解试验,观察残积土崩解过程,并对残积土改良土崩解系数和平均崩解速率进行测定,分析瓜尔胶掺量及干湿循环次数对玄武岩残积土水稳性的影响。研究结果表明：瓜尔胶可有效增强玄武岩残积土的抗崩解性能,随着瓜尔胶掺量的增加,改良玄武岩残积土的崩解系数和平均崩解速率呈现先减小后增加的特点,在瓜尔胶掺量为1.0%时抗崩解性能最佳;瓜尔胶掺量一定时,改良玄武岩残积土的崩解系数和平均崩解速率随着干湿循环次数的增加呈现增长趋势,当干湿循环次数N=4时,土体崩解率为N=1时的8倍。由此可见,瓜尔胶作为一种新型、环保的残积土边坡防护材料,可有效提升玄武岩残积土的抗崩解性能。研究结果为生态环保处置玄武岩残积土提供了新的思路,可为玄武岩残积土地区边坡工程的绿色发展提供参考。     

聚噻吩修饰纳米结构TiO2膜电极光电性能研究

用光电流作用谱、光电流-电势图等光电化学方法研究了聚噻吩(PTh)膜和纳米结构TiO₂/聚噻吩(ITO/TiO₂/PTh)复合膜的光电转换性质。结果表明,PTh膜的禁带宽度为2.02eV,价带位置为-5.86eV,导带位置为-3.84eV。在ITO/TiO₂/ PTh复合膜电极中存在p-n异质结,在一定条件下异质结的存在有利于光生电子-空穴对的分离,PTh修饰ITO/TiO₂电极可使光电流产生波长发生明显红移,从而提高了宽禁带半导体的光电转换效率。在实验条件下,单色光的光电转换效率最高可达到13%。     

二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酸或丙烯酸羟乙酯共聚反应动力学研究

以过硫酸钾-亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,研究了二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)分别与丙烯酸(AA)及丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)的水溶液自由基共聚合反应。采用膨胀计法测定共聚反应速率,考察了引发剂浓度、单体浓度、反应温度对共聚反应速率的影响。结果表明,随着引发剂浓度、单体浓度和反应温度的提高,共聚反应速率增大。建立DMDAAC与AA共聚反应的动力学关系式为RP∝[I]0.690 2[M]1.336e-8 244/T,测得该共聚反应表观活化能为68.54 kJ/mol;DMDAAC和HEA共聚反应的动力学关系式为RP∝[I]1.089 0[M]0.833e-12 255/T,该共聚反应的表观活化能Ea为101.89 kJ/mol。     

石家庄市2005-2012年环境空气质量变化及影响因素分析

利用石家庄市区环境空气质量定点监测资料,研究了市区2005-2012年环境空气质量变化趋势及影响因素。结果表明:石家庄市首要污染物是PM10(可吸入颗粒物),其次为SO2(二氧化硫),呈现尘污染和煤烟型污染特征;SO2和NO2(二氧化氮)、PM10月均值总体呈非采暖期小于采暖期的趋势,PM10在非采暖期3-5月份出现一个小高峰,沙尘天气影响可能是其主要原因。API(空气污染指数)的月均值与PM10月际变化趋势一致,表明石家庄市大气污染以尘污染为主。总体上,PM10呈现显著下降趋势,SO2和NO2呈不显著上升趋势,空气综合污染指数表现为不显著下降。能源结构变化、产业结构变化、污染源综合整治对减轻环境空气污染起到一定的作用。     

Evaluating the effects of ICT core elements on CO2 emissions: Recent evidence from OECD countries

This research aimed to inform policymakers about the actual climate relevance of the information and communication technology (ICT) ecosystem, which includes data centers and content provision, broadband networks, and consumer devices. To provide robust empirical evidence on the net environmental impact of these core ICT elements, we used OECD panel data for 34 Member States for the years 2002–2019 and panel fixed-effects regression models. In contrast to previous literature, we measured basic broadband and new fiber-based wireline broadband and 3G/4G mobile broadband network deployment. We also captured variations in end-user devices, ICT affinity, and famous online content. We found that, on average, the CO₂-reducing effects appear to outweigh the CO₂-increasing effects. In particular, we found that, in addition to the reduction effect associated with the use of basic broadband connections, there is a further, albeit smaller, reduction effect associated with new fiber-based broadband connections. Other ICT elements showed insignificant coefficient estimates, suggesting largely offsetting environmental impacts. Our main findings were subject to various robustness checks and were broadly consistent with previous literature using data from developed countries. Our results suggested that old and new broadband networks as enabling technology could generate positive environmental effects for society.     

-5-巯基-1H-四氮唑的制备

介绍了一种1-[2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙基]-5-巯基-1H-四氮唑(DMMT)的合成方法。2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙胺与二硫化碳反应,制得取代的2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙胺基二硫代羧酸;2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙胺基二硫代羧酸与氯甲酸乙酯反应,得到2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙胺基二硫代羧酸与乙氧基甲酸的二硫代酸酐;二硫代酸酐再经三乙胺碱解,制得2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙基异硫氰酸酯;2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙基异硫氰酸酯与叠氮化钠反应,制得目标产物1-[2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙基]-5-巯基-1H-四氮唑(DMMT)。产物以N,N-二甲基氨基乙胺计,收率为48.0%。采用该法,能够方便地制得1-[2-(N,N-二甲基氨基)乙基]-5-巯基-1H-四氮唑,产物收率高,反应条件温和,操作过程简便,三废少,环境污染小。     

石家庄市秋季以NO2为主的气态污染物典型污染案例分析

为保障空气质量明显改善,石家庄市采取了一系列举措治理大气污染,然而2015年9月出现了一次以NO_2为首要污染物的气态污染物典型污染过程,各项气态污染物浓度明显高于历史同期水平。NO_2作为二次颗粒物及光化学污染的重要前体物,研究其污染来源及影响因素,对于保护公众健康及提高大气污染综合治理水平具有重要的指导意义。对污染过程中NO_2的浓度变化、时空变化及气象条件对NO_2的影响等方面进行了分析。结果表明:2015年9月由于气象条件与区域污染的影响,造成空气中气态污染物聚集,浓度高于去年同期水平。大气环境中的NO_2主要来源于东南部工业和燃煤源的排放,与机动车保有量增加、大型车辆多活动于夜间、晚出行高峰时段拥堵造成的尾气排放量增加也有直接关系。     

L-M贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络在红外CO_2传感器的应用

针对温度会影响红外CO_2传感器的输出电压,造成对CO_2的浓度检测误差较大的问题,提出了一种基于L-M贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络的温度补偿方法。实验中将传感器输出电压比和温度作为神经网络的输入,CO_2浓度作为神经网络的输出,并通过L-M算法和贝叶斯正则化对神经网络进行优化。经过实验仿真证明,在温度补偿后红外CO_2传感器测量输出的浓度值最大相对误差为4.557 8%,具有较高的精确度。因此L-M贝叶斯正则化BP神经网络能对红外CO_2传感器进行有效的温度补偿,可为相关红外传感器仪器的改进提供参考。     

Sektorale und gesamtwirtschaftliche Beurteilung des „Carbon-Leakage”-Problems für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland

In order to mitigate the global warming issue, the European Commission decided To reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Europe by 2020 by 20% (compared to 1990). This translates into an overall reduction of 1.1 billion tons. The most important Reduction tool in its policy arsenal is the Emission-Trading System (ETS). All ETS industries together are supposed to reduce their CO₂ emissions by 421 million tons or 21 % (compared to 2005). With a planned reduction of 421 million tons of CO₂, Germany’s ETS industries bear almost a quarter of the Overall reduction burden. The associated carbon leakage problem is only to some extent attributed to the climate protection targets. The planned adjustment of the major allocation mechanism in the third trading phase weights considerably more. In the third trading phase the free provision of benchmark-related emission permits will be replaced with a market-price auction system. A current study of the EEFA-Research Institute examines the effects of auctioning on compatibility, production and employment in Germany.     

Technological literacy for students aged 6–18: a new method for holistic measuring of knowledge,capabilities, critical thinking and decision-making

Technological literacy is identified as a vital achievement of technology- and engineering-intensive education. It guides the design of technology and technical components of educational systems and defines competitive employment in technological society. Existing methods for measuring technological literacy are incomplete or complicated, unreliable, unstable and imprecise, time-consuming, and require large expenditures on resources. This paper presents a new method for valid and reliable measuring of technological literacy. The method encompasses three main components—knowledge, capabilities, and critical thinking and decision-making. It is centred on the standards for technological literacy issued by the International Technology and Engineering Educators Association. It has three key features. (1) A construct-measure-result front-ended approach, where a construct consists of an object, attribute, and entity; which causes reduction of measure-induced distortion and error. (2) A broad test range definition that provides stable and accurate measuring of technological literacy for 6–18-year-old students. (3) A genuine design approach including a multiple choice test item form determination consisting of content, criterion and construct validity, item discrimination, difficulty index, and an intraclass correlation measure for time stability and scooping its heterogeneous nature. Only the method is described herein and its pilot test results are presented. It is moderately reliable over time (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.68, p < 0.05), has high criterion-related validity (r _xy  < 0.4) and construct validity (h ² > 0.7). High content validity evidence was ensured through a two-stage validation method, while test item discrimination coefficient values are acceptable (r _pbis  > 0.1). The method is time-efficient (measuring lasts 45 min), valid, stable, and enables holistic investigation of large sample sizes.