分段发酵提高酸乳中活菌总数的研究

为提高酸乳中乳酸菌活菌数量,在测定不同温度下嗜酸乳杆菌生长曲线及保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌1∶1混菌发酵生长曲线的基础上,采用分段发酵的方式,发酵初期按1%接种量接入嗜酸乳杆菌,待发酵进行4h,嗜酸乳杆菌的数量达到107时,再接入保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌,接种量均为1%。发酵结束后,测得最终活菌数可达109,相比3种菌一次性接种发酵,活菌数量提高了1个数量级。     

酶解米糠制作无糖酸奶的工艺研究

以经过稳定化处理的新鲜米糠为原料,用纤维素酶酶解米糠制备米糠酶解液,与甜菊甙A3等辅料一并添加至新鲜牛乳中发酵,制成一种酶解米糠无糖酸奶。其最佳配方为米糠酶解液添加量10%,甜菊甙A3添加量0.08%,羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯和琼脂按1∶1比例添加量为0.3%。酶解米糠无糖酸奶的最佳发酵工艺条件为发酵温度42℃,发酵时间6 h,保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌比例为1∶2,菌种接种量4%。制成的酸奶活菌数达4.8×106CFU/mL以上,色泽乳黄,质地致密,具有柔和的乳香。     

枸杞乳酸发酵饮料和枸杞乳酸菌制剂的研制

该研究选用嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌,三菌混合发酵,按121组合,总接种量为8%,接种到枸杞汁中,加生长促进物质3%发酵72h发酵菌数为9.6×1010/ml,植物乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌添加在发酵结束后,经实验研究发现,枸杞汁对于保加利亚乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌的生长都具有明显的促进作用,这为生产乳酸制剂、特别是双歧杆菌的培养找到了一个新途径.     

罗汉果对乳酸菌生长及保存活力的影响

通过体外实验研究罗汉果对与人类关系密切的植物乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌、嗜热链球菌的生长及保存活力的影响.结果表明:用水煎煮法制备的罗汉果汁浓度在0.05～0.5 g/mL范围内对3种受试乳酸菌的生长及活力保存都有不同程度的促进作用.因此可考虑将罗汉果汁适当添加到含有植物乳杆菌、肠膜明串珠菌、嗜热链球菌的食品中,用以促进菌体的生长及保存活力,还可考虑利用罗汉果制微生态制剂.     

提高嗜酸乳杆菌在豆乳中发酵性能的研究

测定了嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵豆乳的单菌产酸曲线与混菌产酸曲线,并采用正交实验分析了它们对发酵豆乳的品质影响及与单菌发酵豆乳贮存期质量变化的比较。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌是影响酸豆乳质量的主要因素,嗜热链球菌次之。按体积分数为2.2%嗜酸乳杆菌、体积分数为3.0%保加利亚乳杆菌、体积分数为1.8%嗜热链球菌配比共同发酵,可得到组织状态、口感风味较好的酸豆乳,克服了单一嗜酸乳杆菌发酵豆乳产酸慢、凝乳时间长、活菌数不高且贮存期活菌数下降快的缺陷。     

甜菊甙A3对酸菜腌制过程中主要微生物变化的研究

研究以乳酸菌粉为发酵剂,分别加入一定量的甜菊甙A3,使发酵液中甜菊甙A3含量为5％、10％、15％,进行酸菜发酵,同时做对照试验.分阶段测定腌制过程中酸菜主要微生物指标(乳酸菌、霉菌和酵母菌、大肠杆菌)和感官评定进行评价,探讨添加甜菊甙A3对酸菜腌制过程的微生物影响.结果表明,添加甜菊甙A3对乳酸菌的生长无显著影响,同时通过测定发酵过程中酵母菌、霉菌和大肠杆菌数量变化,也未见影响,说明甜菊甙A3对酸菜发酵过程中微生物生长无显著影响,并可以赋予了酸菜新的口感,酸甜适口.     

沙芥乳酸菌发酵饮料的工艺优化

选取植物乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌以及嗜热链球菌3 种益生菌,对沙芥进行发酵处理,以发酵活菌数和酸度为参考指标,通过单因素试验以及正交试验确定复合菌的配比为植物乳杆菌∶嗜热链球菌∶保加利亚乳杆菌=4∶4∶3（质量比）,最佳发酵工艺：发酵温度33 ℃、发酵时间14 h、菌种接种量4%;基于此发酵工艺条件,测得沙芥发酵饮料所含活菌数达6.03×108 CFU/mL。     

微生菌制剂的制备研究

研究了嗜热链球菌、双歧杆菌和植物乳杆菌在冷冻干燥条件下,保护剂对细胞冻干存活率和冻干发酵剂活菌含量的影响,得出最高活菌含量,嗜热链球菌为1.2×109个/g,双歧杆菌为8.4×108个/g,植物乳杆菌为1.4×109个/g.采用最适保护剂制成的试验菌株冻干发酵剂在42℃乳中发酵10h,发现其细胞生长曲线、产酸曲线及pH值下降曲线与冻干前对照发酵剂相比,均无明显变化.在贮藏试验的研究中,发现4℃以下贮存,存活率较高,混合菌的贮存期明显高于单一菌.在人工胃液中的存活率,混合菌也明显好于单一菌.     

混料设计法应用于多菌种发酵制备大豆凝胶蛋白

采用保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌及其混合菌对大豆分离蛋白进行发酵,应用流变仪和质构仪等手段进行分析,结果表明混合菌的发酵产酸性能和对大豆分离蛋白体系凝胶性质影响优于单一菌.在单因素试验的基础上,采用混料设计对混合菌发酵大豆分离蛋白制备凝胶的发酵条件和混合菌配比进行优化.最优发酵工艺条件为:大豆分离蛋白质量分数12％,葡萄糖添加量5％,40℃发酵4.8h,4℃冷藏12h.改变混合菌的配比可得到不同性能的大豆分离蛋白凝胶,当保加利亚乳杆菌添加量1.27％、嗜酸乳杆菌添加量0.37％时,可得到凝胶强度为145.98 g的高强度凝胶;当保加利亚乳杆菌添加量0.48％、嗜热链球菌添加量0.99％、嗜酸乳杆菌添加量0.14％,可得到持水率为87.28％的高持水率凝胶.     

5种不同益生菌发酵南瓜浆的发酵性能及抗氧化活性研究

目的 比较分析5种益生菌发酵南瓜浆的品质和抗氧化活性, 为筛选发酵南瓜浆的优良菌株奠定基础。方法 利用植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌5种不同益生菌发酵南瓜浆, 比较分析发酵过程中活菌数、pH、总酸含量、还原糖含量、总酚含量、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼[1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl, DPPH]自由基清除率能力和2,2’-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid), ABTS]自由基清除能力。结果 嗜热链球菌和植物乳杆菌适应南瓜浆发酵体系能力最强, 发酵结束后, 植物乳杆菌发酵南瓜浆活菌数含量最高, 达9.89 lgCFU/mL, 较发酵前提高了100倍; 5种益生菌均能产酸, 其中植物乳杆菌产酸能力最强, 对碳源的代谢能力也最强, 植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌发酵后南瓜浆多酚含量增加最显著(P<0.05)。抗氧化实验显示, 植物乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌具有较好的抗氧化能力。结论 植物乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌更适合发酵南瓜浆。     

EFFECT OF POLYPHOSPHATES AND NaCl ON AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA K144

Polyphosphates are multifunctional ingredients added to many foods, particularly meat products. In addition to their moisture-binding properties, polyphosphates have been reported to inhibit various bacteria. In the current study, four food-grade polyphosphates were evaluated for their effects on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 in both a model system and a food system. Since polyphosphates can interact with other food factors, effect of these compounds were studied at different NaCl levels and temperatures. The model system was BHI Broth modified by the addition of polyphosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, Hexaphos, or Sodaphos) and NaCl; incubation was aerobic at 5 or 28C. The food system was ground pork with NaCl and polyphosphate added and inoculated with A. hydrophila. Individually, the polyphosphates were relatively noninhibitory in both BHI broth and ground pork, but NaCl and temperature interacted with the polyphosphates in the model system to increase generation and lag times of A. hydrophila. In BHI broth, a combination of 2% of any of the polyphosphates tested and 3.5% NaCl inactivated the bacterium; this inactivation was temperature-dependent. By both a plating system and electron microscopy, the polyphosphate-NaCl combination was shown to injure the bacterium. In the ground pork, the polyphosphate-NaCl combination limited growth of the bacterium during refrigerated storage. These results suggest that polyphosphates could be useful to control the presence of A. hydrophila in certain foods .     

Biofilm formation by Escherichia coli in hypertonic sucrose media

High osmotic environments produced by NaCl or sucrose have been used as reliable and traditional methods of food preservation. We tested, Escherichia coli as an indicator of food-contaminating bacterium, to determine if it can form biofilm in a hyperosmotic environment. E. coli K-12 IAM1264 did not form biofilm in LB broth that contained 1 M NaCl. However, the bacterium formed biofilm in LB broth that contained 1 M sucrose, although the planktonic growth was greatly suppressed. The biofilm, formed on solid surfaces, such as titer-plate well walls and glass slides, solely around the air–liquid interface. Both biofilm forming cells and planktonic cells in the hypertonic medium adopted a characteristic, fat and filamentous morphology with no FtsZ rings, which are a prerequisite for septum formation. Biofilm forming cells were found to be alive based on propidium iodide staining. The presence of 1 M sucrose in the food environment is not sufficient to prevent biofilm formation by E. coli.     

基于裸磁珠的金黄色葡萄球菌富集优化

本文研究了裸磁珠对金黄色葡萄球菌吸附效果,优化吸附条件,研究金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌混合菌液的吸附情况,最终将其应用于牛肉样品中金黄色葡萄球菌的检测。通过实验,优化裸磁珠吸附菌体的最小磁珠用量,最小吸附体积和最短吸附时间,并分析是否满足荧光PCR检测需要。结果表明:裸磁珠对浓度为102～107 cfu/mL金黄色葡萄球菌的吸附率在95%以上,有较好吸附效果;10 mg裸磁珠在5 mL菌液中吸附10 min,从磁珠上提取的DNA浓度和纯度可以满足荧光PCR的检测要求;裸磁珠在混合菌体中吸附到的金黄色葡萄球菌可以被荧光PCR检测出来,裸磁珠在牛肉样品中吸附浓度为102 cfu/mL金黄色葡萄球菌提取的DNA可以被荧光PCR检测出来。因此,裸磁珠可用于食品中金黄色葡萄球菌的富集,满足荧光PCR检测菌体量要求。     

Effects of heat, acid, and freeze-thaw challenges on survival of starved Vibrio parahaemolyticus in minimal salt medium, tryptic soy broth, and filtered oyster homogenate medium

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a ubiquitous gram-negative enteropathogenic bacterium. To evaluate the risk of stress-adapted V. parahaemolyticus cells in food, we investigated the survivability of starvation-adapted and starvation-low salinity-adapted cells of this pathogen in different media against different stresses. Logarithmically grown bacterial cells were starved at 25 degrees C in a minimal salt medium with 0.5 or 3.0% NaCl for 24 h. Resistances against challenges of heat, acid, and freeze-thaw treatment exhibited by the starvation-adapted cells were similar to those exhibited by the starvation-low salinity-adapted cells but substantially higher than those of the unadapted control cells. The increased stress resistance of the adapted cells against freeze-thaw challenge was lower in tryptic soy broth than in the starving medium. Resistance of the adapted bacteria against heat and freeze-thaw treatment was completely eliminated in filter-sterilized oyster homogenate medium. Practically, these results help to assess the risk of stress-adapted V. parahaemolyticus in food.     

Development of a predictive program for microbial growth under various temperature conditions

A predictive program for microbial growth under various temperature conditions was developed with a mathematical model. The model was a new logistic model recently developed by us. The program predicts Escherichia coli growth in broth, Staphylococcus aureus growth and its enterotoxin production in milk, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus growth in broth at various temperature patterns. The program, which was built with Microsoft Excel (Visual Basic Application), is user-friendly; users can easily input the temperature history of a test food and obtain the prediction instantly on the computer screen. The predicted growth and toxin production can be important indices to determine whether a food is microbiologically safe or not. This program should be a useful tool to confirm the microbial safety of commercial foods.     

Comparison of three protocols for the isolation of Arcobacter from poultry.

The microaerophilic bacterium Arcobacter has received increasing attention in recent years regarding its presence in food products. There exist a limited number of methods for the detection of this microorganism, with currently available methods being cumbersome to perform, time consuming, and limited in specificity. The objective of this study was to develop a selective enrichment broth to isolate accurately three Arcobacter spp. from concentrated chicken microflora by comparing the efficacy of various selective and growth-promoting additives in order. This newly developed enrichment broth was incorporated into an isolation protocol using a previously developed plating medium, and this new protocol was compared with two existing methods for the isolation of Arcobacter from poultry. Method 1 consisted of enrichment in Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris Polysorbate 80 broth followed by plating on cefoperazone-vancomycin-amphotericin B medium. Method 2 consisted of enrichment in Arcobacter selective broth and plating onto Arcobacter selective medium. Method 3 (the JM method), used a newly developed enrichment broth followed by plating on a previously described JM agar. The JM method isolated Arcobacter strains in 42 out of 50 broiler chicken samples, while methods 1 and 2 detected the organism in only 24 and 15 out of 50 samples, respectively.     

Synergistic bactericidal effect of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde or thymol and refrigeration to inhibit Bacillus cereus in carrot broth

Possible use of three different essential oil components as natural food preservatives was studied by examining their influence in the kinetics of growth from activated spores of four Bacillus cereus strains in tyndallized carrot broth over the temperature range 5-16 degrees C. Selected low concentrations of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, or thymol showed a clear antibacterial activity against B. cereus in the vegetable substrate. The addition of 2 microl cinnamaldehyde or 20 mg thymol to 100 ml of broth in combination with refrigeration temperatures (相似文献   

Modeling the Growth Inhibition Kinetics of Baker's Yeast by Potassium Sorbate Using Statistical Approaches

Potassium sorbate is widely used as a preservative in food products. The inhibition kinetics of yeast growth by potassium sorbate was determined in order to predict the inhibition mechanism and develop an antimicrobial activity model. Linear regression resulted in uncompetitive growth inhibition using different concentrations of nutrients in liquid media containing yeast extract, malt extract (YM broth) and potassium sorbate. At 30°C, constant K_s of YM broth to yeast was 0.254%, maximum growth rate (μ_max) of yeast was 0.008 min^-1, and inhibition constant (K_i) of potassium sorbate to yeast growth was 0.324%. This statistical method could reliably determine the growth inhibition mechanism and kinetics.     

Antimicrobial effects of corn zein films impregnated with nisin, lauric acid, and EDTA

Bacterial growth during food transport and storage is a problem that may be addressed with packaging materials that release antimicrobials during food contact. In a series of five experiments, EDTA, lauric acid (LA), nisin, and combinations of the three antimicrobial agents were incorporated into a corn zein film and exposed to broth cultures of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis for 48 h (sampled at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h). Four experiments used starting cultures of 10(8) CFU/ml in separate experiments tested against each bacterium; the fifth experiment examined the inhibitory effect of selected antimicrobial agents on Salmonella Enteritidis with an initial inoculum of 10(4) CFU/ml. L. monocytogenes cell numbers decreased by greater than 4 logs after 48 h of exposure to films containing LA and nisin alone. No cells were detected for L. monocytogenes (8-log reduction) after 24-h exposure to any film combination that included LA. Of all film agent combinations tested, none had greater than a 1-log reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis when a 10(8)-CFU/ml broth culture was used. When a 10(4) CFU/ml of Salmonella Enteritidis initial inoculum was used, the films with EDTA and LA and EDTA, LA, and nisin were bacteriostatic. However, there was a 5-log increase in cells exposed to control within 24 h. The results demonstrate bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic activity of films containing antimicrobial agents.     

Antibacterial Effects of Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) against Bacillus species

The antibacterial effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was evaluated in laboratory media and in two foods. In nutrient broth growth of Bucillus species (three strains of B. cereus, two of which were enterotoxigenic, and one strain each of B. subtilis and B. megaterium) was inhibited by 75 ppm of BHA. In tests with food systems growth inhibition of vegetative cells of these organisms required 1000 ppm in cooked rice and 5000 ppm in strained chicken. The effect of BHA was bacteriostatic at the tested levels (≤ 200 ppm in laboratory media and ≤ 10,000 ppm in the food systems), and viable cells were recovered from all samples. Bacterial growth resumed in samples which contained bacteriostatic levels of BHA after dilution with antioxidant free broth or food.