从单向传播到一体化:体育组织与媒介关系形态研究

采用文献资料调研和逻辑分析法回顾了体育组织与媒介关系发展的历史,从两者相互交织的利益取向出发,将体育组织与媒介关系分为:媒介对体育及体育组织的介入期、体育组织与媒介关系稳定发展期和共生成熟期。研究结果认为,体育组织与媒介关系形态表现为单向传播关系、合作关系和共生关系;这3种关系形态不仅仅是纵向的、历史演变的结果,同时也是一种横向的、在当今社会也同时存在的关系形态;决定体育组织与媒介关系形态的因素包括体育制度与媒介制度、媒介传播力以及受众对媒体的依赖程度。     

建国以来认识和处理群众体育与竞技体育关系的历史启示

分析了建国后认识和处理群众体育与竞技体育在形态上、价值取向上的变化,提出了追求体育价值的同时,必须树立代价意识,防止对某一方面价值追求的过度膨胀,而不付出任何代价欲取得协调,则是不现实的。     

男子三级跳远专项力量训练与弱爆发力特征的关系

通过对速度和爆发力素质差的三级跳远运动员高春冬采用特定的训练方案进行训练,使其专项成绩1a内提高0．8m,达到15．40m(国家一级运动员)的水平。特定的训练方案是以提高快速跳跃力量、发展退让肌群力量和专项耐力为目标,以不同的手段组合成4套训练方案,其针对性强,效果好。该方案适用于相近水平的三级跳远运动员。     

Observation interventions for motor skill learning and performance: an applied model for the use of observation

Using the 5 Ws and 1 H journalistic approach of Beveridge Mackie (2011), we reviewed the observation intervention research that targeted sport skills or daily movement tasks. Through this review, it became apparent that while there is much research that examines observation of a live or video (what), skilled model (who) for enhanced skill learning (why) in laboratory settings (where), there is a need for not only a wider scope of research, but also a deeper one. Following the review of literature, an applied model for the use of observation is advanced. Through this applied model, we propose that practitioners should first assess the observer's characteristics and the task characteristics for which any observation intervention is being created. The practitioner should then gain an understanding of the context and the desired outcomes of the learner and use this advance information to vary the characteristics of: (1) who is observed; (2) what is observed and what instructional features will accompany the intervention; (3) when it is observed; and (4) how the observed information should be delivered. Future research directions are also forwarded with regard to identified gaps in the literature.     

在教学中如何处理好掌握技能与发展能力的关系

技能与能力是学校体育教学任务中的重要内容，技能训练和能力培养过程具有不同特点。处理好技能训练和能力培养之间的关系，发挥两者优势，对提高教学效果能起到事半功倍的作用。     

建国初期中国体育对外关系的战略思考与路径选择

就建国初期中国体育对外关系的战略思考与路径选择进行讨论。结果认为:建国初期的体育对外关系,在坚持独立自主外交政策的原则下,注意围绕"一边倒"的国家外交战略,通过不同的具体路径选择,在服从和服务于国家外交大政方针的同时,较好地打开了新中国体育对外发展的新局面,并为后来新中国体育事业的全面发展奠定了较好的基础。     

Sport participation and its association with social and psychological factors known to predict substance use and abuse among youth: A scoping review of the literature

ABSTRACT

This article presents the results of a scoping review of the sport literature (2000–2014) on psychological and social outcomes relevant to youth alcohol and illicit drug use. Prior reviews report that sport is related to increased alcohol use and reduced illicit drug use among youth, yet provide little guidance regarding the mechanisms that can explain this relationship. We reviewed the literature on sport participation and psychological and social outcomes to identify factors that could help explain this link. Psychological and social factors were selected as they play a paramount role in understanding youth alcohol and drug use. Fifty-nine articles were identified and included in the review. The literature generally supported connections between sport and positive psychological and social outcomes, including self-esteem, self-regulation, general life skills, and pro-social behaviour. Yet limitations in the methods and measures limit the ability to draw conclusions from the literature. In addition, the diversity of youth and sport was generally ignored in the literature. This article suggests a number of directions for future research that might improve our understanding of how sport impacts psychological and social outcomes along with alcohol and illicit drug use.     

Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions

Abstract

Perceptual-cognitive skills training provides a potentially valuable method for training athletes on key skills, such as anticipation and decision-making. It can be used when athletes are unable to physically train or are unable to experience repeated key situations from their sport. In this article, we review research on perceptual-cognitive skills training and describe future research areas focusing on a number of key theories and principles. The main aim of any training intervention should be the efficacy of retention and transfer of learning from training to field situations, which should be the key consideration when designing the representative tasks used in perceptual-cognitive skills training. We review the principles that seek to create practice tasks that replicate those found in the field, so as to increase the amount of transfer that occurs. These principles are perception–action coupling, the contextual interference effect and contextual information, which suggest there should be a high level of similarity between training and real-life performance when designing perceptual-cognitive skills training. In the final section, we discuss the transfer of retained skill acquisition from perceptual-cognitive skills training to field performance, which we suggest to be the key area for future research in this area.     

Altitude and wind effects on long jump performance with particular reference to the world record established by Bob Beamon

An analysis of long jump performance, including both the approach and aerial phases, is applied to Bob Beamon's legendary leap at the Mexico City Olympic Games of 1968. It is shown that the combined effects of altitude and wind assistance yielded an increment in the length of the jump of about 31 cm, compared to a corresponding jump at sea level under still air conditions. The main factor is shown to be the increased sprinting speed attained under favourable conditions of wind and altitude.     

Identifying the optimal body shape and composition associated with strength outcomes in children and adolescent according to place of residence: An allometric approach

The purpose of the study was to identify the optimal body shape and composition associated with physical fitness levels of children living in urban and rural areas of Italy. A total of 7102 children (11–14 years) were assessed for weight, height, percentage body fat (FM%), sit-and-reach flexibility (SAR), standing broad jump (SBJ) and sit-ups (SUP). A multiplicative allometric model, Y = a · mass^k1 · height^k2 ·ε, was used to predict the physical outcome variables Y = SBJ and SUP. The model was expanded to incorporate FM% and SAR as follows Y = a · mass^k1 · height^k2 · FM%^k3 · exp(b· FM% + c· SAR) ·ε. Note that FM% was incorporated as a “gamma function” that allows an initial growth, and subsequent decline in Y as FM% increases in size. Although having an ectomorph body shape appears advantageous, being too thin appears detrimental to the strength outcomes. Being flexible would also benefit physical fitness levels. Finally, our results indicate that ursban children aged 11–14 have superior strength outcomes compared with rural children, having controlled for differences in body shape and composition, a finding that may be associated with rural environments having fewer exercise facilities compared with urban conurbations.