基于DEM和WMS的流域特征提取及应用

本文根据数字高程模型（DEM）自动提取流域水系的原理和方法,以江西省吉安市遂川江流域为研究区域进行河网生成试验,提取流域水文特征信息.经分析,应用DEM划分的流域结果合理.     

Arc Hydro模型在流域水文特征提取中的应用——以蓟县沙河流域为例

详细介绍了基于ArcGIS9.3平台的Arc Hydro模型的结构及使用方法,包括从原始高程数据提取河网的步骤。研究区域选取天津市蓟县的沙河流域,采用90 m分辨率的DEM作为基本地形数据,对沙河流域水文特征的提取,共生成28个子流域。分析结果表明:与实际河流水系特征基本吻合,因此应用Arc Hydro工具集划分的流域结果是合理的。     

基于 DEM 的青海省西宁市地区河网流域特征自动提取

为获得青海省西宁市地区的河网特征,应用 ArcGIS10软件中的水文分析工具,基于美国联邦地质调查局（USGS）的 SRTM3 DEM 数字高程模型数据提取了研究区域水流流向、汇流累计量及河网水系等流域特征信息,进行了河网分级及子流域划分,并将提取结果与研究区遥感影像图进行对比。结果表明：基于 DEM 数据提取河网流域特征与实际自然水系的特征较为吻合,可作为一种流域水文分析的优良方法。研究结果可以为流域规划及流域综合治理提供参考。     

基于DEM的流域特征提取方法研究进展

基于DEM的流域特征提取是分布式水文模型研究的基础,国内外许多学者一直致力于研究基于DEM提取流域特征的方法。通过回顾DEM在流域特征提取方面几十年的发展历史,分析归纳出基于DEM提取流域特征方法的一般步骤,主要包括洼地处理、水流流向判断、河网提取、流域划分几方面的内容,并对国内外流域特征提取的不同方法做了简要评述,最后对目前存在的一些问题进行分析和讨论。     

基于DEM的流域数字河网提取算法研究

以GIS为平台,介绍了基于地表径流漫流模型的流域河网提取算法与流程.根据DEM数据特点,通过洼地的识别和填充、平地的抬升、水流方向的确定、水流累积矩阵的确定、河流栅格网络的生成、河网水系的生成以及子流域的分割等过程,实现了流域河网特征的提取,得到了数字流域矢量图.以西安市浐灞河流域为研究对象,采用NASA提供的90m分辨率的SRTM-DEM为基本的地形数据,进行流域特征信息的提取.经计算得到的研究区域河网特征以及流域信息与实际河流水系特征及流域信息基本吻合,认为基于地表漫流模型的流域数字河网提取算法,结果合理可信,能够满足科学研究和实际工程的应用.     

GIS环境下基于DEM的流域自动提取方法

从数字高程模型DEM(Digtal Elcvation Models)直接提取河网及相关流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础.探讨了从数字高程模型(DEM)中提取流域水文特征的详细过程,包括:DEM的生成和预处理、水流方向的确定、河网的提取、流域边界的确定和子流域的划分.旨在为ArcGIS在流域水文分析中的应用提供参考.     

基于DEM的汉中流域水文过程分布式模拟

选择汉江上游的汉中流域为研究对象,在基于栅格DEM流域水文特征的获取和降雨空间插值的基础上,建立了基于TOPMODEL的松散耦合型结构的分布式水文模型.应用该模型对汉中流域的水文过程进行模拟,结果表明:该模型的模拟精度与集总式TOPMODEL和集总式三水源新安江模型基本相当,而且能够得到流域内部产汇流的分布状况等信息,基本上能够满足流域水资源规划与管理的需求.     

基于DEM的山丘区小流域河网提取分析研究

数字高程模型(DEM)是提取流域河网水系的重要基础数据,DEM分辨率直接影响河网水系的空间拓扑关系和数字流域水文特征。选取美国俄亥俄州印第安纳河流域为研究对象,基于不同分辨率的DEM提取河网,引入野外勘测河源信息,建立可靠度、灵敏度评价指标,探讨不同DEM分辨率所提取数字河网的适用性。结果表明:(1)与野外勘测河源相比,基于高分辨率DEM提取的河网与实际河网更为接近,但会生成伪支流;(2)研究流域地形破碎化程度高,局部地形坡度大,河网发育主要受上游集水面积控制;(3)DEM分辨率为5 m时,研究流域河网提取结果的可靠度和灵敏度较为理想,过高或过低的分辨率均不适用于该流域的河网提取。     

基于GIS和DEM岷江流域都江堰区域河网水系的提取方法研究

以岷江流域都江堰区域为试验研究对象,论述常用的基于数字高程模型(DEM)提取流域河网水系的方法和原理.采用1:25万DEM作为基本的地形数据,应用ESRI公司开发的ArcGIS地理信息系统软件进行河网水系提取.并对研究区域提取结果进行了详细的分析,得出了河网提取时应注意的问题,为GIS在河网提取方法研究方面提供了更加成熟的理论与实践基础.     

基于SRTM-DEM的淮北平原流域特征提取

简要介绍基于SRTM-DEM数据及利用Arc Hydro软件来提取流域特征的优点、原理和方法,包括DEM的预处理、汇流栅格图的确定、数字河网的提取和流域边界的确定.以淮北平原不同面积的子流域为例,提取了流域特征,结果的精度在总体上是满足要求的.利用Arc Hydro软件基于SRTM-DEM提取淮北平原流域特征是基本可行...     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…