植物学的发展趋势及国家自然科学基金委员会植物学科资助状况

根据植物学的发展趋势和植物学科的特点,对该学科采取的资助策略是"重视前沿领域,扶持弱势学科,关注新的学科生长点";学科资助项目数和经费数逐年增加,2004年投入经费和资助项目数是2001年的2倍;简要介绍了学科遴选项目的原则和2004年度项目申请和资助的情况,提供了2004年度植物学科资助项目一览表.     

植物学的发展趋势及国家自然科学基金委员会植物学科资助状况

根据植物学的发展趋势和植物学科的特点,对该学科采取的资助策略是“重视前沿领域,扶持弱势学科,关注新的学科生长点”;学科资助项目数和经费数逐年增加,2004年投入经费和资助项目数是2001年的2倍;简要介绍了学科遴选项目的原则和2004年度项目申请和资助的情况,提供了2004年度植物学科资助项目一览表。     

基于DEA模型的中国生物产业上市企业绩效评估

目的 随着生物产业的快速发展,越来越多的生物企业涌现,其中以生物医药企业为主.如何促进生物企业产出效率是政府和企业自身最关心的问题.方法 论文构建了生物产业上市企业绩效评估DEA模型,对全国370家生物产业上市企业的投入产出效率情况进行评估.结果 全国生物产业上市企业平均综合技术效率为0.596,还有很大进步空间.结论...     

补偿机制改革对公立医院产出效率的影响 ——基于县级中医医院的实证研究

目的 对补偿机制改革前后江苏省县级中医医院产出效率进行评价,并考察导致效率变化的相关因素。方法 随机前沿分析方法分析县级中医医院产出效率,Tobit回归方法分析不同影响因素对产出效率的影响。结果 江苏省县级中医院产出效率较低,补偿机制改革导致县级中医院效率出现进一步下降;费用模型、支出模型和收入模型的回归分析表明不同因素对县级中医院产出效率的影响。结论 优化县级中医院补偿策略,调整收支结构,加大中医医疗服务补偿力度。     

为进一步提高生物医学学术水平而奋斗--祝贺《生物磁学》正式更名为《现代生物医学进展》

光阴荏苒,岁月如梭,转眼间《生物磁学》已经从公元1987由中国生物磁学学会主持创刊内部发行的刊物一步步地成长了起来。本刊于2001年4月获得国家科技部正式刊号,2003年开始从邮局发行,2004年被评为国家科技核心期刊;根据国家科技部信息所2005版的中国科技期刊引证报告及根据2004年度“中国科技论文引文数据库”（CSTPCD2004）统计的期刊指标检索报告,本刊2004年度影响因子为0．734,在生物类期刊中影响因子排名列第9位,在1608种统计源核心期刊总排名中列第169位。     

碳排放影响下的中国省域土地利用效率差异动态变化与影响因素

土地利用效率是衡量区域经济社会系统运行质量的重要参数。在构建了考虑非期望产出的土地利用效率评价指标体系基础之上,综合运用Super SBM-undesirable DEA和多元统计等研究方法,分析了2003—2016年碳排放影响下的中国省域土地利用效率的时空特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明:中国区域土地利用效率处于中低水平,碳排放非期望产出降低了15%的土地利用效率水平;与全国发展水平空间格局一致,土地利用效率省际差异在空间上呈现出自东向西逐渐递减的分异特征;2003—2016年,土地利用效率演化呈现出"U"型演进特征,区域差异呈现收敛态势;不考虑非期望产出的土地利用效率水平呈现下降态势;非期望产出和能源消费投入过大成为土地利用效率提升的主要限制因素。经济发展水平、对外开放程度以及固定资产投资对土地利用效率的提升起到了显著的正向作用;现阶段城镇化水平的增加对土地利用效率的提升具有微弱促进作用,且仅在东部地区具有显著性。基于松弛变量冗余度和影响因素分析,针对不同区域土地利用效率低效的差异性因素,提出了相应的对策措施。     

中国航空碳排放及其效率时空演化特征分析

航空碳排放不仅影响空气质量且可造成温室效应。中国正处于从民航大国向民航强国迈进的关键时期，提高航空碳排放效率是行之有效的航空碳减排手段。运用可拓展随机性环境影响评估模型(STIRPAT)对中国2004—2019年航空碳排放总量的时空演变特征进行分析，以探明不同尺度区域航空碳排放的空间差异与空间关联表现；运用基于非期望产出的超效率松弛变量模型(SBM)和标准差椭圆分析法(SDE)对中国航空碳排放效率的时空分布与格局演化过程进行判定，以分析各省域航空碳排放效率的差异，并给出有效的航空碳减排方略。研究发现：2004—2019年，中国航空碳排放总量持续增长，航空碳排放增长率和航空碳排放强度均呈波动下降趋势；四大经济区航空碳排放总量分布总体表现为“东部>西部>中部>东北”的格局，东部仍是中国航空碳排放的主要区域；高碳排放区较分散，还未形成省域之间连片的碳排放高值区。2004—2019年，中国航空碳排放效率总体呈现“M”型波动上升趋势，各省域航空碳排放效率均不同程度的提高，但主要以低效率区、中效率区为主；各省域之间的航空碳排放效率差异性经历了逐渐减小到逐步增大的过程，但总体航空碳...     

供给侧改革视角下中国省域生态产品有效供给及影响因素

生态产品是事关人类生命健康、经济社会建设的世界性稀缺产品.为了更好地分析生态产品有效供给问题,找出生态产品有效供给的规模效率的变化规律,本研究利用2004—2015年的面板数据,以劳动力、资本、能源和技术为投入变量,以GDP、生态产品和非期望产出为产出变量,运用SBM-Undesirable模型和泰尔指数对我国生态产品有效供给的规模效率及其差异性进行测算,并运用Tobit模型进一步对其影响因素进行实证分析.结果表明: 我国生态产品供给规模效率在2011年以前呈下降趋势,以2012年为转折点呈现上升态势,但地区间仍有较大差距.全国及各地区生态产品有效供给效率的影响因素不尽相同,从全国总体情况看,经济发展水平、产业结构(第二产业增加值占GDP比重)、科技投入、金融资本投入(环境污染治理占GDP比重)、能源消费结构(煤炭消费量占能源消费总量比重)和农业面源污染的影响为负,而生态空间及外贸结构的影响为正;在东部地区,产业结构、科技投入、金融资本、能源消费结构和农业面源污染的影响为负,经济发展水平、生态空间及外贸结构的影响为正;在东北地区,经济发展水平、农业面源污染和外贸结构的影响为负,产业结构、科技投入、能源消费结构和生态空间的影响为正;在中部地区,经济发展水平、科技投入、金融资本、能源消费结构、农业面源污染和生态空间的影响为负,产业结构和外贸结构的影响为正;在西部地区,产业结构、能源消费结构和农业面源污染的影响为负,经济发展水平、科技投入、金融资本、生态空间及外贸结构的影响为正.在进一步对以上实证测算进行理论分析的基础上,从供给侧改革的角度提出有效提高生态产品供给规模效率的政策启示,包括注重转变经济发展方式、优化生态系统结构和遵循生态法则进行整体治理等.     

基于DEA的医院省部级重点实验室个体化建设研究

采用数据包络分析法建立三级甲等医院省部级重点实验室的投入和产出评估模型，了解其科研投入和产出的相对效率。有的放矢地针对实验室发展现状，提出个体化建设举措，主要包括：依托信息化管理平台，构建医院科研资源平台、进行个体化人才培养、加强科研项目的立项服务，促进实验室可持续发展。     

环境影响评价中人文因素作用的空间计量

辨明人文因素对环境影响作用的大小,并依此找寻发展的对策是当前可持续发展研究的核心问题之一.采用中国2000年各省(区、市)的水足迹作为环境影响测算指标,运用空间自相关模型,分析了中国2000年水足迹的空间分布特征,结果表明:中国各省市的水足迹具有明显的空间相关性,在地理上存在集聚现象.进而在传统的人文驱动因素的随机回归影响模型--STIRPAT模型的基础上,通过加入空间项构建空间滞后模型和空间误差模型,定量地检验了中国的人口数量和富裕程度等人文因素对环境的影响,结果表明:人口数量对环境影响显著,而富裕程度对其影响较小;转变传统的经济增长方式,走新型工业化道路对环境影响显著,城市化率对环境没有显著影响;在控制人口变量的基础上,现有样本数据支持倒U形的环境Kuznets曲线假说,其拐点值为10560.92元;在技术水效率方面,海南的技术水效率最高,而青海和内蒙古的技术水效率最低.     

Measuring efficiency and scope economies of cogeneration enterprises in Northeast China under the background of energy saving and emission reduction

Cogeneration is internationally recognized as an important way to save energy and improve environment. At present, the cogeneration scale in China has been ranked at the second place all round the world. China formulated relevant laws, regulations and technology policies to actively encourage and support the development of cogeneration. This article selects 62 Northeast regional Chinese cogeneration enterprises' financial data from 2003 to 2007, and analyzes the impact of the electric power industry deregulation to cogeneration enterprises' performance by using a partial frontier nonparametric. Further more, we study whether the cogeneration enterprises actualize horizontal scope economy by comparing with the thermal power alone or heat production alone enterprises. Results show that the factory network separation and regional market trial reform can promote the cost efficiency of both five major power group cogeneration enterprises and independent cogeneration enterprises. Compared to five group enterprises, the scope economies index of the independent cogeneration enterprises is lower, the unbundling reform and northeast regional market trial reform have a negative impact on cogeneration enterprises to achieve scope economies and improve cost efficiency.     

Crisis-Like Behavior in China's Stock Market and Its Interpretation

In order for China to play a bigger, more positive role in the world, it is important for China to have a healthy capital market. This perception motivates us to examine the health of China''s capital market, especially the severity of the overall loss of the listed companies in China and the effects of accounting irregularities on the losses. We show the overall loss of the listed companies was very severe, in particular, crisis-like behavior emerged in the fourth quarter of 2002, 2004, 2005, and 2008. We further observe that loss in the fourth quarter was much greater than the average loss of the first three quarters in the same year. The most straightforward interpretation of this loss pattern is that companies underreported losses in the first three quarters, to boost their stock values in most time of the year. However, in the fourth quarter, accounting balance of the whole year dictated that the reported loss in the fourth quarter had to be much greater than the actual loss. Fortunately, such irregularity has been greatly reduced, thanks to the accounting reforms in China in 2007.     

Eight strategies to engage industry in biosecurity

A significant portion of the domestic bio-research base-and the one most likely to provide translational research-is not engaged in biodefense. Despite the fact that more than one-third of all life science researchers are employed in commercial bio-research, fewer than 3% of the 1,500 U.S. bio-technology companies are involved in biosecurity initiatives. The bio-tech industry has largely not aligned itself to play an integral role in biosecurity, but there are a few policy changes that could dramatically alter this balance. These include engaging and motivating the bio-technology middle class, seeding secondary markets, focusing on system solutions, providing reagents and standards, aligning communications, and prioritizing translational research. By reaching out, policymakers can span the current chasm between the bio-industry and government, build a stable biodefense industrial base, establish solid working relationships, and secure better services and products. The rewards would be significant for government and industry alike.     

Stochastic frontier model approach for measuring stock market efficiency with different distributions

The stock market is considered essential for economic growth and expected to contribute to improved productivity. An efficient pricing mechanism of the stock market can be a driving force for channeling savings into profitable investments and thus facilitating optimal allocation of capital. This study investigated the technical efficiency of selected groups of companies of Bangladesh Stock Market that is the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) market, using the stochastic frontier production function approach. For this, the authors considered the Cobb-Douglas Stochastic frontier in which the technical inefficiency effects are defined by a model with two distributional assumptions. Truncated normal and half-normal distributions were used in the model and both time-variant and time-invariant inefficiency effects were estimated. The results reveal that technical efficiency decreased gradually over the reference period and that truncated normal distribution is preferable to half-normal distribution for technical inefficiency effects. The value of technical efficiency was high for the investment group and low for the bank group, as compared with other groups in the DSE market for both distributions in time-varying environment whereas it was high for the investment group but low for the ceramic group as compared with other groups in the DSE market for both distributions in time-invariant situation.     

The Ability of Analysts' Recommendations to Predict Optimistic and Pessimistic Forecasts

Previous researches show that buy (growth) companies conduct income increasing earnings management in order to meet forecasts and generate positive forecast Errors (FEs). This behavior however, is not inherent in sell (non-growth) companies. Using the aforementioned background, this research hypothesizes that since sell companies are pressured to avoid income increasing earnings management, they are capable, and in fact more inclined, to pursue income decreasing Forecast Management (FM) with the purpose of generating positive FEs. Using a sample of 6553 firm-years of companies that are listed in the NYSE between the years 2005–2010, the study determines that sell companies conduct income decreasing FM to generate positive FEs. However, the frequency of positive FEs of sell companies does not exceed that of buy companies. Using the efficiency perspective, the study suggests that even though buy and sell companies have immense motivation in avoiding negative FEs, they exploit different but efficient strategies, respectively, in order to meet forecasts. Furthermore, the findings illuminated the complexities behind informative and opportunistic forecasts that falls under the efficiency versus opportunistic theories in literature.     

Effect of various pretreatment methods on anaerobic mixed microflora to enhance biohydrogen production utilizing dairy wastewater as substrate

Influence of different pretreatment methods applied on anaerobic mixed inoculum was evaluated for selectively enriching the hydrogen (H(2)) producing mixed culture using dairy wastewater as substrate. The experimental data showed the feasibility of molecular biohydrogen generation utilizing dairy wastewater as primary carbon source through metabolic participation. However, the efficiency of H(2) evolution and substrate removal efficiency were found to be dependent on the type of pretreatment procedure adopted on the parent inoculum. Among the studied pretreatment methods, chemical pretreatment (2-bromoethane sulphonic acid sodium salt (0.2 g/l); 24 h) procedure enabled higher H(2) yield along with concurrent substrate removal efficiency. On the contrary, heat-shock pretreatment (100 degrees C; 1 h) procedure resulted in relatively low H(2) yield. Compared to control experiments all the adopted pretreatment methods documented higher H(2) generation efficiency. In the case of combination experiments, integration of pH (pH 3; adjusted with ortho-phosphoric acid; 24 h) and chemical pretreatment evidenced higher H(2) production. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), a frontier analysis technique model was successfully applied to enumerate the relative efficiency of different pretreatment methods studied by considered pretreatment procedures as input and cumulative H(2) production rate and substrate degradation rate as corresponding two outputs.     

长江中游城市群环境规制对旅游产业生态效率的影响及空间分异研究

随着旅游产业的快速发展，其对生态环境的负面影响逐渐增大。为缓解当前旅游经济发展与生态环境保护间存在的矛盾，政府有必要在制度层面发挥其对旅游企业的约束作用，减轻旅游环境压力，实现旅游产业可持续发展。基于此，首先采用超效率SBM模型测算2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率。然后运用重心模型、标准差椭圆等地学方法刻画其空间格局演化特征。最后，以广义最小二乘法建立面板数据模型，分析环境规制对城市群旅游产业生态效率影响。主要结论为：1）2006-2017年长江中游城市群旅游产业生态效率总体始终处于生产前沿面以下，旅游产业生态发展的集约化程度较低。从区域尺度看，三大城市群间效率存在一定差异，环鄱阳湖城市群效率最大，而武汉城市圈最小。从空间格局上看，效率重心整体向东北方向移动，"东高-西低"的空间格局逐渐形成；2）三大子城市群环境规制与旅游产业生态效率间呈"U"型的非线性关系，表明当前总体环境规制水平仍然较低，对效率的增长起抑制作用，但从长远来看，随着环境规制的逐渐增强，其对旅游产业生态效率的影响开始向积极促进方向转变；3）三大子城市群环境规制对效率的影响程度不同，整体呈正向显著影响的城市数量较少，主要集聚在各子城市群的中心城市附近。     

Evaluation of environmental efficiency in China using data envelopment analysis

As a main method for achieving environmental protection, improvement of environmental efficiency is vitally important for reducing environmental risk and level of ecological scarcity. Thus, quantitative analysis of environmental efficiency is not only an important premise for understanding the situation of regional environmental protection, but also a prerequisite for designing and adjusting relevant policies. In this paper, we treat the undesirable output in an economic activity by a linear monotonic decreasing transformation approach. We employ data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique to evaluate environmental efficiency in 30 provinces of China during the period 2001–2010, and conduct hypothesis tests on these environmental efficiencies. Furthermore, we investigate the horizontal differences of environmental efficiency in six regions of China and the vertical differences among different years. The results show that our empirical tests have a high statistical reliability that provides support for prompting environmental policies in different parts of China.     

“七步法”课堂设计与实践：构建研究导向型微生物学“金课”课堂

研究导向型教学是以学生成长和发展为中心的创新性教育模式，其核心目标与“金课”的建设目标一致，强调培养学生的研究技能，使其具有创新性和高阶性。在微生物学一流课程建设过程中，将研究导向型教学理念与BOPPPS课堂[导入(bridge-in)、目标(objective)、前测(pre-assessment)、参与式学习(participatory-learning)、后测(post-assessment)和总结(summary)]组织形式相结合，并创新性引入“提升”模块，以问题为驱动，聚焦科学前沿，融入思政材料，形成导入—目标—前测—参与式学习—后测—提升—总结(七步法)的新型模块化闭环教学模式。该模式的实施能够有效提升课堂教学的逻辑性和组织性，提高教学效率，提升学生分析问题和解决问题的高阶性，为学生将来开展科研工作奠定良好的基础，并为打造以学生为中心的“金课”课堂实践提供借鉴参考。