小儿急性胃肠功能衰竭的诊治进展

当前随着危重医学研究的不断发展和深入 ,胃肠功能的受损在危重症防治中越来越受到关注和重视 ,其主要表现为应激性溃疡合并出血和 /或中毒性肠麻痹等 ,部分学者将这种胃肠道的损害定义为胃肠功能衰竭。儿科危重症时受累脏器越多胃肠功能衰竭发生率越高 ;而当多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)患儿出现胃肠功能衰竭时 ,病死率明显增加 ,因此对危重症儿胃肠功能衰竭的早认识 ,早干预 ,采取有效治疗措施 ,是降低病死率的关键。国外肠功能衰竭是指各种原因所致肠道消化吸收功能的障碍 ,是肠道疾病的终末点 ,因此 ,患儿需肠道外营养维持生长发育和…     

危重患儿胃肠衰竭的早期表现、危险因素分析及治疗体会

小儿危重症中胃肠功能衰竭的发生率极高，当临床出现高度腹胀、肠鸣音微弱或消失，呕吐咖啡样液体等典型症状时已是病情晚期，失去抢救时机。因此，危重患儿胃肠功能衰竭早期诊断和及早合理干预一直是儿科同道潜心关注的课题。为此，我们对66例危重症并胃肠功能衰竭患儿进行分析探讨如下。     

血浆D-乳酸对小儿胃肠功能障碍评价的研究

目的探讨小儿危重症血浆D-乳酸的变化规律,评价D-乳酸对小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍的诊断价值。方法检测不同危重程度,胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时血浆D-乳酸的水平以及动态监测小儿危重症急性期和恢复期D-乳酸的变化。结果随着危重程度增加,血浆D-乳酸显著上升,不同危重程度组血浆D-乳酸水平相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时患儿血浆D-乳酸水平与正常对照组及非胃肠功能障碍组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);危重组及极危重组患儿恢复期血浆D-乳酸水平较急性期明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论血浆D-乳酸可作为小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍或衰竭的诊断指标以及胃肠功能恢复的指标。     

高原地区伴急性胃肠功能障碍的多器官功能障碍患儿临床分析

目的探讨高原地区危重患儿多脏器功能障碍(MODS)并急性胃肠功能障碍的发病机制、临床表现及治疗策略。方法对2002年1月~2004年10月收治98例符合MODS并胃肠功能障碍的50例患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果在MODS并急性胃肠功能障碍病因中感染占84%,严重缺氧、酸中毒对胃肠功能障碍的发生起促进作用。并胃肠功能障碍的MODS患儿病死率高于无胃肠功能障碍组(P<0.05)。结论高原地区危重患儿MODS时易发生胃肠功能障碍,且病死率高。临床应早期干预,保护胃肠功能,预防MODS的发生,降低病死率。     

危重新生儿急性胃肠功能衰竭32例

为提高危重新生儿急性胃肠功能衰竭的治愈率 ,将 32例并急性胃肠功能衰竭的危重新生儿的诊断、治疗情况进行分析。结果 10例呼衰并胃肠功能衰竭的危重新生儿好转 8例 ,2例心衰并急性胃肠功能衰竭的危重新生儿均好转。 12例呼衰、心衰并急性胃肠功能衰竭中好转 10例。呼衰并心衰、肾衰、急性胃肠功能衰竭 4例及脑衰并心衰、呼衰、肾衰、急性胃肠功能衰竭 4例均死亡。总有效率为 6 2 .5 % ,死亡率为 37.2 %。 3个或 3个以上系统衰竭并急性胃肠功能衰竭时 ,死亡率高达 10 0 %。故危重新生儿并急性胃肠功能衰竭治疗的关键在于早发现、早诊断 ,及时治疗及相关因素的积极处理危重新生儿急性胃肠功能衰竭32例$鞍山市中心医院儿科!114001@蔡俊 $鞍山鞍钢长甸医院儿科!114008@康颖     

西沙比利治疗危重症并胃肠功能衰竭的临床探讨

胃肠功能衰竭常发生于多种危重症的过程中 ,是病情恶化的预兆 ,因此促进胃肠功能恢复在重症监护患儿的救治中极其重要。西沙比利在胃肠动力障碍所致的疾病中已取得了较好的疗效 ,但在危重症中的应用很少。我们用西沙比利治疗３０例危重症并胃肠功能衰竭 ,取得了较好的疗效 ,现报告如下。对象与方法一、诊断标准危重症及胃功能衰竭诊断标准均采用１９９５年中华急诊医学会儿科组及中华儿科学会急诊组制定的标准［１］。二、对象自１９９８年５月～２０００年１２月符合条件的危重症并胃肠功能衰竭５０例。原发病包括 :重症肺炎２２例 ,腹泻病…     

血浆D-乳酸对小儿胃肠功能障碍评价的研究

目的探讨小儿危重症血浆D-乳酸的变化规律，评价D-乳酸对小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍的诊断价值。方法检测不同危重程度，胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时血浆D-乳酸的水平以及动态监测小儿危重症急性期和恢复期D-乳酸的变化。结果随着危重程度增加，血浆D-乳酸显著上升，不同危重程度组血浆D-乳酸水平相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；胃肠功能障碍或衰竭时患儿血浆D-乳酸水平与正常对照组及非胃肠功能障碍组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）；危重组及极危重组患儿恢复期血浆D-乳酸水平较急性期明显下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01，P〈0．01）。结论血浆D-乳酸可作为小儿危重症胃肠功能障碍或衰竭的诊断指标以及胃肠功能恢复的指标。     

危重患儿急性胃肠功能衰竭的病因、死亡危险因素分析和干预措施

目的了解PICU危重患儿发生急性胃肠功能衰竭的病因、流行病学特点和死亡危险因素。方法总结1999年1月~2004年12月我院PICU危重患儿急性胃肠功能衰竭的病因、预后与多器官功能衰竭(MODS)的关系,对死亡危险因素进行单因素分析。结果1788例危重患儿中569例发生急性胃肠功能衰竭,病死率29·3%,6年间病死率无明显变化(χ2=0·357,P=0·896)。严重感染、严重低氧血症和酸中毒、意外伤害、急性脑功能障碍是急性胃肠功能衰竭的常见病因,分别占39·4%、27·9%、16·7%和16·0%。对9种死亡因素进行统计学分析结果表明年龄、入院当天的危重病评分值、合并的基础疾病、血红蛋白显著下降、胃液pH值、血糖浓度异常、严重低氧血症和酸中毒、合并器官功能衰竭数目和休克与病死率显著相关(P<0·05或P<0·001)。结论1999年以来,急性胃肠功能衰竭病死率依然很高。严重感染、严重低氧血症和酸中毒、意外伤害、急性脑功能障碍是其发生的主要危险因素;患儿年龄小于1岁、危重病评分低及合并MODS是其死亡的主要危险因素。除治疗原发疾病、调整内环境、改善微循环外,还可通过提供最佳营养支持、维护胃肠黏膜屏障及外科治疗等措施,以期降低急性胃肠功能衰竭患儿的病死率。     

婴幼儿急性胃肠功能衰竭80例

1994年 1月～ 1997年 10月我院住院危重症患儿 348例中 ,并急性胃肠功能衰竭 80例 ,男 6 4例 ,女 16例 ,年龄 30ｄ～ 3岁 ,胃肠功能衰竭早期 5 1例 ,中期 14例 ,晚期 15例。本组在综合治疗的基础上 ,给留置胃管、冷盐水洗胃后灌注凝血酶、思密达、强必林等药物。结果 2个脏器衰竭 2 2例 ,好转18例 ;3个脏器衰竭 4 3例 ,好转 34例 ;4个脏器衰竭 7例 ,好转 1例 ;5个脏器衰竭 8例 ,无 1例好转。认为危重症时应保留胃管 ,早观察、早诊断、及时治疗是抢救胃肠功能衰竭的重要环节。婴幼儿急性胃肠功能衰竭80例$广东惠州市中心医院儿科!516001@徐淑兰 $广东惠州市中心医院儿科!516001@郭秀东 $广东惠州市中心医院儿科!516001@曾雪飞     

消化系统疾病

071154危重症患儿血浆D-乳酸水平和二胺氧化酶活性与胃肠功能障碍关系研究/张妮…∥临床儿科杂志.-2006.24(10),-794~796将2003年11月至2004年11月收住本院儿科的PICU患儿62例(其中男44例,女18例,年龄1个月~14岁,平均3.9岁),分为非胃肠功能障碍组和胃肠功能障碍/衰竭组。另设对照组20例为健康小儿。测所有患儿入院后第1d清晨及恢复期血浆D-乳酸浓度和血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性。结果:1不同程度危重症患儿血浆D-乳酸水平和DAO活性变化均有统计学意义。2不同胃肠功能状态患儿血浆D-乳酸水平比较、组间两两比较胃肠功能障碍/衰竭组血浆D-…     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

How well are we doing? – Metabolic control in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To compare the present level of metabolic control in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) attending Brisbane paediatric diabetes clinics with published overseas data. METHODOLOGY: Blood HbA1c concentrations, population characteristics, current treatment practices and short-term complications were recorded in all patients, aged 19 years and under, attending the diabetes clinics of the two Brisbane Children's Hospitals or the private practice of one of the authors (MJT) in the first quarter of 1998. RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-eight patients were assessed (M/F 142/126). Ages ranged from 1 to 19 years (mean 11. 2 years); duration of IDDM was 0-16 years (mean 4.4 years); and 141 (53%) were pubertal. Of those aged less than 13 years, only 4% had more than two injections daily. Insulin doses (U/kg/day) rose with increasing age. Larger doses were required in regimens involving more than two injections per day than those involving one to two injections per day. Ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycaemia in the last 3 months were reported in eight (2.7%) and 17 (6.3%) of patients, respectively. Mean HbA1c (+/- SD) was 8.6 +/- 1.4% (range 5.2-14.0%), with 33% of children having a HbA1c concentration < 8%. HbA1c concentrations were significantly related (P < 0.05) to insulin dose and to duration of diabetes, but not to severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, age, frequency of injections, or number of clinic visits per year. Mean HbA1c concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in those children in puberty (8.7 +/- 1.5%) than in those not in puberty (8.5 +/- 1.2%). CONCLUSION: Only 33% of patients had a HbA1C concentration less than 8% and 6.3% had a severe hypoglycaemic episode in the 3 months. These results are similar to published overseas data.     

MAINTENANCE OF DIFFERENTIATED FUNCTION OF THE SURFACTANT SYSTEM IN HUMAN FETAL LUNG TYPE II EPITHELIAL CELLS CULTURED ON PLASTIC

We report a simplified culture system for human fetal lung type II cells that maintains surfactant expression. Type II cells isolated from explant cultures of hormone-treated lungs (18-22 wk gestation) by collagenase + trypsin digestion were cultured on plastic for 4 days in serum-free medium containing dexamethasone (Dex, 10 nM) + 8-bromo-cAMP (0.1 mM) + isobutylmethylxanthine (0.1 mM) or were untreated (control). Surfactant protein (SP) mRNAs decreased markedly in control cells between days 1 and 4 of culture, but mRNA levels were high in treated cells on day 4 (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, SP-D; 600%, 100%, 85%, 130% of day 0 content, respectively) . Dex or cAMP alone increased SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D mRNAs and together had additive effects. The greatest increase in SP-A mRNA occurred with cAMP alone. Treated cells processed pro-SP-B and pro-SP-C proteins to mature forms and had a higher rate of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis (2-fold) and higher saturation of PC (~34% versus 27%) than controls. Only treated cells maintained secretagogue-responsive phospholipid synthesis. By electron microscopy, the treated cells retained lamellar bodies and extensive microvilli. We conclude that Dex and cAMP additively stimulate expression of surfactant components in isolated fetal type II cells, providing a simplified culture system for investigation of surfactant-related, and perhaps other, type II cell functions.