水产养殖无人导航明轮船运动仿真与试验

无人导航明轮船依据目前经验公式计算的明轮推力和实际推力偏差较大,不利于控制系统的设计,为此给出明轮驱动力计算方法,建立明轮船水动力仿真模型,并据此进行了正航和回转仿真。为验证模型,在试验艇上安装高精度GPS设备及通信装置,在设定明轮船航速0.4 m/s、左明轮转速60 r/min、右明轮转速40 r/min条件下进行了试验,测量并记录了航行轨迹数据,经GPS设备测量得到的回转直径为3.2 m。仿真和试验结果表明,通过控制明轮可以使明轮船实现正航和回转运动,具有较好的低速机动性和操纵性。     

改进型水果采摘机械臂模糊滑模控制研究

为降低水果采摘机械臂的调整时间和最大控制力矩,设计一种改进型水果采摘机械臂模糊滑模控制方案。首先,基于模糊系统设计一种变趋近项的趋近律用于切换项,从而补偿扰动项;然后,设计Lyapunov函数完成系统稳定性证明,并且证明单指数项系统的稳定性;最后通过Simulink完成仿真实验。结果表明:改进型模糊滑模控制与传统模糊滑模控制方案相比,关节1、关节2的调整时间分别下降38.71%、63.89%;关节1、关节2所需的最大控制力矩下降81.58%、92.73%。     

基于输入模糊化的农用履带机器人自适应滑模控制

针对农用履带机器人控制系统易受到参数慑动和外部扰动影响的特点,将模糊理论与滑模控制结合起来,提出了基于模糊逻辑的自适应滑模控制,以提高控制精度与稳定性。首先,推演了履带机器人运动学模型,分析了模型的特点。其次,设计了一种含有积分项的滑模面,构建了基于等效控制和切换控制的模糊滑模自适应控制,既保留了滑模控制的快速性和鲁棒性,又很好地抑制了抖振。仿真与实验结果表明,与常规的滑模控制方法相比,该控制不仅对外部扰动及参数摄动具有较强的自适应性和鲁棒性,而且具有动态响应快、跟踪性能好的特点,适用于履带机器人控制系统。     

基于终端滑模和扰动观测的Buck型变换器复合控制技术

目前功率变换器的控制方法以纯状态反馈为主,当干扰较大时一般需要通过较大的增益来抑制干扰的影响,而高增益控制器通常会影响闭环系统的动态或稳态性能。为进一步提高Buck型变换器控制系统的动态和稳态性能,提出了一种基于非奇异终端滑模控制方法和扰动观测技术的复合控制方案。首先,考虑外界干扰、系统不确定以及参数变化的影响,建立Buck型功率变换器的平均状态模型;其次,基于非奇异终端滑模控制方法,设计滑模控制器,实现Buck型变换器的基本电压调节功能;最后,利用扰动观测技术,构造非线性扰动观测器实现对扰动的观测,并将扰动观测值作为前馈与状态反馈结合形成复合控制,进一步改善了系统的性能。仿真和实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于扩张观测器的HMCVT换段离合器油压跟踪控制

针对液压机械无级变速器(HMCVT)换段离合器油压跟踪控制过程中，不匹配干扰造成实际油压与期望油压产生偏差的问题，提出了一种基于扩张观测器的全局终端滑模控制算法，以实现油压的高精度跟踪控制。通过建立带有不匹配干扰的非线性湿式离合器数学模型，推导了油压控制系统的状态方程，使用扩张观测器对不匹配干扰进行估计，设计了一种能够快速收敛的全局终端滑模控制算法，并将干扰估计值补偿到控制算法中以提高控制精度和降低滑模控制的抖振。基于全局终端滑模控制算法设计了换段离合器油压跟踪控制器，通过试验对控制器效果进行了验证。结果表明，扩张观测器能够有效观测不匹配干扰，与传统终端滑模控制算法相比，基于本文算法设计的油压跟踪控制器动态响应时间仅为0.13 s,超调量为0.08 MPa,且无明显抖振。在换段过程中，冲击度降低12.7%,滑摩功减少10.2%,表明所提油压跟踪控制算法具有较好鲁棒性，能够改善换段离合器的接合品质。     

基于自适应趋近律的采摘机器人关节滑模控制研究

利用离散趋近律设计的滑模控制可有效抑制滑模控制中的抖动现象,但其抑制抖动的效果与离散趋近律的设计参数及系统的采样时间有着密切的关系。为此,在分析指数趋近律抖动的基础上,提出了一种自适应滑模控制器,Mat LAB能够进一步的提高基于趋近律的滑模控制器的抖动抑制能力。为了验证本文所提出方法的有效性,在Mat LAB中实现了该算法,并利用其来控制采摘机器人关节的伺服电机。仿真结果表明:本文所提的算法具有较好的位置跟踪能力,进一步地抑制了指数趋近律滑模控制中存在的抖动现象,提高了系统的性能。     

机械臂轨迹跟踪控制方法研究

机械臂具有时变、强耦合、非线性等特性,因此建立动力学模型计算量很大,耗时长且难以实现有效的实时控制。针对机械臂在控制中存在的精度问题,采用Lagrange方法进行动力学建模,在该模型的基础上设计了滑模控制器,对动力学模型进行仿真分析。并与传统的基于重力补偿的机械臂PD控制方法在轨迹跟踪的精度和误差方面进行比较。结果表明:所设计的滑模控制器比PD控制算法具有更高的轨迹跟踪精度及更快的跟踪速度,更适合机械臂轨迹跟踪控制。     

基于扰动观测器的农用驱动电机变速滑模控制

针对农用驱动电机中存在的控制精度不良、抗扰动性差和稳定性弱问题,提出一种基于变速趋近率的滑模变结构控制策略。通过滑模变结构控制提升电机控制精度并提升控制过程中的稳定性,针对传统滑模变结构控制收敛过程中的等速趋近率存在的趋近速度慢、抖振波动大和控制精度低等问题,采用变速趋近率进行优化改进。在变速趋近率中通过引入系统范数,在电机控制过程中有效解决了趋近速度/抖振波动平衡的问题,提升了农用驱动电机的控制效率同时保证了稳定性。同时,由于电机中的内部机械参数和外界负载扰动会对农用电机的调速性能产生直接影响,针对电机控制过程中的内部参数和外界负载扰动,设计一种基于扩展滑模观测器的抗扰动技术,对其进行实时观测并补偿。通过Matlab/Simulink仿真测试和电机平台实验验证,证明了本文提出的控制策略的有效性,在启动过程中能够在0.1 s之内完成启动转速响应且无超调现象发生,有效提升了农用驱动电机的控制精度和响应速度;通过设计的扰动观测器提升其抗干扰能力和鲁棒性,当受到外界负载扰动10 N·m/-10 N·m时,可以将转速误差控制在5%之内,有效地提升了农用电机在运行过程中的稳定性和安全性。     

基于模糊补偿的离散全局滑模控制自动导航系统研究

阐述了一种基于模糊补偿的离散全局滑模导航控制方法。为了提高农用车辆自动导航的精度和稳定性,引入滑模变结构控制方法,并对其进行了改进。为了降低系统的抖振,采用模糊规则,对补偿控制量进行有效的估计,以消除不确定项的影响。仿真实验表明:该方法优于传统的离散的滑模控制,在理论上是可行的。     

中空液压马达系统建模与摩擦动态补偿算法研究

针对阀控中空液压摆动马达系统,建立数学模型;基于LuGre动态摩擦模型,设计摩擦状态观测器;在此基础上,通过提出带状态观测的滑模变结构控制算法进行大摩擦力矩动态补偿控制,并进行了试验研究。结果表明：所设计的摩擦状态观测器可以较好地估计摩擦力矩,基于状态观测的滑模变结构控制算法可以实现大摩擦力矩下的高精度轨迹跟踪,相比无状态观测的滑模控制,轨迹跟踪精度提高1个数量级以上。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。