4家药厂卡马西平片溶出度和生物利用度考察

目的　对四家药厂卡马西平片溶出度、生物利用度及其相关性考察。方法　按照中国药典 2 0 0 0年版要求 ,测定四家药厂生产的卡马西平片含量、崩解时限、溶出度 ;家兔单次口服卡马西平 0 1g后 ,紫外分光光度法测定血药浓度 ,计算其药代动力学参数Tmax、Cmax、和AUC。结果　 3个厂家的卡马西平片含量均符合 2 0 0 0年版中国药典规定 ,1个厂家溶出度不符合规定 ;溶出度、Tmax、Cmax、AUC均有显著性差异 ;体外溶出度参数T50 与体内吸收参数Cmax、AUC具有较好的相关性。结论　四家药厂的卡马西平片的质量及生物利用度差异大 ,同厂不同批号的生物利用度也存在很大差异 ;体外溶出度与生物利用度均具较好的相关性     

不同厂家卡马西平片质量对比考察

考察不同厂家卡马西平片体外溶出度与崩解时限及生物利用度的相关性。方法：按中国药典１９９５年版要求测定其含量、崩解时限、溶出度。紫外分光义法测定免的血药浓度计算其动力学参数Ｔｍａｘ、Ｃｍａｘ和ＡＵＣ。结论不同玫家的卡马西平片的体外溶出度与崩解时限有相关性,与Ｔｍａｘ、ＣｍａｘＡＵＣ无相关性。     

不同厂家卡马西平片溶出度考察

目的：对国内５个厂家生产的卡马西平片进行了溶出度考察。方法：按中国的药典１９９５年版溶出度测定法第二法测定卡马西平片的溶出度。结果：提取参数（Ｔ５０,Ｔｄ,ｍ）,并对参数进行相关性研究。结论：各厂产品溶出度参数差异有极显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）。Ｂ、Ｄ、Ｅ厂生产的卡马西平片溶出度符合中国药典规定,Ａ、Ｃ厂生产的卡马西平片溶 出度不符合规定。     

卡马西平片的质量分析与体内吸收评价

目的:测定卡马西平片的质量与单剂量健康人群口服后的体内生物利用度参数,分析体内外参数的相关性.方法:用荧光偏震免疫法,按正交拉丁方设计,用双盲法,以自身为对照测定卡马西平片在健康人群中口服的代谢情况.结果:测定的6个厂家生产的卡马西平片的质量差异较大,溶出度参数差异显著,硬度无规律;其在健康人群中的代谢呈现多峰现象,体内代谢参数与体外溶出参数不能认为有相关性.结论:不同厂家生产的卡马西平片质量差异大,体外溶出参数作为体内吸收的指标不合理,给药个体化十分必要.     

卡马西平片的质量分析与全内吸收评价

目的：测定卡马西平片的质量与单剂量健康人群口服后的体内生物利用度参数,分析体内外参数的相关性。方法：用荧光偏震免疫法,按正交拉丁方设计,用双盲法,以自身为对照测定卡马西平片在健康人群中口服的代谢情况。结果：测定的６个厂家生产的卡马平片的质量差异较大,溶出度参数差异显著,硬度无规律;其在健康人群中的代谢呈多峰现象,体内参数与体外溶出参数不能认为有相关性。结论：不同厂家生产的卡马西平片质量差异大,体外溶出参数作为体内吸收的指标不合理,给药个体化十分必要。     

卡马西平片溶出度方法比较以及溶出曲线评价方法的探讨

目的对3家市售卡马西平片体外溶出度进行比较,为质量控制、溶出度评价方法提供依据。方法通过比较4种不同pH溶出介质中光纤原位药物溶出仪与药典经典方法测定的溶出度曲线,采用f2因子进行溶出曲线的相似性评价。结果采用光纤原位溶出仪测定卡马西平溶出曲线,其方法准确且仪器性能可靠。同一批卡马西平片在不同溶出介质中溶出差异不大;f2相似因子结果证明,不同药厂卡马西平片的质量存在显著性差异,临床用药时应加以注意。结论光纤溶出仪可用于评价固体制剂溶出差异以及内在质量。     

9种不同厂家卡马西平片的含量、有关物质和溶出度分析

目的:研究卡马西平片所致不良反应与产品质量的内在联系。方法:参照2010版《中国药典》(二部),分析比较9个厂家卡马西平片的含量、有关物质和溶出度。结果:9厂家卡马西平片含量均符合规定,但存在一定差异(94.5%～106.1%)。国产的8种卡马西平片显示了相似的有关物质图谱,与合资厂家A的有关物质图谱存在显著性差异;国产的8种卡马西平片在0.5h和1.0h的累积百分溶出度接近,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但与合资厂家A比较,溶出速率较快,且存在显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:不同厂家的卡马西平片呈现出不良反应的差异,可能与制剂内在质量(比如有关物质和溶出度)相关。     

不同厂家卡马西平片溶出度比较

目的建立卡马西平片的溶出度试验方法，对4厂家生产的卡马西平片的含量和溶出度进行测定。方法以稀盐酸24mL加水至1000mL为溶出介质，采用桨法测定溶出度，转速为100r／min，温度为（37．0±0、5）℃；用反相高效液相色谱（RP—HPLC）法测定含量，测定波长为285nm，并对溶出参数进行了统计学处理。结果各厂家卡马西平片的溶出参数（T50，Td，m）有极显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论不同厂家生产的卡马西平片的溶出度明显不一致，进行溶出度检查有助于控制药品质量。     

卡马西平片溶出度测定方法的改进

对中国药典2000年版中卡马西平片溶出度测定方法的改进.     

卡马西平片的体外溶出度考察

本文对３家制药厂的卡马西平片进行了体外溶出度考察。结果显示：福州Ａ厂产品溶出最快，其溶出量符合《中国药典》１９９０年版规定，无锡Ｂ厂和广东Ｃ厂均不符合药典规定，其中Ｃ厂最慢。     

大孔树脂技术在中药研究中的应用概况

查阅近年来文献，对大孔树脂的吸附原理，极性，优点及在中药提取工艺，含量测定中的应用概况进行评述，为大孔树脂在中药研究中的应用提供参考。     

Therapeutic drug monitoring of mycophenolate mofetil and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Objective: Mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active form of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), is used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). MMF and EC-MPS pharmacokinetics were examined to devise guidance for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for SLE patients with normal renal function.

Research design and methods: This observational study included 21 patients receiving MMF (1000 mg twice daily) and 14 taking EC-MPS (720 mg twice daily). MPA AUC between 0 and 12 h (AUC_0–12h), C_max, T_max, and 12-h trough concentrations (C_12h) were determined.

Results: Means of dose-normalized MMF– or EC-MPS–MPA C_max were 64.6 ± 25 and 61.4 ± 27.1 h mg/l, respectively. MPA T_max for EC-MPS was longer and more variable than for MMF. MMF-MPA AUC_0–12h and C_12h were correlated (r = 0.78, p = 0.0001), but EC-MPS–MPA C_max and single concentrations were weakly correlated. A limited-sampling strategy (LSS) combining C_max and C_12h gave satisfactory predictive performance to estimate MPA AUC_0–12h after EC-MPS administration.

Conclusions: For TDM in SLE patients with GFR >?60 ml/min/1.73 m², C_12h after MMF ingestion could predict MPA AUC_0–12h, while an LSS around T_max should be used for patients on EC-MPS.     

IN VIVO/IN VITRO CORRELATIONS FOR FOUR DIFFERENTLY DISSOLVING KETOROLAC TABLETS

This study assesses whether in vitro immediate release ketorolac tablet dissolution profiles (utilizing the recently proposed USP dissolution test for ketorolac tablets) can be correlated with in vivo plasma pharmacokinetic parameters. Four batches of ketorolac tablets were utilized: a ketorolac tablet batch that demonstrated a rapid dissolution rate during USP in vitro dissolution testing, two tablet batches that were manufactured such that they dissolved at moderate rates, and a tablet batch that was manufactured such that it dissolved at a distinctly slow rate. The single-dose mean pharmacokinetic characteristics and relative bioavailability of the four different 10 mg ketorolac tromethamine tablets were evaluated in 12 healthy volunteers in a randomized study of Latin square design. The amount dissolved of the various tablets at 10, 20, and 30 min was in the order of fast-dissolving tablets > medium-1-dissolving tablets=medium-2-dissolving tablets > slow-dissolving tablets. In general, the profiles of the average plasma concentrations for ketorolac were similar for the fast- and the two medium-dissolving tablet batches (even though a statistically significant difference was found between the t_max of the fast-dissolving tablet and one of the medium-dissolving tablet batches). The mean plasma concentrations for the slow-dissolving tablet, however, reached peak levels much later, with the peak also being significantly smaller. There were no statistically significant differences in the total AUC or in the mean plasma half-lives among the four formulations. Good correlations were obtained for mean t_max versus the percentage dissolved at 20, 30, and 45 min. Correlations were generally weaker for percentage dissolved versus C_max or percentage bioavailability. This indicates that in vitro dissolution testing for immediate release ketorolac tablets can be a useful indicator of in vivo time to maximum plasma concentration when comparing similarly formulated tablets. Further, the proposed USP dissolution test and specification would have appropriately failed the slow-dissolving tablet batch, which demonstrated a significantly slower rate of absorption as per t_max and C_max.     

Bioequivalence of Samchundang Berastolin tablet to Jeil Berasil tablet (beraprost sodium 20 μg)

Beraprost sodium, sodium (±)-(1R^*,2R^*,3aS^*,8bS^*)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-1-[(E)-(3S^*)-3-hydroxy-4-methyl-1-octen-6-ynyl]-1H-cyclopenta[b]benzofuran-5-butyrate), an orally absorbable prostacyclin derivative (PGI₂), has marked ischemic symptom treatments like ulcer and pain with chronic arterial occlusion. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two beraprost sodium tablets, Samchundang Berastolin tablet (Samchundang Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and Jeil Berasil tablet (Jeil Pharm. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The in vitro release of beraprost from the two beraprost sodium formulations was tested using KP IX Apparatus II method with various dissolution media. Thirty-two healthy Korean male volunteers, 23.44 ± 1.48 years in age and 65.95 ± 8.94 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2 × 2 crossover study was employed. After single administration, three tablets containing 20 μg as beraprost sodium, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of beraprost in serum were determined using a LC/MS/MS method with multiple reaction-monitoring. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in all tested dissolution media. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC_t, C_max and T_max were calculated, and computer programs (Equiv Test and K-BE Test 2002) were utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed AUC_t, C_max and un-transformed T_max. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, Jeil Berasil tablet, were 2.12, 0.15 and 4 % for AUC_t, C_max, and T_max, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90 % confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8–log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.9114–log 1.0912 and log 0.8471–log 1.1253 for AUC_t and C_max, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Samchundang Berastolin tablet was bioequivalent to Jeil Berasil tablet.     

伏立康唑胶囊人体药动学及相对生物利用度研究

目的 研究健康受试者口服伏立康唑胶囊的药动学和相对生物利用度。方法 20名健康受试者随机服用伏立康唑受试胶囊剂和参比片剂各100 mg,用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中伏立康唑的浓度。结果 主要药动学参数,伏立康唑受试制剂与参比制剂的T_max分别为(0.75±0.15)和(0.84±0.25)h,C_max分别为(605.4±136.6)和(595.2±134.7)ng·mL^-1;t_1/2分别为(4.91±1.44)和(5.06±2.06)h,AUC_0-15分别为(1737.6±325.1)和(1750.6±352.8)ng·h·mL^-1。受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC_0-15和C_max经双单侧t检验,T_max经非参数检验,差异均无统计学意义。结论 统计学结果表明,2种制剂生物等效。     

Intra- and Inter-Subject Variabilities of CGP 33101 after Replicate Single Oral Doses of Two 200-mg Tablets and 400-mg Suspension

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to use a replicate designed trial to assess the overall, intra- and inter-subject variabilities in pharmacokinetic parameters of CGP 33101 after oral administration of tablets relative to that of powder suspended in water, and to determine the relative proportion of the intra-subject variance to the overall variability. Methods. Sixteen healthy subjects were randomly assigned to four groups to receive tablets and suspension twice in four different treatment sequences. The plasma concentration-time profile of CGP 33101 was characterized in terms of C_max, T_max, and AUC. Bioavailability of tablets relative to suspension and intra- and inter-subject variability were assessed by statistical analysis. Results and Conclusions. The overall variabilities in absorption kinetics of CGP 33101 in healthy subjects were small with CV's of the population mean values for AUC and C_max less than 26% for both tablets and suspension. Contribution of intra-subject variability to the overall variability was also small (~20%). Both the overall and intra-subject variabilities of AUC and C_max after suspension were larger than after the tablets. However, the differences in variability between tablets and suspension were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The tablet formulation was bioequivalent to suspension in terms of rate and extent of absorption based on 90% conventional confidence intervals (for AUC and C_max) and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (for T_max).     

Bioequivalence of a Highly Variable Drug: An Experience with Nadolol

Purpose. To assess the bioequivalence of nadolol 40mg and 160mg tablets (Zenith-Goldline Pharmaceuticals) using Corgard^® 40mg and 160mg tablets (Bristol-Meyers Squibb) as reference products, to estimate the effect of food in the gastrointestinal tract on nadolol bioavailability, and to evaluate the effectiveness of standard pharmacokinetic metrics AUC_t, AUC, and C_max in bioequivalence determinations. Methods. Four bioequivalence studies were conducted as described in the FDA Guidance. Four additional studies of varying designs were conducted to establish bioequivalence of the 40mg tablet in terms of C_max. Results. Fasted and food-effect studies of the 160mg tablet clearly established bioequivalence and revealed an unexpected reduction in nadolol bioavailability from test and reference products in the presence of food. The food-effect study of the 40mg tablet (80mg dose) revealed a similar reduction in bioavailability from each product. Fasted studies of the 40mg tablet (80mg dose) established bioequivalence in terms of AUC_t and AUC. However, C_max criteria proved extremely difficult to meet in the initial 40mg fasted study because of the large variability, leading to additional studies and ultimately requiring an unreasonable number of subjects. Conclusions. Final results clearly established bioequivalence of both strengths and characterized an unexpected food effect which did not appear to be formulation-related. However, the C_max of nadolol is only slightly sensitive to absorption rate and the relatively large variability of C_max reduces its effectiveness as a bioequivalence metric. Findings suggest that bioequivalence criteria for highly variable drugs should be reconsidered.     

田口设计筛选硝苯地平喷雾干燥分散体的处方研究

目的 考察喷液处方对硝苯地平喷雾干燥分散体（spray dried dispersion,SDD）的表征和非漏槽条件下溶出度的影响。方法 采用minitab DOE（design of experiment）中的田口设计（Taguchi design）方法,以120 min以内的溶出度曲线下面积（AUC0~120 min）及120 min时的溶出浓度和最大浓度的比值（C₁₂₀/C_max）为评价指标,考察载体材料的种类和用量及喷雾溶液的固含量对硝苯地平SDD的药物存在状态和体外溶出度的影响。结果 硝苯地平与聚合物的比例对固体分散体中药物的存在状态和体外溶出度均有显著影响,固含量对结果影响较小。以共聚维酮为载体材料时,可以获得比醋酸羟丙甲基纤维素琥珀酸酯（HPMCAS）更高的最大溶出浓度（C_max）,但是HPMCAS的抑制药物重结晶的效果明显优于共聚维酮,其中药物-HPMCAS LG 1∶4时可以获得最大的C_max和AUC_{0~120 min}。结论 硝苯地平与HPMCAS LG按照1∶4的比例配成固含量10%的溶液进行喷雾干燥,可以制得溶出度显著改善的SDD。     

明目蒺藜丸联合聚乙烯醇滴眼液治疗干眼症的临床研究

目的 制备他达拉非片并考察其体内外释药特性。方法 以溶出度为评价指标,筛选他达拉非片各辅料用量及包衣增重。用相似因子（f₂）法比较自制制剂与参比制剂在0.5% SDS溶液、含0.5% SDS的0.1 mol/L的盐酸溶液、含0.5% SDS的pH 4.5醋酸钠缓冲液、含0.5% SDS的pH 6.8磷酸盐缓冲液中溶出曲线的相似性。比较二者在Beagle犬体内的药动学特征。结果 他达拉非片处方为他达拉非20 mg、乳糖50M 227.625 mg、羟丙基纤维素L 10.5 mg、交联羧甲基纤维素钠19.6 mg、SDS 0.525 mg、微晶纤维素M102 70 mg、硬脂酸镁1.75 mg,包衣增质量范围2%～4%。自制与参比制剂在4种溶出介质中的f₂均大于65,二者体外溶出行为相似。2种制剂在Beagle体内的药动学参数AUC_0~t、C_max、t_max均无显著性差异,自制他达拉非片的相对生物利用度为（101.67±8.99）%。结论 成功制备他达拉非片,其体外溶出和体内药动学行为与参比制剂相似。