Deformities of proximal femur in spastic hip displacement: A reconstructed three-dimensional computed tomography model approach

Background/PurposeSpastic hip displacement is a common musculoskeletal problem in cerebral palsy (CP), leading to further complications in daily life. Deformities of the proximal femur were regarded as a factor in hip displacement, and therefore, femoral osteotomy is often recommended. This study aims to identify the relationship between hip displacement and femoral deformities.MethodsWe retrospectively collected preoperative radiography and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images from 19 nonambulatory CP children with unilateral hip displacement (average age: 8.4 years; range: 4.4–13.6). The 3D image of femur was reconstructed for measuring the femur anteversion angle (FAA) and true femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA). The association among migration percentage (MP), acetabular index (AI), FAA, and NSA between nondisplaced and displaced hips was analyzed by paired t test and its correlations were identified.ResultsThe FAA and AI are significantly greater in displaced hips (42.7° vs. 36.3° and 32.8° vs. 22.7°, respectively, p < 0.001). However, the NSA is similar between displaced and nondisplaced hips. The AI and FAA have significantly positive correlations with MP between nondisplaced hips and displaced hips (0.69 and 0.57, respectively).ConclusionUsing reconstructed 3D-CT images we can directly measure and prove these femoral deformities. We found that AI has a positive correlation with MP (0.69), which is consistent with the results of previous studies. The displaced side has greater femur anteversion (42.7° vs. 36.3°), and coxa valga is common in these nonambulatory patients, irrespective of whether or not these patients underwent hip displacement. In addition, the severity of AI and anteversion angle will be affected by the MP.     

3D打印技术辅助髋臼成形术治疗脑瘫儿童髋关节脱位

目的:探讨通过3D打印技术明确髋臼发育不良类型选择最合适的髋臼成形术治疗脑瘫儿童髋关节脱位的适应证和临床疗效。方法:自2019年7月至2019年12月,采用3D打印技术辅助髋臼成形术治疗7例脑瘫儿童髋关节脱位,其中男3例,女4例;年龄3~8岁;左侧3例,右侧2例,双侧2例;2例髋关节半脱位,5例髋关节脱位。患儿术前均行骨盆-双股骨全长CT扫描。通过3D打印重建技术,判断髋臼发育不良类型:前侧2髋,前外2髋,外上1髋,后侧2髋,后外1髋,无发育不良1髋(未做髋臼成形术)。对8髋分别进行Pemberton,Dega和San Diego手术模拟,寻找最合适的手术方式并手术。比较术前和末次随访外移比例(migration percentage,MP),髋臼指数(acetabular index,AI),中心边缘角(center-edge angle,CEA),Shenton线和粗大运动功能分级(gross motor function classification system,GMFCS)的变化,并记录其并发症情况。结果:术后患者伤口愈合良好,无并发症发生。7例患者获随访,时间18~24个月。8髋Ⅰ期行软组织松解+股骨近端内翻去旋转短缩截骨+髋关节复位+髋臼成形术;1髋Ⅰ期行软组织松解+股骨近端内翻去旋转短缩截骨+髋关节复位术。MP由术前的58%~100%降至末次随访时的0~17.9%。AI由术前的25.0°~47.6°降至末次随访时的11.1°~25.3°。CEA由术前的0°改善至末次随访时的21.1°~48.5°。Shenton''线均由中断变为连续。其中5例GMFCS分级下降1级,2例无变化。结论:脑瘫儿童髋关节脱位中髋臼发育不良的类型多样,髋臼成形术适用范围也有差异,借助3D打印技术计算机模拟手术可选择最合适的手术方式并判断治疗效果,对脑瘫儿童髋关节脱位做到个体化、精准化治疗。     

Development of the hip joints in unoperated children with cerebral palsy: A radiographic study of 76 patients

Background?The aims of the present study were to assess the development of hip dysplasia in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and to evaluate the factors that influence the progression.

Patients and methods?76 children, 42 with spastic quadriplegia and 34 with diplegia, were included in the study. Their mean age at the first radiographic examination was 3.5 (1–11) years. The patients were followed up until operative treatment (54 subjects) or until the most recent radiograph in those who did not undergo hip surgery. The mean length of follow-up was 4.8 (1–13) years. On the initial and most recent radiographs, the migration percentage (MP) was measured, which is the percentage of the femoral head lateral to the acetabular rim.

Results?The mean MP of the side with the largest displacement was 25% (-18–66) at the initial radiographic examination and 51% (9–100) at the last follow-up. The mean increase in MP was 7% (-2–33) per year. Linear multiple regression revealed that gait function and age were the most important variables that influenced the rate of MP progression. Children who could not walk had significantly greater MP progression per year (12%) than those who walked with or without support (2%). In the quadriplegics, the maximal yearly increase in MP was 13% under 5 years of age and 7% in older children. This difference was statistically significant, whereas no significant difference in relation to patient age was seen in the diplegics.

Interpretation?There is a pronounced trend towards displacement of the hips in quadriplegic CP patients who are under 5 years of age and cannot walk. Because hip dislocation may lead to severe problems, close follow-up is important in finding the appropriate time for hip surgery in order to avoid progression towards dislocation. The risk of severe hip dysplasia is considerably less in spastic diplegia.??     

Development of the hip joints in unoperated children with cerebral palsy: a radiographic study of 76 patients

BACKGROUND: The aims of the present study were to assess the development of hip dysplasia in children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy and to evaluate the factors that influence the progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 76 children, 42 with spastic quadriplegia and 34 with diplegia, were included in the study. Their mean age at the first radiographic examination was 3.5 (1-11) years. The patients were followed up until operative treatment (54 subjects) or until the most recent radiograph in those who did not undergo hip surgery. The mean length of follow-up was 4.8 (1-13) years. On the initial and most recent radiographs, the migration percentage (MP) was measured, which is the percentage of the femoral head lateral to the acetabular rim. RESULTS: The mean MP of the side with the largest displacement was 25% (-18-66) at the initial radiographic examination and 51% (9-100) at the last follow-up. The mean increase in MP was 7% (-2-33) per year. Linear multiple regression revealed that gait function and age were the most important variables that influenced the rate of MP progression. Children who could not walk had significantly greater MP progression per year (12%) than those who walked with or without support (2%). In the quadriplegics, the maximal yearly increase in MP was 13% under 5 years of age and 7% in older children. This difference was statistically significant, whereas no significant difference in relation to patient age was seen in the diplegics. INTERPRETATION: There is a pronounced trend towards displacement of the hips in quadriplegic CP patients who are under 5 years of age and cannot walk. Because hip dislocation may lead to severe problems, close follow-up is important in finding the appropriate time for hip surgery in order to avoid progression towards dislocation. The risk of severe hip dysplasia is considerably less in spastic diplegia.     

Head-shaft angle is a risk factor for hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy

Background and purpose — Hip dislocation in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a common and severe problem. The Swedish follow-up program for CP (CPUP) includes standardized monitoring of the hips. Migration percentage (MP) is a widely accepted measure of hip displacement. Coxa valga and valgus of the femoral head in relation to the femoral neck can be measured as the head-shaft angle (HSA). We assessed HSA as a risk factor for hip displacement in CP.

Patients and methods — We analyzed radiographs of children within CPUP from selected regions of Sweden. Inclusion criteria were children with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels III–V, MP of < 40% in both hips at the first radiograph, and a follow-up period of 5 years or until development of MP > 40% of either hip within 5 years. Risk ratio between children who differed in HSA by 1 degree was calculated and corrected for age, MP, and GMFCS level using multiple Poisson regression.

Results — 145 children (73 boys) with a mean age of 3.5 (0.6–9.7) years at the initial radiograph were included. 51 children developed hip displacement whereas 94 children maintained a MP of < 40%. The risk ratio for hip displacement was 1.05 (p < 0.001; 95% CI 1.02–1.08). When comparing 2 children of the same age, GMFCS level, and MP, a 10-degree difference in HSA results in a 1.6-times higher risk of hip displacement in the child with the higher HSA.

Interpretation — A high HSA appears to be a risk factor for hip displacement in children with CP.     

Clinicoradiological outcomes following pembersal acetabular osteotomy for developmental dysplasia of hip in young children: A series of 16 cases followed minimum 2 years

PurposePembersal acetabular osteotomy is a relatively less practised procedure for developmental dysplasia of hip in young children. We retrospectively studied the acetabular correction and clinico-radiological outcome with this osteotomy in 16 children (16 hips) aged less than 4 years.MethodsPostoperative correction of acetabular dysplasia was measured by acetabular index (AI). At follow up, following radiological parameters were documented: Centre edge angle (CEA), Reimer's index (RI) and acetabular depth to width ratio (D/W ratio). Avascular necrosis of hip, stability, and premature fusion of triradiate cartilage (TRC) were also recorded. Overall containment was assessed by modified Severin classification and function by Mckay clinical grade.ResultsThe mean age at time of surgery was 25 months. Mean follow up was 54 months. The postoperative AI (17.6 ± 5.6°) improved significantly from preoperative values (37.5 ± 5.0°) (p < 0.0001). Mean follow up AI on the operated side was 15.3 ± 6.9° as compared to 14.7 ± 4.4° on the normal side (p = 0.78). Follow up CEA (24.9 ± 11.3°), Reimer's index (14.3%), D/W ratio (40.9%) did not differ significantly from the normal side. Early closure of TRC was not found in any of hips. All hips were clinically stable. As per modified Severin's classification, 7 hips were Type Ia, 7 Type IIa and 2 had residual dysplasia. Twelve (75%) hips had excellent clinical outcome, 2 (12.5%) good outcome and 2 (12.5%) had fair outcome.ConclusionsPembersal osteotomy is a safe and effective option for correction of acetabular dysplasia during open reduction of DDH in young children. It improves the AI and femoral head coverage, and promotes formation of a congruent and stable hip joint.     

Evaluation of Acetabular Development Following Open Reduction of Developmental Dysplasia of Hip in Children After Walking Age

Background and purposeThe growth and development of the acetabulum in children with developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH) depends upon the extent of concentric reduction. Children in walking age often need open reduction with or without additional osteotomies to obtain congruous, stable reduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate acetabular development in late diagnosed DDH treated by open reduction with or without femoral osteotomy.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 29 children (40 hips) with idiopathic DDH, previously untreated managed by open reduction with or without femoral osteotomy. We analyzed preoperative and yearly postoperative radiographs up to 6 years of age for acetabular development by measuring acetabular index. Acetabular remodeling was assessed with a graphical plot of serial mean acetabular index. Those with AI < 30° at outcome measure point of 6 years of patient age were considered to have satisfactory acetabular remodeling.ResultsMean age of surgery was 26.8 months. Open reduction alone was done in 14 hips and open reduction with concurrent femoral osteotomy done in 26 hips. The mean acetabular index pre operatively was 36.6° ± 5.9° which reduced to 29.7° ± 6° at 1-year follow-up and to 26.6° ± 5.9° at 2-year follow-up. 28 out of 40 hips were available for evaluation at outcome measure point of 6 years of age, which showed satisfactory remodeling in 24 hips with mean AI of 22.7° ± 5.7°. Maximum acetabular development was seen at 2 years post-surgery and better remodeling was seen in children operated at less than 2 years of age. 5 hips had changes of avascular necrosis of femoral head. There was no incidence of redislocation/subluxation at latest follow-up.ConclusionOpen reduction in late-diagnosed developmental dysplasia of hip has potential for favourable acetabular development. Femoral osteotomy when required along with open reduction may suffice to address acetabular dysplasia found in the initial years of management of DDH.     

Behavior of the proximal femur during the treatment of congenital dysplasia of the hip: a clinical long-term study

The influence of the acetabular cover on the development of the proximal femur during the treatment of congenital dysplasia of the hip was studied in 47 children (58 hips) with a follow-up of 22 years. Varus osteotomy failed to correct hip dysplasia in 33 hips of 27 children. Chiari osteotomy was followed by a positive anti-Chiari effect (oval shaped acetabulum with proximal migration of the femoral head) in 15 children (20 hips). In five children (five hips) with coxa vara due to avascular necrosis, the anti-Chiari effect was negative. The combination of Chiari and varus osteotomy before the age of 8 years was followed by a positive anti-Chiari effect and recurrence of valgus deformity in seven of eight hips. The long-term failure of the varus and Chiari osteotomy, together with a review of clinical and experimental surveys, led us to prefer the acetabular redirectional osteotomy.     

What Are the Radiographic Reference Values for Acetabular Under- and Overcoverage?

BackgroundBoth acetabular undercoverage (hip dysplasia) and overcoverage (pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement) can result in hip osteoarthritis. In contrast to undercoverage, there is a lack of information on radiographic reference values for excessive acetabular coverage.Questions/purposes(1) How do common radiographic hip parameters differ in hips with a deficient or an excessive acetabulum in relation to a control group; and (2) what are the reference values determined from these data for acetabular under- and overcoverage?MethodsWe retrospectively compared 11 radiographic parameters describing the radiographic acetabular anatomy among hip dysplasia (26 hips undergoing periacetabular osteotomy), control hips (21 hips, requiring no rim trimming during surgical hip dislocation), hips with overcoverage (14 hips, requiring rim trimming during surgical hip dislocation), and hips with severe overcoverage (25 hips, defined as having acetabular protrusio). The hips were selected from a patient cohort of a total of 593 hips. Radiographic parameters were assessed with computerized methods on anteroposterior pelvic radiographs and corrected for neutral pelvic orientation with the help of a true lateral radiograph.ResultsAll parameters except the crossover sign differed among the four study groups. From dysplasia through control and overcoverage, the lateral center-edge angle, acetabular arc, and anteroposterior/craniocaudal coverage increased. In contrast, the medial center-edge angle, extrusion/acetabular index, Sharp angle, and prevalence of the posterior wall sign decreased. The following reference values were found: lateral center-edge angle 23° to 33°, medial center-edge angle 35° to 44°, acetabular arc 61° to 65°, extrusion index 17% to 27%, acetabular index 3° to 13°, Sharp angle 38° to 42°, negative crossover sign, positive posterior wall sign, anterior femoral head coverage 15% to 26%, posterior femoral head coverage 36% to 47%, and craniocaudal coverage 70% to 83%.ConclusionsThese acetabular reference values define excessive and deficient coverage. They may be used for radiographic evaluation of symptomatic hips, may offer possible predictors for surgical outcomes, and serve to guide clinical decision-making.

Level of Evidence

Level III, diagnostic study.     

Rotational acetabular osteotomy for severely dysplastic acetabulum

The operative procedures chosen for arthrosis with severe acetabular dysplasia vary among orthopaedic surgeons. We operated on 250 hips using the rotational acetabular osteotomy (RAO) method of Ninomiya and Tagawa [8]. In this report, we describe the technique of RAO and the results of this procedure in patients with severely dysplastic hips. Among the 250 hips, there were 6 which were classified as Severin group V. In those hips, the CE angle was less than 0°, and the femoral head showed superolateral subluxation. After acetabular osteotomy with straight and curved osteotomes, smooth inferolateral rotation could be done in all cases. At the latest follow-up symptoms were improved remarkably, especially pain. Radiographically, adequate coverage of the femoral head was achieved and joint congruence improved in all 6 hips. Received: 23 June 1999     

Acetabular dysplasia after treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Implications for secondary procedures

Untreated acetabular dysplasia following treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) leads to early degenerative joint disease. Clinicians must accurately and reliably recognise dysplasia in order to intervene appropriately with secondary acetabular or femoral procedures. This study sought early predictors of residual dysplasia in order to establish empirically-based indications for treatment. DDH treated by closed or open reduction alone was reviewed. Residual hip dysplasia was defined according to the Severin classification at skeletal maturity. Future hip replacement in a subset of these patients was compared with the Severin classification. Serial measurements of acetabular development and subluxation of the femoral head were collected, as were the age at reduction, type of reduction, and Tonnis grade prior to reduction. These variables were used to predict the Severin classification. The mean age at reduction in 72 hips was 16 months (1 to 46). On the final radiograph, 47 hips (65%) were classified as Severin I/II, and 25 as Severin III/IV (35%). At 40 years after reduction, five of 43 hips (21%) had had a total hip replacement (THR). The Severin grade was predictive for THR. Early measurements of the acetabular index (AI) were predictive for Severin grade. For example, an AI of 35 degrees or more at two years after reduction was associated with an 80% probability of becoming a Severin grade III/IV hip. This study links early acetabular remodelling, residual dysplasia at skeletal maturity and the long-term risk of THR. It presents evidence describing the diagnostic value of early predictors of residual dysplasia, and therefore, of the long-term risk of degenerative change.     

Acetabular dysplasia: a paradigm of arthroscopic examination of chondral injuries

The current authors show the value of arthroscopy in diagnosing labral and acetabular cartilage injury and examining the relationship between those injuries and acetabular dysplasia. Between 1989 and 2000, 170 hips in 163 patients with mild acetabular dysplasia or moderate dysplasia with joint preservation had arthroscopic evaluation. Surgical findings were classified by location and by severity of the chondral lesions of the femoral head, acetabulum, and labrum. Of the 170 hips with dysplasia, 122 had labral tears (72%) at the free-margin articular surface and 113 had anterior tears (66%). One hundred hips (59%) had anterior acetabular chondral lesions. Among the 113 patients who had anterior labral tears, 78 hips (69%) had anterior acetabular chondral defects, and 44 hips (39%) had anterior femoral head chondral lesions. Mild uncovering of the anterior femoral head subjects the labrum to increased load and potential susceptibility to tearing most frequently anteriorly. Labral tears may contribute to or can occur in association with articular cartilage lesions of the contiguous femoral head or acetabulum. The mechanism of injury is most likely hyperextension or torque of the hip or both. The findings in the current study support the concept that labral disruption frequently is a predecessor in the continuum of degenerative joint disease.     

One-stage correction of the dysplastic hip in cerebral palsy with the San Diego acetabuloplasty: results and complications in 104 hips

Ninety-two patients with cerebral palsy underwent a special type of pericapsular acetabuloplasty designed to correct the hip dysplasia that occurs in cerebral palsy. The osteotomy was performed as part of a combined procedure (including femoral osteotomy and soft-tissue releases). Retrospective analysis was performed on 75 of the children (104 hips from 1982 through 1995) with a mean follow-up of 6.9 years. Ninety-nine (95%) of the 104 hips remained well reduced at follow-up. There were no redislocations. If the preoperative migration percentage was >70% (severe subluxation), improved results were noted in hips that had an open reduction with capsulorrhaphy. There were 13 complications including intraarticular extension of the acetabuloplasty (one) and avascular necrosis of the femoral head (eight hips, 8%). Indications for addition of a pericapsular acetabuloplasty include an open triradiate cartilage, acetabular dysplasia (acetabular index >25 degrees), and subluxation or dislocation with a migration percentage of >40%. Even hips with relative incongruity and some deformity of the femoral head can be successfully treated with this combined approach.     

Hip Displacement in Cerebral Palsy: The Role of Surveillance

IntroductionHip displacement is common in cerebral palsy (CP) and is related to the severity of neurological and functional impairment. It is a silent, but progressive disease, and can result in significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, if left untreated. The pathophysiology of hip displacement in CP is a combination of hip flexor-adductor muscle spasticity, abductor muscle weakness, and delayed weight-bearing, resulting in proximal femoral deformities and progressive acetabular dysplasia. Due to a lack of symptoms in the early stages of hip displacement, the diagnosis is easily missed. Awareness of this condition and regular surveillance by clinical examination and serial radiographs of the hips are the key to early diagnosis and treatment.Hip surveillance programmesSeveral population-based studies from around the world have demonstrated that universal hip surveillance in children with CP allows early detection of hip displacement and appropriate early intervention, with a resultant decrease in painful dislocations. Global hip surveillance models are based upon the patients’ age, functional level determined by the Gross Motor Function Classification system (GMFCS), gait classification, standardized clinical exam, and radiographic indices such as the migration percentage (MP), as critical indicators of progressive hip displacement.ConclusionDespite 25 years of evidence showing the efficacy of established hip surveillance programmes, there is poor awareness among healthcare professionals in India about the importance of regular hip surveillance in children with CP. There is a need for professional organizations to develop evidence-based guidelines for hip surveillance which are relevant to the Indian context.     

Total hip arthroplasty with cementless cups and femoral head autografts for patients with hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) with cementless cups and femoral head autografts for patients with hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Methods: Between 1995 and 2002, we implanted 23 cementless cups and femoral head autografts in 20 patients with hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis. In this study, a retrospective study was made on 21 hips in 20 patients (18 females and 2 males, aged 50 years on an average) with developmental hip dysplasia treated by THA with a cementless cup and femoral head autograft. The acetabular cup was placed at the level of the true acetabulum and all the patients required autogenous femoral head grafts due to acetabular deficiency. The average rate of the acetabular cup covered by the femoral head autograft was 31% ( ranging from 10 % to 45 % ). Eight hips had less than 25 % cup coverage and thirteen between 25% and 50%. The average follow-up period was 4.7 years (range, 1-8 years). The replacing outcome was evaluated by modified Harri ship score. Preoperative and follow-up radiographs were made. Results: All the autografts were united to the host bones. No autograft was collapsed or no component from the hip was loosed in all the patients. According to the modified Harris hip score, the average hip score increased from 46 before operation to 89 at the final review. Before operation, the leg-length discrepancy was greater than 2 cm in all the patients except one with bilateral hip dysplasia. After operation, only 2 out of 20 patients had a leg-length discrepancy greater than 1 cm. Three hips showed minor bone resorption in the lateral portion of the graft, which did not support the cup. Three hips developed Grade 1 Brooker heterotopic ossification and one developed Grade 2. Conclusions: THA with a cementless cup and a femoral head autograft for patients with osteoarthritis resulted from hip dysplasia can result in favorable outcomes. This method can provide reliable acetabnlar fixation and restore the aeetabular bone stock in patients with developmental hip dysplasia when the cementless cup covered by the graft does not exceed 50 %.     

髋臼重建手术在儿童髋关节病理性脱位的应用

目的总结髋臼重建手术在儿童髋关节病理性脱位中的应用及临床疗效。方法 2006年1月-2011年1月,共收治59例(59髋)儿童髋关节病理性脱位,采用髋关节切开复位联合髋臼重建手术治疗。男22例,女37例;年龄1～15岁,平均4.9岁。化脓性髋关节炎后遗病理性脱位33例,髋关节结核26例;病程1个月～10年。髋关节半脱位9例,髋关节全脱位50例。术前Harris髋关节功能评分为43～78分,平均61分。14例髋臼指数基本正常,32例轻度增大,13例明显增大。合并髋臼破坏28例;股骨头缺血性坏死25例,股骨头部分缺失12例,股骨头完全缺失6例,股骨头颈同时缺失3例;前倾角增大25例;髋内翻畸形9例。结果术后即刻摄X线片示所有髋关节均达中心性复位。55例切口Ⅰ期愈合,4例切口延期愈合。53例获随访,随访时间2～5年,平均3年。随访期间无髋关节再脱位。38例髋臼指数基本正常,15例轻度增大。前倾角15～25°,平均20°;颈干角110～140°,平均125°,头颈解剖关系基本恢复正常。术后2年髋关节活动度完全恢复正常18例,屈曲及旋转轻度受限30例,纤维强直5例;Harris髋关节功能评分为62～95分,平均87分。结论儿童髋关节病理性脱位常合并严重的髋臼及股骨头颈部骨质破坏及后遗畸形,治疗上应严格遵循个体化原则,根据患髋主要病理改变选择适当的髋臼重建术式,并结合股骨头颈重建处理,可获得满意疗效。     

Risk factors of avascular necrosis in the treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip

We examined the causes of iatrogenic avascular necrosis of the femoral head in 254 hips with congenital dislocation (CDH) treated conservatively. The influence of the age of the child, the height of the displacement of the femoral head, the extent of acetabular dysplasia, and the method of treatment on the frequency and degree of necrosis were estimated. The investigation showed that children are at the highest risk of iatrogenic necrosis in the following cases: (a) age less than 6 months, (b) severe acetabular dysplasia, (c) use of an abduction apparatus such as the Frejka pillow for outpatients, and (d) "frog-leg" position after reduction.     

非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼发育不良伴骨性关节炎

目的：评价非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨的全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼发育不良继发骨性关节炎的结果。方法：回顾性分析20例(21髋)患者行全髋关节置换术治疗髋臼发育不良继发骨性关节炎。女性18例,男性2例,平均年龄50岁,采用非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨螺钉固定重建髋臼侧。臼杯置于真性髋臼水平,所有病例由于髋臼缺损而需要行自体股骨头植骨。平均植骨块覆盖的臼杯比例为31％(10％～45％)。8髋植骨块覆盖小于25％,13髋位于25％-50％之间。平均随访时间4．7年(1．5—8年)。采用改良Harris评分对结果进行评估。术前及随访时进行摄片观察。结果所有植骨块均获得愈合。无植骨块塌陷和髋假体松动。改良Harris评分由术前平均46分增加到89分。术前除1例双髋发育不良外,下肢不等长均超过2cm,术后只有2例仍有双下肢不等长超过1cm。3髋的植骨块外侧非支撑臼杯部分出现轻微的骨吸收。3髋发现有BrookerⅠ度异位骨化,1髋Ⅱ度异位骨化。结论：使用非骨水泥臼杯加自体股骨头植骨重建髋臼侧的全髋关节置换术治疗髋发育不良继发骨性关节炎可获得良好结果。该方法在植骨块支撑臼杯不超过50％的情况下,髋臼固定可靠,可保留髋臼的骨量。     

变异髋臼初次全髋人工关节置换术前设计及临床意义

目的:探讨变异髋臼初次全髋人工关节置换术中髋臼假体的正确放置位置及手术疗效。方法:对34例（38髋）接受全髋关节置换的髋臼变异的各类髋关节疾病进行术前设计,其中男20例,女14例,平均年龄56.1岁（29⁷5岁）。股骨头坏死继发骨性关节炎15例（19髋）,髋臼发育不良继发骨性关节炎12例,创伤性骨关节炎5例,髋关节融合术后1例,髋关节人工股骨头置换术后1例。结果:术后患者均获得随访,平均随访11个月（5³8个月）。根据Harris髋关节功能评分评定,优（>90分）12髋,良（80⁹0分）23髋,尚可（70⁷9分）3髋,失败0髋（<70分）。评定结果:术前Harris评分平均47.9分,术后平均90.3分。结论:对于髋臼解剖结构异常的髋关节疾病患者行全髋人工关节置换时,通过术前对髋臼正确位置的设计,使髋关节中心置于正确的位置上,既可简化术中操作的难度,又可以使臼杯假体得到牢固固定及良好的骨覆盖,有利于人工全髋关节的长期疗效。     

Assessing the risk of asymptomatic dysplasia in parents of children with developmental hip dysplasia

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate whether being the parents of children with developmental hip dysplasia (DDH) is a risk factor for asymptomatic dysplasia.MethodsAsymptomatic parents of children who were diagnosed with DDH were assessed for presence of dysplasia by examining their anteroposterior pelvis radiographs at the neutral position. Eighty-six hips of 43 participants were included in the study group and 98 hips of 49 participants were included in the control group. Presence of hip dysplasia over the anteroposterior pelvis radiographs was analyzed for Wiberg's angle, acetabular index of the weight-bearing zone (the Tönnis angle), acetabular depth/width index, femoral head coverage ratio (FHCR) and femoral neck/shaft angle.ResultsThe mean acetabular depth/width ratio was 44.3% in the study group and 53.5% in the control group. And, the mean FHCR was 80% in the study group and 82% in the control group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean acetabular depth/width ratio (p < 0.05) and FHCR (p < 0.05). In addition, 21 participants in the study group and 2 in the control group had a pathological acetabular depth/width ratio. And, the number of participants with a pathological FHCR was 22 in the study group and 13 in the control group. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups regarding the number of pathological measurements of acetabular depth/width ratio (p < 0.05) and FHCR (p < 0.05).ConclusionHaving a parent with DDH is a definitive risk factor for the development of hip dysplasia in childhood. In addition, being a parent of a child with DDH is a risk factor for asymptomatic dysplasia. These parents should be screened by roentgenogram.Level of EvidenceLevel III, Diagnostic Study.