回热器对跨临界CO_2水源热泵的影响判别式及实验研究

分析了回热器对跨临界CO2压缩循环效率等的影响,推导出回热器对系统的制热效率影响的判别式。在带回热器和不带回热器两种情况下完成了跨临界CO2水源热泵系统的实验。实验结果表明：带回热器的跨临界CO2水源热泵系统的制热效率和制冷效率略高于不带回热器时系统的效率;带回热器时热泵系统的制热效率比不带回热器系统的制热效率高约4%-8%。     

关于换热系统优化目标函数的探讨

通过对影响换热系统可用能费用损失的各种因素进行分析,综合考虑换热器的材料消耗费用,提出了基于热力学第二定律的对换热系统进行优化的目标函数,并利用工程热力学、流体力学及热经济学的理论对目标函数进行了推导,得到了目标函数的计算公式。     

武汉某办公楼地源热泵系统能效测评

通过对某办公楼地源热泵系统的短期测试与长期监测,分析了影响系统能效的主要因素,得出了该热回收热泵机组的部分负荷制冷性能系数低于额定工况下的制冷性能系数,热泵系统能效比略高于常规机组系统能效比下限值2.4,得出了夏热冬冷地区实际累计采暖+卫生热水热负荷大于累计冷负荷,增量成本的实际回收期高于预测回收期。建议夏热冬冷地区采用三工况(制冷、制热、热回收)地源热泵系统,可不设辅助冷却系统。     

分布式冷热电联产系统的能量梯级利用率新准则

分布式冷热电联产系统评价准则对系统集成开拓与设计优化至关重要,传统的热效率、火用效率等难以全面科学地评估多供能系统性能特性,也不适于作为联产系统设计优化的目标函数。文章概述了目前常用的评价准则及其存在问题,基于热力学基本方程和联产系统的本质特征,提出了能量梯级利用率的评价准则。新准则从发电、制冷及供热等过程耗用能量的品位和生产产品的品质等来全面权衡不同能量转换利用过程的本质差异,并借助权重系数来综合量化描述。还结合实际的联产系统算例,对新准则和原有的评价准则进行比较分析。研究表明,该准则应用简便、合理、准确,为冷热电联产系统集成开拓与设计优化提供了一个更好的新准则。     

采用不同工质的高温复合热泵开水器特性研究

热泵开水器具有较高的能源利用效率,是公共场所电加热开水装置的理想替代品。从提高能源效率和一机两用的角度,构建了一种高温复合热泵开水器系统。建立了系统热力学模型,选R236fa、R245fa、R365mfc、R245ca、RC318和R236ea等6种较高临界温度的制冷工质,通过能量分析和[火用]分析的方法,探讨了不同制冷工质对高温复合热泵开水器系统性能的影响。研究结果表明:R245fa作为工质的高温复合热泵开水器系统具有最佳的性能,而以RC318作为工质的系统性能最差。在给定工况下,R245fa作为工质系统制热性能系数(COP_h)为2.47,而其制冷性能系数(COP_c)为3.37,[火用]损失和[火用]效率分别为9.47 kW和49.07%;与R245fa相比,RC318作为工质系统的总能耗增加了39.53%。     

热功复合驱动热泵循环的敏感性分析

经热压缩再机械压缩后,对热功复合驱动热泵循环的性能进行了模拟及计算分析。在相同的能量输入前提下,比较了压缩式热泵与吸收式热泵并联循环与热功复合驱动热泵循环。在基本工况下热功复合热泵的性能系数、火用效率与热驱动系数分别提高了10.15%、12.24%和16.59%。以制热温度、制热量、性能系数、热驱动系数和火用效率等作为评价指标,将压气机压比ε、溴化锂稀溶液的浓度X对热功复合驱动热泵循环性能的影响进行了敏感性分析。研究表明:综合考虑热压缩与机械压缩的能耗分配、能源利用率等因素,将压比ε取1.3,溴化锂溶液的浓度X取0.622为宜。     

基于火电厂源侧的综合能源系统集成及优化配置研究

提出一种基于火电厂源侧的综合能源系统构型,该系统以火电机组为核心,在系统的输入端耦合生物质气化、垃圾气化、干化污泥等多种可再生能源输入,在输出端供应冷、热、汽、电等多种能源产品,并将电厂热平衡模型与可再生能源模型及制冷制热系统模型耦合,建立以■效率和经济性为目标的优化配置方法,采用输入端优化与输出端优化2类优化逻辑,从系统输入端、输出端来分析火电厂源侧综合能源系统主要运行参数对经济性和■效率优化目标的影响。结果表明：综合能源改造对现阶段火电厂具有积极意义。     

考虑供热系统热储能特性的电-热综合系统随机优化调度模型研究

热电联产机组、热泵等装置的应用促进了电-热综合系统间的耦合关系,为风电的消纳提供了新途径。文章考虑了供热系统热储能动态特性,采用多场景法模拟风电出力不确定性,搭建了电-热综合能源系统随机优化调度模型。首先,针对供热管道传输时延动态特性,研究分析了其储热能力;其次,以电-热综合能源系统购能费用最低为目标函数,以热网约束、电网约束为约束条件,提出了综合系统能量最优化调度方案;最后,在IEEE33节点和6节点热网上进行算例分析,验证了模型的有效性。     

新型压缩吸收耦合的太阳能热泵系统实验研究

提出一种太阳能吸收子系统过冷压缩循环的新型压缩吸收耦合热泵系统,由压缩子系统、吸收子系统和太阳能集热子系统3部分组成;在夏冬两季均可使用。针对该新型太阳能热泵在恒定工况下的制冷、制热性能进行稳态实验研究。实验结果显示,夏季制冷时,在冷冻水进口温度12℃,冷凝器出口制冷剂温度50℃时,新型太阳能热泵系统的制冷最低COP为4.02,与同工况的常规压缩热泵相比,制冷COP提高13.88%;冬季制热时,存在COP的极值转变温度。在实验环境温度为16℃,冷凝器热水出口温度59℃时,新型耦合系统最小的制热COP为5.44,与同工况常规压缩热泵相比,制热COP提高11.52%。显示了新型系统的巨大优势,具有良好的应用前景。     

提高水源热泵机组效率的技术条件分析

以热力学完善度为评价指标,分析水源热泵在标准工况下各部件的不可逆损失程度,其中由压缩机和换热器引起的不可逆损失占总不可逆损失的80%以上。在此基础上,针对水源热泵的特点,对几种能提高其能效水平的技术进行定性和定量分析,结果表明均能有效提高机组的热力学完善度。对采用这些技术的水源热泵机组进行的测试中,制冷,45℃、55℃制热工况下,性能系数分别达到6.64、4.79和3.99。对市场上的部分水源热泵产品样本进行统计分析,结果表明制冷和制热工况的性能水平较低,热力学完善度平均值分别为0.270和0.423,绝大部分产品的性能提升空间超过20%。     

Comprehensive exergy analysis of a ground-source heat pump system for both building heating and cooling modes

This paper presents a comprehensive exergy analysis of three circuits and whole system of a ground-source heat pump (GSHP) for both building heating and cooling modes. The purpose is to search out the key potential energy saving components. The analytical formulae of exergy loss, exergy efficiency, exergy loss ratio, exergy loss coefficient and thermodynamic perfect degree are derived, respectively. The results show that these exergy indexes should be used integratively, and in the whole system the location of maximum exergy loss ratio is the compressor, while the location of minimum exergy efficiency and thermodynamic perfect degree is the ground heat exchanger, so that the compressor and the ground heat exchanger should be primarily improved. The results also indicate that the exergy loss of a GSHP system for building heating mode is bigger than that of cooling mode, and the exergy efficiency of a whole GSHP system is obviously lower than those of its components for both building heating and cooling modes. Therefore, a comprehensive exergy analysis of a GSHP should be paid more attention to. The results may provide guidelines for the design and optimization of GSHP systems.     

Heat pump system utilizing produced water in oil fields

As the alternative to the heating furnace for crude oil heating, a heat pump system utilizing produced water, a main byproduct, in oil fields was proposed and the thermodynamic model of the system was established. A particular compression process with inner evaporative spray water cooling was applied in the screw compressor and an analysis method for the variable-mass compression process was introduced. The simulation results showed that the efficiency of the screw compressor, the temperature of produced water and the temperature difference in flash process are key parameters affecting the system performance. The energy cost of the heat pump system was compared to that of the heating furnace, revealing that the heat pump system with EER, 4.67, would save over 20% energy cost as compared with the heating furnace. Thus, the heat pump system was energy saving, money saving and environmentally benign.     

Thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid geothermal heat pump system

A thermodynamic analysis of a hybrid geothermal heat pump system is carried out. Mass, energy, and exergy balances are applied to the system, which has a cooling tower as a heat rejection unit, and system performance is evaluated in terms of coefficient of performance and exergy efficiency. The heating coefficient of performance for the overall system is found to be 5.34, while the corresponding exergy efficiency is 63.4%. The effect of ambient temperature on the exergy destruction and exergy efficiency is investigated for the system components. The results indicate that the performance of hybrid geothermal heat pump systems is superior to air-source heat pumps.     

基于CO2热泵的产消型数据中心能效联动优化

  目的  随着数字经济的发展,数据中心的“规模”将不断扩大,“算力”不断提高,随之带来的“能耗”及“运行成本”也将不断攀升。为实现数据中心余热的有效利用,并实现能效的联动优化,构建了一种基于CO₂热泵的产消型数据中心能源系统。  方法  将数据中心视为产消者,耗电的同时将制冷系统的余热回收,用于住宅供暖。产消型数据中心能源系统采用空气直接冷却、直膨式地埋管冷却和建筑供暖末端冷却三种方式实现数据中心全年的冷却,最大程度利用自然冷却,降低系统电耗。CO₂作为余热回收用热泵的工作介质,能够提高系统紧凑性与环境友好性。  结果  本系统可有效削减冷负荷,进而在平均占用率较低时,实现制冷电耗的降低。当平均占用率为0.6时,与常规房间级风冷空调机组相比,本系统可降低全年冷负荷108 MWh,节约电耗制冷电耗167 MWh,为建筑供热290 MWh,获得年收益4.23万元。  结论  本系统可实现数据中心余热回收用于建筑供暖,实现了数据中心非供暖期余热的有效利用。并通过地源热泵系统实现了数据中心余热与建筑热负荷的协调,为产消型数据中心的能效联动优化提供了借鉴。     

Second law-based thermodynamic analysis of ammonia/sodium thiocyanate absorption system

In this study, the first and second law of thermodynamics are used to analyze the performance of a novel absorption system for cooling and heating applications. The active component of the sorbent used in this study is sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). Ammonia (NH₃) is chosen as sorptive. A mathematic model based on exergy analysis is introduced to analyze the system performance. Enthalpy, entropy, temperature, mass flow rate and exergy loss of each component and the total exergy loss of the system are evaluated. Furthermore, the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiency of the absorption system for cooling and heating processes are calculated from the thermodynamic properties of the working fluids under different operating conditions. The results show that the COP of cooling and heating increases with the heat source temperature and decreases with the cooling water inlet temperature, but the system exergetic efficiency does not show the same trends for both cooling and heating applications. The simulation results can be used for the thermodynamic optimization of the current system.     

Transcritical CO2 heat pump systems: exergy analysis including heat transfer and fluid flow effects

This paper presents the exergetic analysis and optimization of a transcritical carbon dioxide based heat pump cycle for simultaneous heating and cooling applications. A computer model has been developed first to simulate the system at steady state for different operating conditions and then to evaluate the system performance based on COP as well as exergetic efficiency, including component wise irreversibility. The chosen system includes the secondary fluids to supply the heating and cooling services, and the analyses also comprise heat transfer and fluid flow effects in detail. The optimal COP and the exergetic efficiency were found to be functions of compressor speed, ambient temperature and secondary fluid temperature at the inlets to the evaporator and gas cooler and the compressor discharge pressure. An optimization study for the best allocation of the fixed total heat exchanger inventory between the evaporator and the gas cooler based on heat transfer area has been conducted. The exergy flow diagram (Grassmann diagram) shows that all the components except the internal heat exchanger contribute significantly to the irreversibilities of the system. Unlike a conventional system, the expansion device contributes significantly to system irreversibility. Finally, suggestions for various improvement measures with resulting gains have been presented to attain superior system performance through reduced component irreversibilities. This study is expected to offer useful guidelines for system design and its optimisation and help toward energy conservation in heat pump systems based on transcritical CO₂ cycles.     

水源热泵在空调系统中应用的经济性分析

本文对水源热泵的能耗进行了分析,表明水源热泵机组的性能系数与水源的温度直接相关,讨论了水源热泵在嵊州市空调系统集中供冷供热的可行性,对集中冷热水供水系统夏季空调工况与冬季热泵工况的经济性进行了计算与分析,结果表明,嵊州市利用水源热泵建立集中冷热水供水系统的社会经济效益显著,具有重要的节能与环保意义。     

基于模糊层次分析法的太阳能-空气源热泵复合供暖系统多目标优化

为减小太阳能空气源热泵供暖系统的综合成本和碳排放量,提高热泵运行效率及太阳能使用率,提出一种基于模糊层次分析法的多目标优化设计方法。采用TRNSYS,搭建复合供暖系统仿真模型,通过参数化分析选出7个系统参数作为优化变量,提出复合供暖系统综合评价指标,运用模糊层次分析法确定每个因素的权重并定义综合目标函数并通过正交试验法得到最终优化方案。通过仿真试验对比复合供暖系统优化前后的运行性能,验证了该优化方法的有效性。     

An experimental and theoretical investigation of refrigerant charge on a secondary loop air‐conditioning heat pump system in electric vehicles

Automotive air‐conditioning heat pump systems are particular interest worldwide in energy conservation and emission reduction for electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Refrigerant charge amount is a key factor for the air‐conditioning heat pump system optimization affecting the condensing pressure and subcooling in both heating and cooling modes. In this paper, the influence of the refrigerant charge on system performances was investigated using the experiment method on a secondary loop air‐conditioning heat pump system. The typical heat transfer and flow parameters were recorded, and both cooling and heating performances of the system were investigated and illustrated by pressure‐enthalpy diagrams. The critical refrigerant charges were determined in both heating and cooling modes. Three typical void fraction correlation models were also applied for the refrigerant charge determination modeling as a system off‐design method. Results show that the Hughmark void fraction correlation method has the best prediction of the critical refrigerant charge in both cooling and heating modes.