裸大麦不同播期的生育特点及其产量的关系

裸大麦不同播期生育特点与积温关系密切，随着播期的推迟，所需积温相应减少。不同播期的分蘖增长与播期早、迟关系很大，两个类型品种均表现为随播期的推迟群体总茎蘖数减少。但从分蘖日增长量最高出现的时间来看，早播的出现在越冬前至越冬期；中播的出现在越冬期至返青期；迟播的出现在返青期以后。不同播期其生育期与总积温相关密切，全生育期总积温比全生育期天数的稳定性大得多。不同播期幼穗发育进程关系密切，穗分化各发育时期随播期的推迟而推迟，持继的时间也应相应缩短。播期与产量的关系表现为播期越迟，减产的幅度越大。     

3种穗型大麦幼穗发育进程及其与叶龄的对应关系分析

为给大麦穗发育遗传和栽培提供依据,以隶属于穗分枝、二棱穗或六棱穗的9个大麦材料为对象,采用卢良恕等报道的幼穗发育进程和叶龄诊断方法,分析了3种穗型大麦主茎幼穗发育进程及其与叶龄的对应关系。结果表明,3个穗分枝（Yunnan branched-spike,Ynbs）株系的二棱期、穗分枝原基分化期和雌蕊柱头二裂期基本一致,分别对应4叶龄、5叶龄和8叶龄,其内外颖分化期、雌雄蕊分化期和药隔期及其与叶龄的对应关系具有明显差异。3个二棱大麦的雌蕊柱头二裂期基本一致,对应8叶龄。萧山二棱紫大麦和萧山白杆二棱大麦的二棱期延长,并导致三联小穗期、内外颖分化期、雌雄蕊分化期和药隔期缩短及其与叶龄的对应关系具有明显差异。3个六棱大麦的二棱期、雌蕊柱头二裂期和雌蕊柱头毛状突起期基本一致,分别对应4叶龄、7叶龄和8叶龄,内外颖分化期、雌雄蕊分化期和药隔期及其与叶龄的对应关系具有明显差异。同穗型大麦材料的幼穗发育进程及其与叶龄对应关系的差异小于异穗型大麦材料,3个Ynbs株系的4龄叶、5龄叶和8龄叶可分别作为其幼穗二棱期、穗分枝原基分化期和雌蕊柱头二裂期的形态标记。     

地膜冬小麦幼穗分化进程和主要农艺性状

通过对地膜覆盖和露地冬小麦幼穗分化进程及主要农艺性状的比较研究表明,①地膜覆盖和不同密度对适期播种的冬小麦幼穗分化的进程无明显影响。在同期播种下,地膜和露地小麦幼穗分化的各时期基本同步,幼穗分化时期和全生育期相差仅２～３ｄ;②地膜小麦比露地小麦分化的小穗数、小花数多１．２％和１．９％,处在同一分化时期的生长锥显得粗壮,富有活力;③在适期播种时,地膜小麦比露地小麦多分化１个叶片,所以幼穗分化始期的叶龄数较高;④地膜覆盖对小麦的营养器官和生殖器官的生长都十分有利,尤其是对粒叶组叶面积、干重、上部节间生长有利;⑤不同密度对地膜和露地小麦的影响趋势一致,分化的小穗数和小花数都随密度增加而减少。     

地膜冬小麦幼穗分化进程和主要农艺性状

通过对地膜覆盖和露地冬小麦幼穗分化进程及主要农艺性的比较研究表明,（１）地膜覆盖和不同密度对适期播种的冬小麦幼穗分化的进程无明显影响,在同期播种下,地膜和露地小麦幼穗分化的各时期基本同步,幼穗分化时期和全生育期相差仅２－３天;９２）地膜小麦比露睦小麦分化的小穗数、小花粉多１．２％和１．９％,处在同一分化时期的生长锥是粗壮,富有活力;（３）在适期播种时,地膜小麦比露地小麦多分化１个叶片,所以幼穗分化     

播期、收获期对玉米生长发育及冠层性状的调控

采用均匀试验设计,研究6个播期配合6个收获期对郑单958和伟科702生长发育、株型结构和产量性状的影响,通过播期、收获期调控实现高产。结果表明,冀中地区6月12日前播种,玉米抽雄和吐丝持续时间更为集中,播期每推迟3 d,抽雄和吐丝日期后推1 d;继续推迟播期,抽雄和吐丝日期后推4~5 d。2014年6月12日播种处理吐丝期冠层温度最高,不利于玉米授粉;6月15日后播种穗位叶SPAD值降低,尤其是生育后期伟科702叶片SPAD值降低幅度较大。播期对株高、穗位高和基部茎粗影响较大,播期与收获期对产量及其构成影响均显著,穗粒数随播期推迟而降低,千粒重随生育期延长而提高。经回归分析得出,夏玉米每提早播种1 d,产量平均增加98.4 kg/hm2;每推迟收获1 d,平均增产103.3 kg/hm2。郑单958获得较高产量的播期、收获期最佳组合为6月6日至6月12日播种,10月4日至10日收获。     

播期和播量对滴灌冬小麦群体性状及产量的影响

为了给滴灌冬小麦种植选择适宜的播期和播量组合, 以两个冬小麦品种新冬22号和新冬27号为材料,设置2个播期（9月27日和10月7日）和3个播量（150、225和300 kg·hm^-2）,通过大田裂区试验研究了播期和播量对滴灌冬小麦的群体性状、产量以及产量构成的影响。结果表明,冬前总茎数、返青后总茎数、成熟期收获穗数和主茎穗比重均随播量的增大而增加,且不同播量间差异显著;播期推迟,出苗数、冬前总茎数和返青后总茎数均降低。各处理均在孕穗期叶面积指数达到最大,且孕穗后10月7日播种的冬小麦叶面积指数下降比较慢。适当晚播有利于花后同化物和花前贮藏同化物在花后向籽粒的转运。播期和播量对滴灌冬小麦产量及其构成影响显著性,在10月7日播种、播种量为225 kg·hm^-2处理下产量达到最高。     

玉米播期推迟与生长发育、有效积温关系研究

试验选用先玉335、郑单958和浚单20为供试品种,从5月6日至6月7日共设7个播期,研究春旱条件下玉米播期推迟与生长发育、有效积温的关系。结果表明,随播种期推迟各阶段生育进程加快,播种期推迟30 d,播种至出苗天数缩短4 d;出苗至抽雄天数各品种间表现不同,先玉335缩短11 d,郑单958缩短8 d,浚单20缩短3 d。随播期的推迟株高和穗位高增高,总叶片数和穗上叶片数不变;秃尖增长,行粒数减少,穗长、穗粗和穗行数不变;子粒长度减小,宽度不变,千粒重和容重降低,播期对千粒重的影响大于容重。产量与玉米生长期有效积温呈正相关,浚单20的相关系数最大,其次是先玉335,郑单958最小。研究结果表明,浚单20播期最迟为5月16日(有效积温2752.9℃.d),先玉335播期最迟为5月23日(有效积温2624.4℃.d),郑单958播期最迟可至5月27日(有效积温2560.9℃.d)。     

地理远缘小麦品种不同播期的生态效应

用来自意大利的7个冬小麦品种和国内的4个冬小麦品种，在同一地点进行不同播期处理，结果表明，所有品种在冬前播种均能完成生活周期；3个中国冬性小麦品种和6个意大利冬性小麦品种于春播时均在ZGS26－32时停止发育，未能抽穗结实，不能完成生活周期；而来自意大利和中国的2个弱冬性品种于第4期播种（3月10日）时能完成生活周期，在第5期播种（3月30日）则不能完成生活周期。冬性品种和弱冬性品种均随播期推迟而株高渐矮，但意大利品种变矮的幅度较小。播期对每平方米穗数和每穗不孕小穗影响最大，对穗长和结实小穗影响较小。冬小麦品种随播期推迟籽粒产量和千粒重渐低，而籽粒蛋白质含量渐高。     

两系粳杂双晚超稀播壮秧的分蘖穗型质量研究初报

播量、穴栽插本数、分蘖发生时期、植伤诸因素均显著影响穗型质量,分蘖发生时期最为突出。一次分蘖节位、二次分蘖见蘖期分别与穗总粒数、穗粒重显著相关,随着分蘖节位每升高１个和见蘖期推迟３ｄ,穗总粒数减少７．６６～２１．７１粒;穗粒重降低０．１５～０．４１ｇ。综合粒、重等因素,穗质量为主茎＞第１节位分蘖＞秧田期一次分蘖＞本田一次分蘖＞二次分蘖。提高穗质量除稀播培育多蘖壮秧外,要以促进低节位分蘖和同伸的二次分蘖早生快发为重点,其次要控制９节位以上分蘖及其同伸的二次分蘖发生     

粮棉轮作模式下播期播量对棉茬小麦生长发育和产量的影响

为明确粮棉轮作两年三熟模式下棉茬小麦适宜的播期和播量,采用田间裂区试验,研究了不同播期(10月15日、10月25日和11月5日)和播量(187.5kg·hm~(-2)、225.0kg·hm~(-2)、262.5kg·hm~(-2)和300.0kg·hm~(-2))对小麦生长发育、产量及其相关性状的影响。结果表明,在拔节期,小麦叶面积随着播期的推迟而下降;在孕穗期,10月25日播期时,播量过大(300.0kg·hm~(-2))会降低小麦叶面积;在扬花期,11月5日播期时,播量过小(187.5kg·hm~(-2))会降低小麦叶面积。随着播期的推迟,小麦生物量逐渐降低,且随小麦生长发育推移,播期对小麦生物量的影响程度逐渐降低。晚播可以提高小麦灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量,延缓叶片衰老。播期推迟会降低小麦拔节期、扬花期和成熟期的茎蘖数,播量增加会提高小麦的茎蘖数。随着播期的推迟,小麦的成穗数下降,从而导致产量降低。穗数对小麦的产量贡献最大。增加播量使小麦穗粒数和千粒重下降,但穗数增加,所以相同播期时,播量对小麦的产量没有显著影响。本试验中,以播期10月15日、播量262.5kg·hm~(-2)产量最高。建议棉茬小麦适当早播,如果播期推迟,则应适量提高播量以保证产量。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。