精神分裂症患者恢复期心理护理干预

目的探讨精神分裂症患者恢复期的心理卫生状况及心理护理干预效果。方法将106例恢复期的精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,对其中的53例进行心理护理干预（干预组）,并与对照组（未干预组）进行比较。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）于干预前和干预后4周末进行评定。结果精神分裂症患者恢复期的主要心理问题为抑郁、焦虑、人际关系、强迫、敌对、偏执等,干预组在干预后4周末SCL-90的焦虑、抑郁、人际关系、强迫、敌对、偏执6个因子分与干预前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对照组各因子分干预前后相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论心理护理干预能明显改善住院精神分裂症患者恢复期的心理卫生状况,促进病人的康复。     

精神分裂症患者首次住院恢复期的心理干预

目的 探讨精神分裂症患者首次住院恢复期的心理卫生状况及心理护理干预效果.方法 将100例处于恢复期的首次住院精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,对其中的50例进行心理护理干预(干预组),并与对照组(未干预组)进行比较.采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)于干预前和干预后4周末进行量表评定.结果 首次住院精神分裂症患者缓解期的主要心理问题为抑郁、焦虑、人际关系、强迫、敌对、偏执等.干预组在干预后4周末SCL-90的焦虑、抑郁、人际关系3个因子分与干预前相比有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01),强迫、敌对、偏执3个因子分有显著性差异(P＜0.05),其他各项因子分差异无显著性(P＞0.05);而对照组各因子分干预前后相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05).干预后两组在SCL-90的焦虑、抑郁、人际关系、强迫、敌对、偏执等6个因子分比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 心理护理干预能明显改善首次住院精神分裂症患者恢复期的心理卫生状况,促进病人的康复.     

石河子地区领导干部心理健康状况调查分析

目的 调查新疆石河子地区政府部门的干部心理健康状况及影响因素,为今后有针对性的予以心理干预建立基础。方法 采取方便抽样,用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对石河子地区政府部门80名干部进行调查。结果 石河子地区干部SCL-90总分＞160的共计10人（12.50%）,各因子分和中国常模相比较有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,其中人际关系敏感、敌对因子分低于全国水平,躯体化、抑郁、强迫、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病性7个因子与常模比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。结论 石河子地区管理干部总体心理健康水平与全国心理筛查情况基本一致,但在本次调查中的SCL-90各项因子中,领导干部的“抑郁、强迫、焦虑、人际关系、敌对”等心理问题比较突出。     

心理干预对耳鸣患者疗效的影响

目的探讨心理干预在耳鸣患者治疗中的效果，为临床应用提供依据。方法在耳鼻喉科门诊随机抽出以耳鸣为第一主诉患者121例，将患者随机分为两组，A组62例接受心理干预、掩蔽及药物治疗，B组59例接受掩蔽、药物治疗。治疗前后用SCL-90及耳鸣程度主观评估进行比较。结果两组患者治疗前SCL-90评分比较无差异（P〉0．05），治疗组治疗前后SCL-90评分在躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子上前后差异较为明显（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），对照组治疗前后各因子分无差异（P〉0．05），两组治疗后在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执因子上相比均有显著差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。两组患者疗效均有改善，而治疗组改善更为明显（P〈0．05）。结论心理干预对耳鸣患者有较好的疗效。     

青年警察心理健康调查研究

目的了解青年警察心理健康状况。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测量调查,并与中国常模和警察院校学生样本比较。结果青年警察总均分阳性反应以上者占总体的21.00%;阳性因子个体发生率前5位的是：恐怖19.00%;偏执17.00%;焦虑15.00%;敌对13.00%;人际关系敏感10.00%;与中国常模比较,呈极显著差异（P〈0.001）的因子依次为：恐怖、偏执;呈非常显著差异（P〈0.01）的因子是敌对;呈显著差异（P〈0.05）的因子依次为：人际关系敏感、焦虑;好于警察院校学生对照组并呈极显著差异（P〈0.001）的因子依次是：强迫、偏执、精神病性、人际关系敏感、焦虑、躯体化、敌对、抑郁,在恐怖因子上无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论青年警察存在一定的心理健康问题,应采取有效的心理干预措施,提高警察的心理健康水平。     

高校教师心理健康与体育锻炼的相关研究

目的了解高校教师现阶段心理健康状况及影响因素，为寻找高校教师心理保健的对策提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）和体育锻炼问卷对某高校151名教师进行了问卷调查，并将统计结果根据工作年限、年龄、学历、性别、研究学科、体育锻炼等情况进行对比分析。结果高校教师的SCL-90各因子得分比国内常模各因子得分高，工作8年以上教师的躯体化、抑郁和偏执等因子得分明显高于工作1～8年的教师（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；35岁以上教师的躯体化、忧郁、偏执和人际关系敏感因子得分明显高于35岁以下的教师（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；高学历的教师（硕士、博士）的强迫、忧郁和敌对因子得分明显高于大学及以下学历的科技人员（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）；经常参加体育锻炼者除敌对因子分高于偶尔参加与基本不锻炼者外，其余因子分均低于后者，躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑4个因子两者间存在显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论高校教师的心理健康水平较低，体育锻炼状况不佳，应加强心理卫生、体育锻炼及健康知识的宣传，做好心理咨询和心理保健，提高高校教师的心理健康水平。     

心理干预对儿童精神分裂症患者亲属心理健康的影响

目的：探讨心理干预对儿童精神分裂症症患者亲属心理健康的影响。方法：对入组的30例精神分裂症患儿亲属定期进行心理干预，采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）在干预前后进行心理卫生状况调查。结果：心理干预前与国内常模比较SCL－90总分及焦虑，抑郁，强迫症状，恐怖，偏执，精神病性因子分有显著性差异（P＜0．05，P＜0．01），干预后SCL－90总分及各因子分较干预前显著性差异（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）。结论：儿童精神分裂症患者亲属存在较多的心理问题，心理干预能有效提高精神分裂症患者亲属的心理健康水平。     

综合心理干预对新时期新兵心理健康状况的影响

目的探讨综合心理干预方法对新兵心理健康的影响。方法400名新兵随机分为两组,综合心理干预组与非干预组各200名。采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）评定两组新兵集训前后的心理健康状况,并进行比较。结果综合心理干预组集训前后SCL-90总分、阳性项目数、各因子分（除强迫、恐怖、精神病性）差异均有统计学意义（t=3．40—8．95,P〈0．01）;非干预组集训前后仅焦虑、敌对因子分差异有统计学意义（t=2．20,4．08;P〈0．05或〈0．01）;综合心理干预组与非干预组在集训后总分、阳性项目、各因子分（除强迫、敌对、恐怖、精神病性）差异均有统计学意义（t=-2．61～7．66;P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论综合心理干预可有效改善新兵的心理健康状况。     

心理干预对白血病化疗患者心理状况影响的研究

目的了解心理干预对白血病化疗患者心理状况影响的效果。方法选取在我院血液科住院化疗的白血病患者100例,随机选取50例为观察组,50例为对照组。两组化疗患者在化疗的前一天均测评SCL-90及MCMQ。化疗期间对两组患者进行常规护理的同时对观察组进行心理干预,两周后两组患者再次测评SCL-90及MCMQ。将收集到的资料统计处理后进行t检验。结果两组化疗患者化疗前两个量表共13个因子（躯体化、强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、恐惧、敌对、偏执、精神病性、其它、面对、屈服、回避）均分比较t检验结果（P〉0.05）差异无显著性。两组患者化疗两周后两表评分比较结果显示,除偏执、精神病性外其它因子均分比较t检验结果（P〈0.05）差异有统计学意义。观察组心理干预前和心理干预后的13个因子,除偏执、精神病性外其它因子均分比较t检验结果（P〈0.05）差异有统计学意义。结论心理干预使化疗期间的白血病患者更多地采用积极面对的行为和应对方式,减少负性情绪反应,主动地配合治疗和护理,对疾病的缓解和预后起到积极的作用。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者心理干预的研究

目的调查系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者心理干预前后的心理状况.方法 67例SLE患者分别于心理干预前后填写症状自评量表（SCL-90）及自制的SLE患者心理影响因素调查表.结果 SLE患者心理千预前与中国常模比较,SCL-90阳性项目数、阳性均分及各种因子均高于中国常模.躯体化、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性7种因子与中国常模相比,有非常显著性差异;敌对、偏执与中国常模相比,有显著性差异.而干预后再次测评结果显示：SCL-90各项评分均有下降,干预前后两组相比,总均分,阳性项目数,躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖7项有显著性差异,睡眠及饮食情况也明显改善.提示心理干预对改善患者紧张、焦虑、忧郁等不良情绪有明显疗效.结论 SLE患者心理健康状况普遍较差,而心理干预后,可明显改善患者的心理状况,提高患者的生活质量.     

Lactate after exercise in man: I. Evolution kinetics in arterial blood

Summary Arterial and venous blood lactate concentrations were measured at 10 or 30 s time intervals before, during, and after several types of muscular exercise on an ergocycle in a sitting or supine position. Arterial blood lactate concentration curves over the recovery period were found to fit a biexponential time function including a rapidly increasing and a slowly decreasing component, even during active recovery at approximately 40% max exercise. The velocity constants were dependent on the exercise load. They were also linearly related to each other. The time of lactate disappearance during recovery increased with the work load.     

Resynthesis of muscle glycogen after soccer specific performance examined by 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in elite players

The purpose of this study was to examine using ¹³C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy whether muscle glycogen (Gly) utilized during a simulation of a fatiguing soccer match followed by repeated sprints would be resynthesized during the next 24 h while players consumed their habitual diet. A group of 12 elite young players [mean age 17.5 (SD 0.8) years, mean body mass 68.9 (SD 6.6) kg, mean height 177.0 (SD 5.4) cm] participated in the study. Average muscle Gly content before the simulation was 134 (SD 16) mmol·(kg wet mass)^–1 and decreased during the test (P<0.001) to 80 (SD 29) mmol·(kg wet mass)^–1. The value had increased (P<0.01) to 122 (SD 33) mmol·(kg wet mass)^–1 24 h later but it was not significantly different from the value obtained before the soccer test. Dietary analysis of the food intake during the 24 h after the running test revealed that players consumed an average of 2,681 (SD 970) kcal·day^–1. Mean daily protein, fat, and carbohydrate (CHO) intakes were 85 (SD 29), 99 (SD 44), and 327 (SD 116) g, respectively. The mean amounts of CHO intake normalised to body mass were 4.8 (SD 1.8) g·(kg body mass)^–1. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that despite a CHO intake of less than 5 g·(kg body mass)^–1 the habitual diet of soccer players might be sufficient to replenish in 24 h the muscle Gly utilized during soccer specific performance. However, cumulative deficits of about 10% in Gly replenishment as found in the present study might provoke decrements in performance. Thus, players should pay attention to their habitual diets and add more carbohydrates to replenish their daily deficits and perhaps increase their basal levels of intake. Electronic Publication     

Dependence of lactate removal on muscle metabolism in man

Summary If lactate is primarily oxidized in skeletal muscle in man, it is expected that lactate uptake would increase linearly with increasing muscle metabolism (VO₂). Therefore, lactate removal was investigated (N=9) after 6 min exercise bouts (90% VO₂ max), at rest, and during 30 min of recovery exercise, when the relative intensities were constant to equate lactate production while permitting exercise metabolism (VO₂) to vary. Recovery exercises were therefore conducted at 26.8% VO₂ max for arm exercise, 26.8% VO₂ max for leg exercise, and 29% VO₂ max for combined arm and leg exercise. These exercise intensities were calculated from VO₂ max values established separately for each of the three modes of exercise. Lactate removal was slowest at rest (p<0.05). Removal during leg recovery was faster than during the arm condition (p<0.05), but the leg removal was not different from the combined arm and leg condition (p>0.05). The VO₂ cost of the arm (0.73±0.04 l/min), leg (1.04±0.05 l/min) and combined arm and leg exercise (1.23±0.10 l/min) were distinctly different from each other (p<0.05). There was a high correlation (r=0.92) between VO₂ cost, and the lactate removal rates of the corresponding recovery conditions. These findings indicate that lactate increases proportionately with the metabolically active muscle mass, providing exercise remains aerobic. Thus in man, it appears that lactate removal from the blood during recovery exercise occurs primarily in skeletal muscle.     

The Status of Skin Conductance Recovery Time: An Examination of the Bundy Effect

The independent status of recovery of the skin conductance response has been an important assumption underlying work in which electrodermal responses to different task demands have been examined or in studies in which different psychopathological groups have been differentiated. Doubts on this issue have recently been raised by Bundy and Fitzgerald (1975). The present study examines data on this point from two samples and suggests that it is still worthwhile to treat SCR recovery as an independent variable.     

The effect of repeated muscle biopsy sampling on ATP and glycogen resynthesis following exercise in man

The present study investigated the effect of repeated biopsy sampling on muscle adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP) and glycogen resynthesis following prolonged submaximal exercise. In one group of subjects (Ia, n = 7), biopsy specimens were obtained from the vastus lateralis immediately and 48 h after exhaustive one-legged cycling from both the non-exercised (control) and exercised legs. Additional samples were obtained from the exercised leg at 3, 10 and 24 h post-exercise. In a second group of subjects (Ib, n = 6), biopsy specimens were obtained immediately after exercise from both the control and exercised legs and at 48 h post-exercise from the exercised leg. All muscle biopsies were separated by a distance of 2.5 cm. In group Ia, ATP in the exercised leg was still lower after 48 h of recovery compared with the control leg (P < 0.05), but complete restoration had occurred in group Ib (P > 0.05). Glycogen super compensation was not observed in group Ia. However, at the end of recovery, in group Ib glycogen in the exercised leg was 42% greater than in the control leg (tP < 0.01) . Thus, following exhaustive dynamic exercise, repeated muscle biopsy sampling impaired ATP and glycogen resynthesis for several days, which may have been a result of the distance separating each biopsy site. The inhibition of ATP resynthesis appeared to be associated mainly with type II muscle fibres. The finding that, in contrast to muscle glycogen, ATP did not return to the basal level during the 48 h of recovery, suggests that the measurement of ATP may be a more sensitive measure of muscle damage than that of glycogen.     

An investigation of the factors that influence functional improvement in stroke rehabilitation

Background/aim The purpose of this study was to determine effect of age, sex, affected extremity, disability severity, treatment type, cerebrovascular accident (CVA) etiology, number of treatment sessions, and CVA duration on the functional improvement of the stroke patients who participated in a physical medicine and rehabilitation program. Materials and methods The research sample consisted of 322 stroke patients. Clinical and demographic features including age, sex, affected extremity, disability severity, treatment type, CVA etiology, number of treatment sessions, and CVA duration were recorded. Functional status was evaluated retrospectively by using the functional independence measure (FIM) at admission and discharge.Results It was detected that discharge FIM score of the patients exhibited an increase of significance level (p < 0.05). It was found that age, number of treatment sessions, CVA duration and FIM admission score were determinative parameters in FIM gain level (p < 0.05) while sex, affected extremity, and CVA etiology were not effective in FIM gain level (p > 0.05). ConclusionResults show that functional improvement after rehabilitation was better in the younger ages, shorter CVA durations and moderate functional disturbances. The findings obtained may be useful for stroke rehabilitation triage.     

Attenuated TLRs in middle ear mucosa contributes to susceptibility of chronic suppurative otitis media

The variability in the recovery of otitis media (OM) is not well understood. Recent data have shown a critical role for toll-like receptors (TLRs) in inflammatory responses to bacteria. It remains unclear whether TLRs-mediated mucosal immunity plays a role in the OM recovery. The etiology, pathological profile, expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9 and proinflammatory cytokines were measured in human middle-ear mucosae sampled from three subject groups: non-OM group, chronic otitis-media (COM) group, and chronic suppurative otitis-media (CSOM) group. Of the 72 ears, 86.11% CSOM patients were positive for bacteria. The cellular makeup of the middle ear mucosa differs among the three groups. Mucosae from the CSOM group presented chronic inflammation or suppurative inflammation in the rudimentary stroma, mainly with infiltration of monocytes and macrophages. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 exhibited no difference between the non-OM and COM groups but were significantly lower in the CSOM group. Conversely, there was no significant difference in the TLR9 level among the three groups. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6 were up-regulated in the CSOM group. This study provides evidence that the variability in clinical otitis media recovery might be associated with the variability in the expression of mucosal TLRs. Reduced TLR levels in the middle-ear mucosa might cause weak host response to bacteria, persistent inflammation and susceptibility to CSOM.     

Parathyroid hormone concentrations during and after two periods of high intensity exercise with and without an intervening recovery period

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a recovery period between two periods of exercise on bone metabolism and related hormones. Concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone ([PTH]), plasma ionized calcium ([Ca²⁺]) and total calcium were measured. A group of 12 healthy men aged 20–27 years participated in this study. They took part in two exercise protocols (P₁ and P₂) on two separate weeks. The exercise in P₁ comprised two successive periods of 21 min each at 70% and 85% of maximal oxygen uptake; P₂ comprised two periods of exercise at the same intensities but separated by 40 min of recovery. Venous blood samples were collected 1 day before the sessions (control), before each protocol, during (7th and 21st min), at the end (42nd min in P₁ and 82nd min in P₂) and after 24 h of recovery. The [PTH] was significantly elevated during the two protocols (P<0.01), remained raised in P₁ after 24 h of recovery (P<0.05) and was significantly lower (P<0.01) at the end of P₂ when compared to P₁. The [Ca²⁺] decreased significantly during and at the end of the two protocols (P<0.01) and had returned to control values after 24 h of recovery. Plasma lactate concentration increased during the two protocols (P<0.01) and returned to control values after recovery. These results indicate firstly that [Ca²⁺] decreases during continuous exercise as [PTH] increases and remains raised after 24 h of recovery, secondly that a recovery period between two periods of exercise attenuates the variations in [Ca²⁺] and [PTH], and thirdly that recovery may have anabolic effects on bone. However, the small physiological changes observed prevent us from forming any firm conclusion about this. Electronic Publication     

Short-term changes in the series elastic component after an acute eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors

We have studied the effect of a unique eccentric exercise session on the series elastic component (SEC) properties of human elbow flexors. Ten active females performed five sets of ten maximal eccentric contractions on an isokinetic ergometer. Maximal isometric (MVC) torque, and the corresponding myoelectrical activity (RMS) of the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii muscles were recorded before, immediately after, 48 h after, and 1 week after the exercise session. SEC compliance was also measured, using the in situ quick-release technique. Maximal eccentric torque declined significantly among the five sets of the exercise session (P<0.01). The exercise session induced a significant decrease of the MVC over the post-exercise 48-h period. MVC returned to its control value 1 week after the exercise session. The neuromuscular efficiency calculated from the MVC torque:RMS ratio did not change throughout the experimental period, suggesting an optimisation of the neural drive to muscle force production capacity. The compliance values increased when force values decreased, but the slope of the relationship between both compliance and force logarithmic values was not significantly modified by the experimental procedure, indicating that the intrinsic properties of the SEC were not affected by the eccentric exercise session. The contractility-elasticity coupling was also maintained at a constant level during the recovery period. In other words, after an acute eccentric exercise, the evolution of SEC compliance was closely linked to force changes. Electronic Publication     

Short-term effects of whole-body vibration on maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor force and rate of force rise

Whole-Body vibration (WBV) may lead to muscle contractions via reflex activation of the primary muscle spindle (Ia) fibres. WBV has been reported to increase muscle power in the short term by improved muscle activation. The present study set out to investigate the acute effects of a standard WBV training session on voluntary activation during maximal isometric force production (MVC) and maximal rate of force rise (MRFR) of the knee extensors. Twelve students underwent a single standard WBV training session: 5×1 min vibration (frequency 30 Hz, amplitude 8 mm) with 2 min rest in between. During vibration, subjects stood barefoot on the vibration platform with their knees at an angle of 110°. At 90 s following vibration, maximal voluntary knee extensor force was reduced to 93 (5)% [mean (SD), P<0.05] of baseline value and recovered within the next 3 h. Voluntary activation remained significantly depressed (2–4%). Neither the electrically induced MRFR nor voluntary MRFR were significantly affected by WBV. In addition, six WBV training sessions in 2 weeks (n=10) did not enhance either voluntary muscle activation during MVC [99 (2)% of the baseline value] or voluntary MRFR [98 (9)% of the baseline value]. It is concluded that in the short term, WBV training does not improve muscle activation during maximal isometric knee extensor force production and maximal rate of force rise in healthy untrained students. Electronic Publication