复合添加Ga,Al,Ag对Sn-9Zn钎料性能的影响

采用润湿平衡法研究了合金元素Ga,Al,Ag复合添加对Sn-9Zn钎料润湿性的影响.结果表明,Ga,Al,Ag的最佳添加量分别为0.2,0.002,0.25(质量分数,%);添加合金元素后钎料的高温抗氧化性能显著提高.俄歇电子能谱分析表明,Sn-9Zn-0.2Ga-0.002Al-0.25Ag钎料表面Al高度富集并形成一层致密的氧化膜,可阻挡氧向液态钎料内部扩散,减少钎料的氧化.Sn-9Zn-0.2Ga-0.002Al-0.25Ag钎料与Cu/Ni/Au基板之间的金属间化合物由一层平坦的AuZn3和颗粒状的AuAgZn2化合物组成.另外,微焊点力学试验表明,采用Sn-9Zn-0.2Ga-0.002Al-0.25Ag钎料时,电子元器件与基板间微焊点的力学性能比Sn-9Zn钎料略有提高.     

Sn-6.5Zn钎料/Cu基板焊点界面特征与金属间化合物的形成机理

对255℃时Sn-6.5Zn钎料/Cu基板界面反应及金属间化合物的形成与转化进行热力学计算与分析,并利用SEM、EDS、XRD研究分析255℃不同钎焊时间条件下钎料/Cu基板界面组织与IMC层形态特征。结果表明:Sn-6.5Zn钎料/Cu焊点界面紧靠Cu基板侧形成CuZn层;CuZn IMC有与钎料中的Zn原子继续反应生成Cu5Zn8 IMC的趋势;在相同钎焊温度条件下,不同钎焊时间对界面厚度影响不大;随钎焊时间延长,Sn-6.5Zn钎料/Cu基板焊点界面IMC层的平均厚度增大,界面粗糙度则由于不同钎焊时间IMC在液态钎料中生长与溶解的差异,呈现先增大而后降低到一个均衡值的变化趋势。     

Cu颗粒增强的Sn-9Zn复合钎料/Cu钎焊接头界面反应

研究了长时间再流焊条件下,在粉状Sn-9Zn无铅钎料中加入Cu颗粒增强质点(复合钎料)对Sn-9Zn/Cu钎焊接头界面反应的影响.结果表明,在Sn-9Zn无铅钎料中加入Cu颗粒,可有效降低Sn-9Zn/Cu钎焊接头界面金属间化合物(IMC)的生长速度,从而减小界面IMC层的厚度,减少IMC层内的柯肯达尔(Kirkendall)缺陷;IMC层的厚度随再流焊时间的增加而增加,随Cu颗粒加入量的增加而减小.在现试验条件下,IMC层由Cu-Zn金属间化合物组成,未检测到Cu-Sn金属间化合物的存在.     

Ag,Al,Ga对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料润湿性能的影响

采用润湿平衡法测试了Sn-9Zn-X(X为Ag,Al,Ga)无铅钎料分别配合ZnCl2-NH4Cl钎剂和免清洗助焊剂,在空气和氮气保护的两种条件下的润湿性能,分析研究了合金元素Ag,Al,Ga的添加量对Sn-9Zn-X无铅钎料润湿性的影响规律.结果表明,合金元素Ag,Al,Ga在Sn-9Zn中的最佳添加量(质量分数)分别为0.3%,0.005%～0.02%,0.5%.采用氮气保护可以显著改善Sn-9Zn-X无铅钎料的润湿性,而Sn-9Zn-X无铅钎料配合ZnCl2-NH4Cl钎剂时具有较好的润湿性,甚至优于Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu在相同条件下的润湿性.这一研究结果表明,通过研发适合于Sn-Zn系无铅钎料的高性能助焊剂,从而改善Sn-Zn系钎料的润湿性能是完全可行的.     

ZL102合金用低温软钎料的研究

Sn-9Zn共晶钎料可以用于钎焊钎焊性极差的铸造铝合金ZL102，在Sn-9Zn钎料的基础上添加In元素，以提高钎料对ZL102合金的润湿。本文对Sn-9Zn和Sn-9Zn-5In两种软钎料对ZL102合金润型，界面结合等方面进行研究，分析实验结果可知，Sn-9Zn-5In钎料的性能优于Sn-9Zn共晶钎料。     

不锈钢软钎焊用钎料和钎剂的研究

研究了304不锈钢软钎焊用钎剂和钎料,结果表明:氯化锌+氯化铵+盐酸钎剂可以较好的钎焊不锈钢;Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu无铅钎料对不锈钢的润湿性与Sn-Pb钎料相当,Sn-0.7Cu钎料次之,Sn-9Zn的润湿性较差。对Sn基钎料与不锈钢的界面金相分析表明:Sn基钎料与不锈钢的界面形貌较平坦,界面处仅有少量FeSn_2金属间化合物生成,不锈钢软钎焊接头的强度与所采用钎料密切相关。     

1.0%Zn,Ni对Sn-3.5Ag/Cu界面反应及化合物生长的影响

在微电子互连结构中,反应界面化合物层的形貌及厚度是决定焊点可靠性的一个重要因素.通过向Sn-3.5Ag共晶钎料中添加第三元素,分别研究元素Zn和Nj对Sn-3.5Ag/Cu界面反应的影响.结果表明,对于Sn-3.5Ag/Cu界面,液态反应初始生成物为Cu6Sn5,在随后的热老化阶段形成Cu3Sn化合物层;Zn元素不影响界面的初始生成相及其厚度,但在150℃老化阶段,Cu3Sn化合物的形成受到抑制,取代的是非连续的Cu5Zn化合物层,并且,化合物层增厚速度减慢;然而,当添加1.0%(质量分数)的Ni元素后,界面初始生成相为(Cu,Ni)6Sn5,该化合物层厚度明显大于前者,老化阶段界面无其它相生成.     

Sn-9Zn钎料与内加Cu质点和Cu基体界面生长行为

在Sn-9Zn无铅钎料中加入Cu金属质点,研究在长时间钎焊条件下钎料/Cu质点、钎料/Cu基体界面金属间化合物（IMCs）的生长行为。结果表明：在钎料/Cu质点和钎料/Cu基体界面处都生成Cu-Zn相（IMCs）,其组成为Cu5Zn8＋CuZn或Cu5Zn8,而且钎料/质点界面处IMCs的生长速度明显快于钎料/基体处;同时发现,Cu质点的加入大大减小了钎料/Cu基体界面IMCs的厚度。由于Cu质点原位生成Cu-Zn IMCs,消耗了焊点中的Zn,因此Sn-9Zn/Cu接头的可靠性得以提高。     

6063铝合金低温无铅钎焊

添加质量分数为1%，2%，3%和4% 的Bi元素和1%的Ga元素到Sn-9Zn二元合金中制备新型低温无铅钎料，对热浸镀锌的6063铝合金进行钎焊连接。采用激光共聚焦显微镜、电子扫描显微镜、X射线衍射和维氏硬度计等进行钎焊接头显微组织观察、物相分析、显微硬度分析，通过与3种传统含铅钎料钎焊接头进行对比，研究Bi和Ga元素对接头界面组织及其形成机理的影响。研究结果表明，450 ℃的温度下浸沾10 s时镀锌情况良好，锌液和6063铝合金相互扩散。Bi，Ga元素的添加，改善了钎料的润湿性，Sn-9Zn-xBi-Ga/镀锌层/6063铝合金钎焊接头区存在Al0.71Zn0.29化合物颗粒；Sn87Zn9Bi3Ga钎料的钎焊接头显微硬度最高达到38.4 HV0.2，接头冶金结合最紧密，是比较适合6063铝合金低温钎焊的钎料。     

La对Sn-Ag-Cu无铅钎料与铜钎焊接头金属间化合物的影响

研究微量稀土La在钎焊和时效过程中对Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu无铅钎料与铜基板的钎焊界面及钎料内部金属间化合物(IMC)的形成与生长行为的影响.结果表明:钎焊后钎焊界面形成连续的扇形Cu6Sn5化合物层,其厚度随La含量的增加而减小;在150℃时效100h后,连续的Cu3Sn化合物层在Cu6Sn5化合物层和铜基板之间析出,且Cu6Sn5层里嵌有Ag3Sn颗粒;界面金属间化合物总厚度随时效时间的延长而增厚,且在相同时效条件下随La含量的增加而减小;时效过程中金属间化合物生长动力学的时间系数(n)随着La含量的增加逐渐增大;钎焊后钎料内部Ag仍以共晶形式存在,时效后Ag3Sn颗粒沿钎料内部的共晶组织网络析出.     

Joint strength of aluminum ultrasonic soldered under liquidus temperature of Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder

In order to obtain high-strength aluminum joints, ultrasonic soldering of 1070 aluminum was conducted under liquidus temperature of Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder. A device for ultrasonic soldering was assembled, which propagated ultrasonic vibrations in a direction perpendicular to joining surfaces. This device joined 1070-Al using quasi-melting Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder without using any artificial spacers. The strength of the solder joints was evaluated by tensile tests. The optimum joining conditions were determined, and the effects of solder compositions and soldering temperature on the joint strength and the solder layer thickness were examined. In this ultrasonic soldering process, the highest tensile strength was obtained for the solder joints fabricated at 220 °C for the Sn–23Zn and Sn–40Zn solder compositions. The joint strength was equivalent to that of 1070-Al heat treated at 220 °C. The sound joints were obtained at 300 °C using Sn–82Zn solder, the liquid phase volume fraction of which was theoretically only 0.24. The present work also revealed that the thickness of retained solder layer in the joint after ultrasonic soldering could be estimated. Accordingly, ultrasonic soldering under the liquidus temperature of Sn–Zn hypereutectic solder could be a spacer-free soldering method to obtain high-strength aluminum joints.     

Heat dissipative Pb-free bonding technology using Al-rich Zn/Al/Zn clad solder

Al-rich Zn/Al/Zn clad solder were developed as Pb-free solder for a die-attachment. The Zn/Al/Zn clad solder was produced by clad rolling of Zn and Al strips in order to prevent Al from oxidation and improve wettability. The Zn/Al/Zn clad solder was melted at 382°C after solid-state interdiffusion of the Zn and Al layers. Bonding was successfully achieved with bonding pressure of a few kilopascals. Thermal cycle life of Invar-to-Cu substrate joint using the Zn/Al/Zn clad solder was longer than that of Pb-Sn-Ag solder. No Kirkendall voids were observed in the vicinity of the bonded interface after ageing at 250 °C for 1000 h.     

锌对共晶锡铋合金的电迁移可靠性的影响

本文选取了应用最为广泛的无铅钎料之一的共晶锡铋合金进行研究,对其进行锌的掺杂,以期透彻的了解锌对无铅钎料在电迁移作用下的行为。研究结果显示,在钎焊结束之后,电流加载之前,掺入的锌会通过促进合金晶粒粗化在一定程度上降低焊点的抗拉强度。但是对焊点进行电流密度为104 A/cm2的电流加载100h后,锌的掺入可以避免锡铋合金中锡相与铋相晶粒之间形成缝隙,从而对焊点的可靠性有显著的提升。     

Influence of rapid solidification on Sn–8Zn–3Bi alloy characteristics and microstructural evolution of solder/Cu joints during elevated temperature aging

The effects of rapid solidification on the microstructure and melting behavior of the Sn–8Zn–3Bi alloy were studied. The evolution of the microstructural characteristics of the solder/Cu joint after an isothermal aging at 150 °C was also analyzed to evaluate the interconnect reliability. Results showed that the Bi in Sn–8Zn–3Bi solder alloy completely dissolved in the Sn matrix with a dendritic structure after rapid solidification. Compared with as-solidified Sn–8Zn–3Bi solder alloy, the melting temperature of the rapid solidified alloy rose to close to that of the Sn–Zn eutectic alloy due to the extreme dissolution of Bi in Sn matrix. Meanwhile, the adverse effect on melting behavior due to Bi addition was decreased significantly. The interfacial intermetallic compound (IMC) layer of the solder/Cu joint was more compact and uniform. Rapid solidification process obviously depressed the formation and growth of the interfacial IMC during the high-temperature aging and improved the high-temperature stability of the Sn–8Zn–3Bi solder/Cu joint.     

Ag的添加量对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料性能的影响

研究Ag的添加量对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料性能的影响规律。结果表明,Ag不仅对Sn-9Zn无铅钎料的润湿性能和显微组织有明显作用,而且对钎料接头的力学性能也有较大的影响。添加0.3%Ag (质量分数, 下同)后,钎料的抗氧化性能得到提高,因此钎料的润湿性能得到改善。Sn-9Zn-0.3Ag具有比Sn-9Zn钎料更均匀的组织。研究结果还表明,添加0.3%Ag后,钎料接头的力学性能最佳,接头断口显示有大量的细小均匀的韧窝组织。当Ag的添加量添加到1%时,在韧窝底部出现Cu-Zn、Ag-Zn金属间化合物,此时,接头力学性能下降     

Residual stresses in welded joints in 1460 aluminium alloy

In order to obtain high-strength aluminium butt joints with corrosion resistance, ultrasonic soldering of A1070 rods was conducted using quasi-melting Sn–xZn (x = 23, 40, 82 mass%) hypereutectic alloy. Ultrasonic vibrations were applied at soldering temperatures ranging 220–300°C through A1070 rods without a solder bath.

The tensile strength of the solder joints with Sn–23Zn or 40Zn alloy were higher than that of the joint soldered with Sn–9Zn eutectic alloy. The joints soldered with Sn–23Zn or 40Zn alloy showed the same strength as A1070 rods which employed the same heat treatment as the ultrasonic soldering process. The thickness of the hypereutectic solder layer in the joints was thicker than that of the Sn–9Zn solder layer because unmelted α-Zn solid solution should have prevented the solder from being pressed out of the joint gap by the applied pressure during soldering. Tensile tests of the joints after immersion in NaCl aqueous solution revealed that the corrosion resistance of the joints soldered with hypereutectic alloy was higher than that of the joint soldered with Sn–9Zn alloy. It is considered that the improvement was achieved by the thick hypereutectic solder layer which should have reduced the notch effect in the joints.     

Ultrasonic-assisted fluxless reactive bonding of Mg/Al dissimilar alloy using Zn–Al solder in air

An ultrasonic-assisted reactive brazing method, without flux and conducted in air, was developed to braze Mg/Al dissimilar alloys. By using pre-coated Zn–Al solders on the Al sheet and a short-time ultrasonic (3?s) assistance, the Mg/Al dissimilar sheets were successfully brazed at a low temperature (340°C). The effect of Al content of the solder on the shear strength was investigated based on the analysis of the microstructure and the fracture behaviour of the brazed joint. The results indicated that the microstructure and the shear strength of the ultrasonic-assisted brazed joint were significantly affected by Al content in Zn–Al solders. Increasing Al content in Zn–Al solder prevented the joint from forming the continuous brittle MgZn₂ layer. The maximum shear strength of 110.5?MPa was obtained when Zn–15Al solder was used, because the joint possessed the optimum microstructure of the soft (Al, Zn) eutectoid matrix with the MgZn₂ dispersed particles.     

Sn-9Zn系无铅焊料钎焊接头剪切性能的研究

利用扫描电镜及万能材料实验机研究了Sn-9Zn/Cu钎焊接头的界面形貌及Sn-9Zn焊料微合金化前后钎焊接头的剪切性能变化。结果表明,Sn-9Zn/Cu界面金属间化合物为Cu5Zn8,界面层呈平整的锯齿状。由于焊接时没有保护气氛,以致Sn-9Zn氧化而使剪切性能变差,而同时添加微量RE和Ag或RE和Al元素后剪切强度大幅度增高,尤其是添加0.025%RE和0.3%Ag时剪切强度可提高46.47%,同时添加元素后剪切断口韧性断裂趋势增大。     

Zn元素对Sn0.5Ag0.7Cu/Cu接头剪切性能和时效接头组织结构的影响

为了改善Sn0.5Ag0.7Cu/Cu接头组织结构和力学性能,通过在Sn0.5Ag0.7Cu钎料中添加Zn元素,以Sn0.5Ag0.7Cu-xZn (x=0, 0.1, 0.4, 0.7, 1)钎料合金对紫铜基板进行了熔钎焊试验,并对接头进行微观组织及力学性能分析. 结果表明,改变了接头结合界面处金属间化合物(intermetallic compound,IMC)组织结构,增强了接头剪切断裂的韧性断裂特征,提高了接头抗剪强度. 当Zn元素的加入量为0.4% (质量分数)时,接头抗剪强度达到最高的47.81 MPa. 添加Zn元素等温时效处理后,对接头中IMC层的生长有着抑制作用,并且随着时效温度的提高和时效时间的延长,脆性层Cu₅Zn₈会破碎直至消失,因此在改善接头结合界面处IMC组织性能的同时,不会改变其组成和结构.