椰子油酰基芳香族氨基酸盐的绿色合成与性能评价

采用绿色合成方法,利用椰子油与含芳香环取代基的组氨酸钠、苯丙氨酸钠、酪氨酸钠直接进行酰胺化反应制备了3种椰子油酰基芳香族氨基酸盐.采用HPLC-MS、FTIR对产物组成和结构进行了表征,并对合成产品的性能进行了测定.结果表明,椰子油酰基氨基酸盐表面活性剂的界面性能受氨基酸结构的影响较大,椰子油酰基苯丙氨酸钠与椰子油酰基组氨酸钠的临界胶束浓度(CMC)分别为9.84×10–5和6.79×10–5 mol/L,均远小于椰子油酰基酪氨酸钠的CMC(1.54×10–2 mol/L).3种椰子油酰基氨基酸盐表面活性剂均具有良好的乳化性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性,乳液分出10 mL水相最长需要342 s,泡沫高度最高达到157 mm,稳泡性参数,即发泡结束后30 min时泡沫高度(H5)与0 min泡沫高度(H1)比值(H5/H1)最高达到0.898;耐硬水性等同或优于皂类;在蒸馏水中的去污力与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)、椰子油钠皂等传统表面活性剂相当.     

The effect of some foam boosters on the foamability and foam stability of anionic systems

The foaming properties of anionic surfactant solutions containing a nonionic surfactant, fatty acid N-methyl-ethanolamide (NMEA), were investigated. Foamability, which is the foam-generating power at the initial stage of foaming, was measured by a laboratory-built foam-testing apparatus, and also by the conventional Ross-Miles test NMEA synergistically increased the foamability of anionic surfactant solutions, particularly when small amounts of NMEA were added. Shorter hydrocarbon chain lengths of NMEA, such as N-octanoyl-N-methylethanol (NMEA-08) and N-decanoyl-N-methylethanol (NMEA-10), showed better performance in the laboratory-built foam tester. The results of the Ross-Miles evaluation, however, were completely opposite. Compared with commercial nonionic boosters, such as fatty acid monoethanolamide, fatty acid diethanolamide, and lauramidopropyldimethylbetaine (LPB), NMEA was the most effective for increasing foamability of the solution at the initial stage. The most popular amphoteric foam booster, LPB, did not increase foamability but likely generated the initial foam volume on the Ross-Miles test as a result of foam film stabilization. From these results, a foam-boosting mechanism of NMEA different from that of LPB is suggested.     

十二烷基硫酸钠与氟碳表面活性剂混合体系的溶液性能

测定新型非离子氟碳表面活性剂(Intechem-01)与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)混合体系的表面张力、cmc、泡沫性能,研究了两者之间的相互作用。结果表明:Intechem-01与SDS质量比为3:1时,体系表面张力最低,cmc最小,体系出现最大协同效应;并且Intechem-01显示了良好的稳泡性能,当其与SDS质量比为5:1时,混合体系25%析液时间可达99.2s。     

一种新型发泡剂的泡沫稳定性研究

对阳离子表面活性剂CHLB(一种新型发泡剂),采用Waring-Blender搅拌法进行了泡沫性能研究。结果表明,该发泡剂在体系中的最佳浓度为0.90%,具有较好的耐盐性,泡沫性能受上沙溪庙组地层岩屑的影响较小,所能容忍的水侵量约为泡沫基液的2倍,能够承受一定的柴油污染。     

皂氨型洁面的开发及性能研究

根据皂氨型洁面的开发需求,首先筛选合适的皂基型表面活性剂和氨基酸型表面活性剂;然后对皂基型表面活性剂和氨基酸型表面活性剂的配比进行优化,得出最优配比;最后将制得的复配皂氨型洁面与市售单一的皂基型洁面和单一的氨基酸型洁面的性能进行对比测试。结果表明,皂氨复配的皂氨型洁面对皮肤刺激性比单一皂基型洁面和单一氨基酸型洁面都小;皂氨复配的皂氨型洁面对油脂的清除率介于单一的皂基型和单一的氨基酸型洁面之间,为90.2%;皂氨型洁面在使用感方面整体上优于单一皂基型洁面和单一氨基酸型洁面。     

蛋白质类发泡剂的合成及其泡沫稳定性

以牛蹄角为主要蛋白质原料,在适量Ca(OH)2和少量NaHSO3存在的条件下,成功地合成出蛋白质型泡沫混凝土用发泡剂,并就几种表面活性物质和胶状物质对该发泡剂制得的泡沫稳定性的改性效果进行了研究。实验结果表明,添加的3种物质对该发泡剂的泡沫稳定性均有不同程度的改善,其中烷基苯磺酸盐的改善作用最明显,当改性剂在发泡液中的添加量为6.7 g/L时,发泡倍数为16.7,泡沫稳定时间大于3 h。     

温度对氟碳表面活性剂铺展系数的影响

以航空煤油和95#车用汽油为原料,在溶液浓度保持不变的条件下,研究了温度变化对两种氟碳表面活性剂FC-8和FC-4对油面上铺展系数造成的影响。结果表明,两种氟碳表面活性剂的表面张力、油品的表面张力以及油水界面张力随着温度的升高而降低,铺展系数随着温度的升高先增长后逐渐放缓,最后趋于定值。     

Solubilization of octafluoronaphthalene by mixed micelles of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants in aqueous solutions

Solubilization of octafluoronaphthalene (OFN) by fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants in aqueous solutions has been examined to investigate the effects of mixing surfactants and added salt. Diethylammonium perfluoronanoate (DEAPFN) micelles have the most solubilization power toward OFN. The difference in micellar solubilization power will be caused by the hydrophobicity of ionic groups and micellar size. Large positive synergistic effects on solubilization behavior were observed in the DEAPFN-diethylammonium tetradecyl sulfate mixed micellar systems. Solubilization of OFN depended on the concentrations of added salt and the aggregation number, that is, the micellar size.     

高稳定性水基泡沫液的研究

探讨了稳泡剂、增黏剂、成膜剂以及温度对水基泡沫体系发泡能力和稳定性的影响,并着重研究了高稳定性水基泡沫液的复合配方。结果表明,十二烷基硫酸钠与十六醇复配具有较好的发泡能力和稳泡性,在水基泡沫液中添加适当的增黏剂和成膜剂可明显提高泡沫的稳定性和成膜性。所得的高稳定性水基泡沫液的较佳配方为(w/%):十二烷基硫酸钠2.0、十六醇1.5、羧甲基纤维素2.0、水玻璃5.0、苯丙乳液3.0。在35℃～45℃,该泡沫液100 mL的发泡量达2 400 mL,泡沫的半衰期t1/2V≥96 h。泡沫表面细密,成型性好,有一定的耐水性,可抗轻微的外界力。     

氨基酸表面活性剂体系的增稠研究

研究了氨基酸表面活性剂的增稠方法,通过椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱和甘油月桂酸酯对椰油酰谷氨酸钠、月桂酰肌氨酸钠、椰油酰丙氨酸钠进行增稠。调节pH(5.1~5.5),椰油酰谷氨酸钠体系黏度随pH降低逐渐增大,pH为5.4时椰油酰丙氨酸钠体系黏度最大,pH为5.3时月桂酰肌氨酸体系黏度最大。在椰油酰丙氨酸钠体系中,研究了H~+浓度、椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱和甘油月桂酸酯的协同增稠作用,且增加甘油月桂酸酯用量,体系可获得更高黏度,所需H~+也更少。皱波角叉菜对氨基酸表面活性剂的增稠与其加入量相关,随着皱波角叉菜添加量的增加,体系黏度逐渐增大。     

一种非离子氟碳表面活性剂的合成及表征

以聚乙二醇、全氟丁酸为主要原料,采用直接酯化的方法,合成了一系列聚乙二醇系非离子型氟碳表面活性剂——聚乙二醇全氟丁酸酯(以单酯为主,且含有少量双酯),且对其红外光谱、表面张力、临界胶束浓度、浊点进行了测试。结果表明,该类氟碳表面活性剂具有很高的表面活性,同时,随PEG链段长度的变化,其表面张力、CMC值、浊点都发生规律性的变化。     

Improved insulin stability through amino acid substitution

Insulin analogs designed to decrease self-association and increaseabsorption rates from subcutaneous tissue were found to havealtered stability. Replacement of H^B10 with aspartic acid increasedstability while substitutions at B²⁸ and/or B²⁹ were eithercomparable to insulin or had decreased stability. The principalchemical degradation product of accelerated storage conditionswas a disulfidelinked multimer that was formed through a disulfideinterchange reaction which resulted from ß-eliminationof the disulfides. The maintenance of the native state of insulinwas shown to be important in protecting the disulfides fromreduction by dithiothreitol and implicitly from the disulfideinter change reaction that occurs during storage. To understandhow these amino acid changes alter chemical stability, the intramolecularconformational equilibria of each analog was assessed by equilibriumdenaturation. The Gibbs free energy of unfolding was comparedwith the chemical stability during storage for over 20 analogs.A significant positive correla tion (R²=0.8 and P < 0.0005)exists between the conformational stability and chemical stabilityof these analogs, indicating that the chemical stability ofinsulin's disulfides is under the thermodynamic control of theconformational equilibria.     

Rheological investigation on the interaction of a fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon comodified PAA with a nonionic surfactant in the presence of salt

Derivatives of poly(acrylic acid) hydrophobically modified with hydrocarbon group (PH) and both hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon groups (PHF) were synthesized and the association of these copolymers with nonionic surfactant Np7.5 in 0.1M NaCl aqueous solutions was investigated. Microdomains formed in the system of PHF/Np7.5 consist of both hydrocarbon (HC) and fluorocarbon (FC) groups, which is similar to Winnik's mixed model (Kujawa, P. C.; Goh, C. E.; Calvet, D.; Winnik, F. M. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 6387). The hybrid structure of FC and HC groups on the polysoap backbone was proposed to interpret why the miscibility between FC and HC groups was improved. The effect of salt and Np7.5 on PHF and PH solutions was carried out and compared. When the concentration of Np7.5 reaches 0.1 wt % in 0.3 wt % polymer solution especially, physical network junctions become greatly stabilized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1279–1285, 2004     

氟表面活性剂FN6810与油酸钠复配体系相行为及药物增溶研究

制备并考察了油/FN6810-油酸钠/丁醇/水微乳液体系的相行为及载药性能。采用最大增溶量法绘制了该体系的拟三元相图,筛选出具有较大微乳区面积的最佳处方,进而考察其载药性能及稳定性。结果表明,FN6810与油酸钠的质量比为1∶20,Km=1∶1时微乳体系具有较大的微乳区面积,对油或药物的增溶量较大,载药后粒径变化不大,长时间放置稳定。说明碳氟和碳氢表面活性剂可形成有效的微乳液复配体系,有望在药物制剂中取得应用。     

氨基酸型氟碳表面活性剂的合成及应用

以全氟辛基磺酰氟、乙二胺和丙烯酸甲酯为主要原料,合成了N-(2-全氟辛基磺酰胺基乙基)-β,β′-亚氨基二丙酸二钠氨基酸型氟碳表面活性剂,通过酸碱滴定、核磁共振和红外光谱对其分子结构进行了表征。测试结果表明,所合成表面活性剂的临界表面张力为16.5 mN/m(20℃),临界胶束浓度为1.0×10-4mol/L,具有良好的表面活性。在水成膜泡沫灭火剂中应用,能显著提高泡沫灭火剂的灭火性能和抗烧性能,灭火时间由45.8 s降到24.6 s,抗烧时间由4.7 min提高到7.8 min。500 L放大实验产品经检测,灭火性能达到GB 17427—1998的ⅠA级。     

起泡剂的起泡性能及使用浓度优选研究

起泡剂的起始发泡体积和泡沫稳定性是决定起泡剂起泡性能的两个重要因素,也是实际应用当中筛选起泡剂的重要指标.采用Ross-Miles法对13种不同类型起泡剂在常温下的起泡性能进行了评价.结果表明：不同类型起泡剂的起始发泡体积和泡沫稳定性具有显著的不同.不同起泡剂的起始发泡体积随浓度的增加而增大.当起泡剂浓度增加到0.5％时,起始发泡体积趋于稳定,由此确定起泡剂的最佳使用浓度为0.5％.     

低碳醇对氟碳与碳氢表面活性剂复配体系泡沫性能的影响

普通碳氢表面活性剂与磺基甜菜碱氟碳表面活性剂(FS)相比,泡沫性能和耐油性不好。醇通常强烈地影响表面活性剂的自组织行为,醇的加入能提高表面活性剂的泡沫性能。本文采用Ross-Miles法探讨了低碳醇对FS与阴离子碳氢表面活性剂(AOS)复配体系FS/AOS泡沫性能的影响。结果表明,当甲醇、无水乙醇、异丙醇浓度分别为5%、3%、3%,复配体系FS/AOS的起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好,在加入醇之后,煤油含量60%～80%时起泡性能和泡沫稳定性仍较好。不同碳数的低碳醇对复配体系泡沫性能的影响规律为:发泡性能甲醇最好、异丙醇次之、无水乙醇最差,异丙醇的稳泡性能较甲醇和无水乙醇差。     

4种阴离子表面活性剂易漂洗性能的比较研究

采用实验室建立的同时测定模拟漂洗硬水条件下泡沫衰减性和织物上表面活性剂的初始/残留吸附量的方法,对家居织物洗涤剂中常用的4种典型的阴离子表面活性剂的易漂洗性能进行了比较研究,并考察了易漂洗性能与表面活性剂的钙离子稳定性之间的关系。实验结果表明,表面活性剂的钙离子稳定性与硬水漂洗液的泡沫性正相关,而与表面活性剂在织物上的初始/残留吸附量负相关。具有适中钙离子稳定性的改性羧酸盐(N-月桂酰基肌氨酸钠)具有最佳易漂洗性,磺酸盐(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)次之,而钙离子稳定性极低的皂类(月桂酸钠)或钙离子稳定性极高的阴-非离子型硫酸酯盐(十二烷基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠)均不属于易漂洗表面活性剂。这一研究结果对易漂洗阴离子表面活性剂的分子结构设计以及节水型洗涤剂的研发具有理论指导意义和应用价值。     

泡沫起泡性、稳定性及评价方法

本文论述了泡沫的两个基本性质:起泡性和稳定性。对起泡性和提高泡沫稳定性的方法作了评价。     

热固性氟碳粉末涂料的储存稳定性影响因素探讨

简要介绍了影响热固性氟碳粉末涂料储存稳定性的几个方面的因素以及如何改善热固性氟碳粉末涂料储存稳定性的途径,提高涂料生产以及涂装性能。