利用多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域重力异常

为提高海洋重力场数据的精度和空间分辨率,联合Jason-1/2、T/P、Envisat、ERS-1/2、Geosat等多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域(0°~42°N,100°~140°E)2′×2′重力异常。对卫星测高数据分别进行共线处理和自交叉点平差,并以T/P卫星测高数据为基准进行多星数据联合平差,有效削弱了卫星测高数据的时变影响和不协调性;利用逆Vening-Meinesz公式计算重力异常,与船测重力相比,均方根误差为5.4 mgal。结果表明,通过引入高精度的卫星测高数据,结合多项平差处理手段,提高了海洋重力异常的计算精度。     

联合多代卫星测高资料反演中国南海重力异常

联合HY-2A、Geosat、ERS1/2、Envisat、T/P、Jason1/2等多颗测高卫星,通过共线处理和交叉点平差削弱海面时变效应和径向轨道误差等影响,以Jason-1测高卫星作为参考,对多代测高卫星进行基准统一,消除测高数据的不一致性,基于全球EGM2008重力场模型,采用移去恢复技术和逆Vening-Meinesz公式反演中国南海(0°~23°N,103°~120°E)2'×2'重力异常,与船测重力数据比较,均方根误差为4.9m Gal。     

验后平差方法在Geosat/GM卫星测高数据处理中的应用

为了消除多代卫星测高数据之间的不协调性,利用两步处理法对Geosat/GM正常点海面高数据进行自交叉点平差及与T/P卫星测高数据联合平差,发现误差模型的系数计算出现异常,通过分析误差模型及正常点海面高数据的分布特征,找出了出现异常的原因,对计算方法进行改进后,大大提高了计算结果的稳定性和可靠性。     

南海海底地形的卫星测高数据反演

深入讨论了重力异常与海深的关系 ,在考虑地壳均衡补偿效应影响的基础上 ,推导了由重力异常用FFT技术计算海深的模型。最后 ,利用推导的模型联合测高卫星数据和海洋重力资料反演了中国南海 2 5′× 2 5′海底地形     

利用卫星测高资料确定全球海洋重力场

详细描述了卫星测高数据的平滑处理、高斯低通滤波、交叉点剩余垂线偏差计算、网格化方法以及根据逆的威宁·曼尼兹公式利用 1DFFT技术反演海域重力异常的解算过程 ,介绍一种确定正常轨道地面轨迹交叉点位置的简便方法 ,导出了海面地形对垂线偏差影响的改正公式以及剩余网格垂线偏差模型值的计算公式。所确定的全球 82°S～ 82°N ,0°～ 36 0°海域 30′× 30′网格平均重力异常与船测平均重力异常比较表明 ,精度达到± 4 .1～± 4 .7毫伽。     

西太平洋海域卫星测高重力异常反演与精度评估

联合T/P、ERS1/GM、ERS1/ERM、ERS2/ERM、GEOSAT/ERM、GEOSAT/GM等多源卫星测高数据,基于逆Vening-Meinesz公式和EGM2008模型,采用移去-恢复方法和快速傅里叶变换算法构建了中国西太平洋海域(0°~40°N,105°E~145°E)1'×1'重力异常模型,选取两个不同特征区域航线,将构建的重力异常模型、EGM2008重力异常模型、美国Scripps海洋研究所重力异常与船测重力数据进行比较分析。结果表明,构建的重力异常模型与船测重力总体趋势变化较为一致、与船测重力比较均方根差为4.16m Gal,总体精度与EGM2008模型重力异常、美国Scripps海洋研究所重力异常相当,反演精度和分辨率达到国际领先水平。     

多代同任务测高卫星数据的系统误差分析

利用T/P卫星、Jason-1卫星以及Jason-2卫星同步段的Corssh数据,研究了黄海海域同步段不同测高卫星的测高系统差,得到了T/P卫星与Jason-1卫星间升轨与降轨系统差为0.074m与0.075m,Jason-1卫星与Jason-2卫星间升轨与降轨系统差为0.066m与0.076m。通过计算多代卫星数据的系统误差,提高了融合数据成果的可靠性。     

卫星测高反演重力场在西太平洋海域的应用

利用高精度卫星测高数据反演重力是获取海洋重力异常的重要方法。本文介绍了自2008年以来新一代高精度测高卫星的相关信息。在此基础上,联合多颗新型卫星,进行交叉点平差,通过中心差分代替常规Sandwell方法计算垂线偏差,利用改进的逆Vening-Meinesz法和Stokes数值反解法对西太平洋某区域进行了重力场反演。反演结果与NGDC提供的船测重力值比较表明,逆Vening-Meinesz法计算误差小于Stokes数值反解法。通过添加随机噪声数值实验,进一步证明逆Vening-Meinesz法对于测高数据误差的抗差能力更强,在研究区的重力异常计算结果可信度较高。     

HY-2A测高数据对重力异常反演精度的影响分析

通过联合HY-2A、TP、Envisat卫星的高度计数据,分析HY-2A测高数据对中国南海重力异常影响。首先,将HY-2A和TP、Envisat数据进行对比,通过共线处理和交叉点平差前后的不符值RMS统计分析表明,HY-2A数据精度优于TP变轨后及Envisat数据精度;利用逆Venning-Meinesz公式分别计算中国南海海域(0°~23°N,103°E~120°E)15'×15'的重力异常,将反演结果与船测结果对比,HY-2A数据加入反演得到的重力异常精度在±6.13m Gal,其精度要优于没有HY-2A反演得到的结果,并分析反演重力异常与船测重力差值分布规律。结果表明,HY-2A数据对于提高海洋重力异常计算精度具有一定意义。     

基于T/P 和Jason-1 高度计数据的渤黄东海潮汐信息提取

对19 a 的TOPEX/POSEIDON(以下称T/P)和Jason-1 卫星高度计测高数据进行调和分析, 得到渤黄东海海域的8 个主要分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1 和Q1)。提出一种将两类卫星高度计数据统一的方法, 消除了因两类卫星高度计校正算法等不同所导致的相互之间的偏差。变轨后的T/P与Jason-1 卫星加密了高度计对潮汐观测的空间分布。通过对交叉点处升轨与降轨的潮汐调和分析结果进行比较, 检验调和分析方法及高度计数据的可靠性; 将基于高度计数据的调和分析结果与验潮站资料进行比较, 以检验其正确性。4 个主要分潮(M2、S2、K1、O1)振幅之差的均方根介于1.0~1.8 cm, 迟角之差的均方根介于4.1°~7.8°。与已有研究结果相比, 调和分析结果的精确性有所提高。在此基础上, 综合变轨前后两类高度计测高数据的调和分析结果, 给出并分析了渤黄东海4 个主要分潮的同潮图。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.