The effect of medium and long chain triglyceride on human adipose tissue metabolism

Studies have been performed to assess the effects, in vivo and in vitro, of lipid emulsions on human adipose tissue prostaglandin production. Subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained either during elective surgery or by needle aspiration was studied in tissue culture or by using a perifusion apparatus. Physical mixtures of emulsions of long chain triglyceride (LCT) and/or medium chain triglyceride (MCT) were added to the tissue culture medium so that the final concentration was 400 mg/dl. After a 3-day incubation period the tissue was harvested, placed in buffer and used to determine in vitro production of prostaglandin E₂, prostacyclin I₂ (measured as its stable end product 6-keto PGF_1α) and thromboxane A₂ (measured as TXB₂) by radioimmunoassay. The results demonstrated that samples incubated in 100% MCT had the most significant increase in prostaglandin production, while those incubated in 100% LCT had the most significant decrease in activity of the three prostaglandins assayed. The addition of LCT to MCT caused a stepwise decrease in adipose tissue prostaglandin production. The data suggest a pharmacological rather than a physiological effect of lipid emulsions containing MCT and/or LCT on adipose tissue prostaglandin production. In vivo effects of a 20% safflower oil emulsion, containing high levels of the essential fatty acid linoleate, were assessed in five pediatric patients. Adipose tissue was obtained before and after two and four weeks of treatment. Fatty acid profiles and prostaglandin production were determined. The results demonstrated that intravenous fat infusion increased the concentrations of linoleic and arachidonic acids found in adipose tissue within a short interval. The effect of intravenous fat infusion on human adipose tissue prostaglandin production was less predictable and may have been a function of the patients' disease and subsequent clinical course. These findings suggest that lipid emulsions should not be viewed solely as a source of intravenous energy, because they may have the potential to elicit changes in prostaglandin production as demonstrated by a human adipose tissue model. Presented in part at the symposium on “Specialty Lipids and Their Biofunctionality,” at the annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Philadelphia, May 1985.     

Circum-annual changes in triglyceride fatty acids of bat brown adipose tissue

A circum-annual study of the fatty acids of brown adipose tissue triglycerides ofEptesicus fuscus has demonstrated a rhythmic pattern of change. This is seen as a reciprocal shift of the levels of oleic and linoleic acids. Oleic acid levels are lower during the summer months and higher in the winter months. Levels of palmitic and linoleic acids reach maximal values in midsummer and fall significantly during the winter. Homogenates of brown adipose tissue produce more¹⁴CO₂ from 1-¹⁴C-palmitic acid than from 1-¹⁴C-oleic acid when incubated at temperatures below 20C. The formation of¹⁴CO₂ from either substrate was maximal in the neighborhood of 30C, and the temperature effect was enhanced by stimulation with DL-carnitine. It is proposed that the rhythmic change in brown adipose tissue triglyceride composition is a reflection of the different rates of fatty acid oxidation and the absence of normal food intake for extended periods of time.     

Medium chain triglyceride in early life: Effects on growth of adipose tissue

Effects of feeding early in life a diet high in either long chain (LCT) or medium chain triglyceride (MCT) were studied on the development of adipose tissue in post-weanling rats. The diets were similar in calorie distribution and identical in nutrients except for type of fat. The caloric distribution of the two diets by percent was LCT (corn oil)/protein/carbohydrate, 70/18/12 and MCT/corn oil/protein/carbohydrate, 66/4/18/12. Male littermates with less than 5% weight difference were pair-fed the two diets randomly at age 18–20 days. One-fourth of the rats were killed at 10, 16, 22 and 28 weeks of age and analyzed for adipose depots and adipose tissue cellularity. Results showed that the LCT-fed rats were significantly heavier, with larger epididymal, retroperitoneal, omental and subcutaneous fat pads than the respective pair-fed MCT rats. Also, LCT-fed rats had larger size and number of adipocytes than MCT-fed littermates. It is concluded that the type of fat in the diet, namely LCT or MCT, when fed early in life can influence the development of adipose tissue. MCT appears less lipogenic than LCT. The mechanism for the diminished adiposity of MCT-fed rats is related to extensive oxidation of MCT and its enhancement of thermogenesis leading to lessened energy efficiency. Presented at the symposium on “Specialty Lipids and Their Biofunctionality” at the annual meeting of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Philadelphia, May 1985.     

Control of metabolism in brown adipose tissue

Cells and mitochondria were isolated from brown adipose tissue of the adult hamster. Isolated mitochondria did not show respiratory control. Reversed electron transport was demonstrated and the oxidation rates of various substrates were compared. α-Glycerophosphate gave the highest oxidative rate with isolated mitochondria. The low basal respiration of isolated brown fat cells could be stimulated by catecholamines, oleate, succinate,a-glycerol phosphate and uncoupling agents. Only norepinephrine or oleate induced respiration was sensitive to inhibition by oligomycin, but this inhibition could not be released by uncoupling agents. Neither atractyloside nor (+) decanoylcarnitine were found to affect respiration, suggesting that mitochondrial nucleotide exchange is slow and that fatty acid oxidation might be carnitine independent. In resting brown fat cells, ATP amounts to 75% of the total adenine nucleotides. NE or oleate caused a small decrease of ATP and a corresponding increase of ADP. Oligomycin caused a partial depletion of ATP content, but subsequent NE addition increased ATP back to control values. This effect was abolished by arsenite. Similarly, uncoupling agents diminished the ATP level which was increased only slightly by NE. Arsenite alone decreased ATP levels to a small extent but a rapid depletion occurred upon subsequent NE addition while respiration was inhibited. Thus, substrate level phosphorylation may be the major energy producing reaction for the generation of ATP and GTP for the activation of fatty acids. Norepinephrine addition to brown fat cells caused an oxidation of pyridine nucleotides, a reduction of flavoproteins and an oxidation of cytochrome b. In constras, succinate produced a reduction of all the components of the respiratory chain. The bioenergetic basis of thermogenesis in brown fat is its high respiratory rate. The rapid respiration induced by norepinephrine or fatty acids appears to be characterized by a low yeild of ATP from oxidative phosphorylation and may be controlled by fatty acid mediated release of energy coupling, possibly by an indirect mechanism. One of nine papers to be published from the Symposium “Brown Adipose Tissue,” presented at the AOCS-AACC Joint Meeting, Washington, D. C., March 1968. This work was done during the tenure of an Established Investigatorship from the American Heart Association.     

Bioenergenetics of brown adipose tissue 1

Examination of the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in vivo on the brown adipose tissue of cold-exposed rats as well as the effect of DNP and dicumarol in vitro, indicates that brown fat does possess a functional electron transport-coupled phosphorylating system. Moreover, the fact that a norepinephrineinduced thermogenic response (in vivo) can be elicited from the brown fat after DNP administration implies that the effect of norepinephrine (NE) is not primarily due to stimulation of an adenosine triphosphatase system. Furthermore, since the magnitude of the NE-stimulated temperature increase is not diminished by prior treatment with DNP, it appears that the effect of NE is not achieved through any significant degree of uncoupling by the released fatty acids. Alternatively, our data suggest that under basal conditions (i.e., when the animal is not stimulated by cold stress or NE) the heat production (oxygen consumption) of the brown fat is limited by the availability of substrate rather than ADP. Conversely, it is proposed that under states of cold stress or NE infusion the thermogenic effect is induced through stimulation of lipolysis and consequent enhancement of substrate accessible for mitochondrial oxidation. One of nine papers to be published from the Symposium “Brown Adipose Tissue,” presented at the AOCS-AACC Joint Meeting, March 1968.     

Changes in lipid composition of liver microsomes and fatty acyl-CoA desaturase activities induced by medium chain triglyceride feeding

Changes in fatty acid composition, microsomal Δ⁹- and Δ⁶-desaturase activities and liver contents of cholesterol and phospholipids were studied in rats fed medium chain triglyceride-supplemented diets. Weanling rats were divided into four groups and fed for three weeks a basal diet with different 10%-fat supplements: corn oil, medium chain triglyceride-corn oil, olive oil and medium chain triglyceride-olive oil. The highest relative content of saturated fatty acids corresponded to corn oil-fed animals. Both monounsaturated fatty acid content and Δ⁹-desaturase activity were higher in the animals fed olive oil diets than in corn oil-fed rats. The long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n−3 series were increased in the olive oil and medium chain triglyceride-olive oil-fed groups probably due to the lower linoleic/α-linolenic ratios found in these two diets. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio was unaffected by diet and the unsaturation index was only slightly changed in the four groups. Thus, some mechanism may be operative under these conditions to maintain the homeostasis of the membrane.     

分子蒸馏纯化中长链甘油三酯的工艺研究

分子蒸馏作为一种新型分离技术,得到了广泛的应用并进行了深入的研究。采用三级分子蒸馏技术,对中长链甘油三酯进行纯化,并研究了其工艺对甘油三酯纯度的影响。     

Some aspects of fatty acid metabolism in brown adipose tissue

The action of catecholamines on white and brown adipose tissue is compared. The available evidence indicates that lipolysis is initiated in both tissues by hormonal action. There are, however, some differences in the behavior of the lipolytic process in the two tissues in their response to theophylline, nicotinic acid and insulin which remain unexplained. It would appear that the release of free fatty acids triggers the stimulation of O₂ consumption in both tissues. In brown adipose tissue no evidence has been obtained to indicate that the increased O₂ consumption is geared to the production of ATP for the purpose of reesterification of the released free fatty acids, as is the case in white adipose tissue. One of nine papers to be published from the Symposium “Brown Adipose Tissue,” presented at the AOCS-AACC Joint Meeting, Washington, D.C., March 1968.     

The variation of triglyceride structure with fatty acid composition in pig adipose tissue

Forty-five triglyceride samples with a wide range of fatty acid compositions were selected from a large number of pig adipose tissue samples (inner and outer back fats and perenephric fat) available from nutritional experiments. These samples were subjected to stereospecific analysis to determine the changes occurring in the positional distribution of the component fatty acids. The oleic acid content of the triglycerides was taken as the standard of comparison and as this increased, the proportions of the other unsaturated fatty acids also increased in a linear manner and the concentrations of the saturated components decreased proportionately. In position 1, the palmitic acid concentration remained constant while the stearic acid concentration decreased linearly and the concentrations of the unsaturated fatty acids increased. In position 2 the stearic acid concentration remained almost constant while the palmitic acid concentration decreased linearly in response to increases in the concentrations of the unsaturated acids. The least change occurred in position 3 where there were slight decreases in the concentrations of saturated acids as the concentrations of unsaturated acids increased. The precise quantitative relationships depended on the tissue examined. Constant proportions of the available myristic and palmitoleic acids were found in all three positions and constant proportions of the available stearic and oleic acids were found in position 1. These results are discussed in relation to possible pathways of triglyceride biosynthesis in pig adipose tissues.     

Characterization of the adipose tissue atrophy induced by peroxisome proliferators in mice

In the present study, we characterized the effects of peroxisome proliferators (PP) on adipose tissue in mice. Treatment with potent PP, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), 2-methyl-2-(p(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxy-naphthyl)-phenoxy)propionic acid, (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)2-pyrimidinylthio) acetic acid, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, caused dramatic decreases in adipose tissue weight, whereas the moderately potent PP, acetylsalicylic acid, had a relatively weak effect. This decrease in weight reflects a loss of fat from adipocytes rather than a loss of cells, as demonstrated by constant DNA content. The dose-dependency and time-course experiments indicate that peroxisome proliferation occurs simultaneously with or prior to adipose tissue atrophy. Thus, hepatic peroxisome proliferation might result in the increased mobilization of lipids and lipid utilization in liver. The enhanced adipose tissue hormonesensitive lipase (HSL) activity and down-regulated lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity observed upon PP treatment might, at least in part, explain the loss of fat via increase FA release from adipocytes and/or decreased FA uptake from the circulation, respectively. In addition, the possible involvement of the increased tumor necrosis factor α expression found upon PFOA treatment in reducing the insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue and thereby altering LPL and HSL activities is discussed.     

Composition and structure of triacylglycerols in brown adipose tissue of rats fed fish oil

This study examines the incorporation of highly unsaturated n−3 fatty acids (HUFA) into triacylglycerols (TAG) of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and their effect on the positional distribution of saturated (SFA) and of unsaturated (UFA) 16- or 18-carbon fatty acids. To this end, rats were fed a fish oil diet for up to four weeks. The stereospecific analysis of TAG was based on generation ofsn-1,2- andsn-2,3-acylglycerols by Grignard degradation, followed by synthesis of phosphatidic acid and specific hydrolysis with phospholipase A₂. From the end of the first week of fish oil feeding, a steady-state in the fatty acid composition of TAG in BAT was reached. HUFA concentration increased 30-fold, mainly at the expense of n−9 UFA and of SFA. The amount of SFA decreased selectively at position 3, where these fatty acids were progressively replaced by n−3 HUFA. By contrast, the amount of UFA decreased at all positions, and their positional distribution was not affected. About 60% of HUFA was incorporated at position 3. Nearly twice as much 22∶6n−3 was incorporated into TAG than had been previously observed in white adipose tissue (WAT) [Leray, C., Raclot, T., and Groscolas, R. (1993)Lipids 28, 279–284]. At the steady-state, the distribution of HUFA was characterized by high proportions of 22∶6n−3 and 20∶5n−3 in position 3. Moreover, in each position of TAG, a steady level was reached rapidly (within 1 wk). It is concluded that, during fish-oil feeding, fatty acids in TAG of BAT show characteristic time-course changes that lead to a characteristic composition and a tissue-specific positional distribution. This suggests that adipose tissue has its own specificity in controlling the build-up of TAG stores, which is likely to be regulated by the specificity of acylating enzymes as well as molecular rearrangements.     

Relative expression and regulation by short-term fasting of lysophosphatidic acid receptors and autotaxin in white and brown adipose tissue depots

Lysophosphatidic acid (lysoPtdOH) levels have previously been reported to decrease in rodents with short-term fasting. We investigated whether a 16 h fast would change expression of autotaxin, the predominant phospholipase D responsible for adipose-derived lysoPtdOH synthesis, or any of the lysophosphatidic acid receptors (1–6) in four white adipose tissue (WAT) depots and interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) in male C57Bl/6J mice fed ad libitum, or fasted for 16 h. Aside from small inductions of Lpar1 in epididymal WAT and Lpar2 in epididymal and inguinal WAT, no significant changes were observed in expression of the Lpar family members, or autotaxin in perirenal, retroperitoneal, epididymal, or inguinal WAT or BAT with fasting. Comparison of the relative expression of Lpar1-6 in various depots showed that Lpar6 was the predominant Lpar in both WAT and BAT, and suggests that further work on the adipose-specific role of Lpar6 is warranted.     

The comparative oxidation of palmitic,oleic and succinic acids by rat and bat brown adipose tissue homogenates as a function of temperature

The oxidation of 1-¹⁴C-palmitic, 1-¹⁴C-oleic and 2-¹⁴C-succinic acids to¹⁴CO₂ by homogenates of brown adipose tissue (BAT) from rat and bat was studied as a function of temperature. In all cases bat BAT gave a greater conversion of added fatty acids to¹⁴CO₂ than did rat BAT. The conversion of labeled succinate to¹⁴CO₂ is greater in the bat than in the rat only at low temperatures. In all paired observations below 30 C the energy of activation (E_A) of the bat preparations are lower than the rat. This indicates a greater thermal efficiency for the oxidation of the indicated substrates. The bat BAT homogenates show a greater efficiency than rat homogenates in the amount of succinate oxidation associated with the oxidation of long chain fatty acids to CO₂. The significance of these findings to thermogenesis by BAT in hibernation and cold adaptation is discussed. One of nine papers to be published from the Symposium “Brown Adipose Tissue”, presented at the AOCS-AACC Joint Meeting, Washington D.C. March, 1968.     

CLA prevents alterations in glycolytic metabolites induced by a high fat diet

CLA has been reported to have beneficial and controversial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. Besides, high fat (HF) diets induce alterations in liver and muscle lipid deposition, which could be associated with anomalous glucose utilization. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate whether the intake of CLA could prevent alterations in glycolytic intermediate metabolites and glycogen deposition induced by a HF diet. For this purpose, growing mice were fed a control diet (7% corn oil), a HF diet (20% corn oil), or a HF diet containing 17% corn oil + 3% CLA for 30 days. Liver and muscle glucose intermediate metabolites and glycogen were assessed. Liver glycolysis was inhibited by HF, reflected by a decreased flow of substrates through phosphofructokinase‐1α linked to elevated citrate. CLA at HF diet prevented these alterations while increasing the lactate and glycogen synthesis. In the muscle, the HF diet emphasized the reduction of the flux through phosphofructokinase‐1α, without additional changes in total glycogen levels. In conclusion, dietary CLA partially prevented glycolytic pathway alterations in the liver but not in the muscle of mice fed a HF diet, associated with adverse effects as sustained hyperglycemia and hepatic lactate accumulation. Practical applications: The present study evaluates the potential use of CLA and its consequences on several aspects of glucose metabolism. Considering that the FDA has recently approved CLA as a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) category, a measure that will foster the commercial production of food and beverages with CLA supplementation, we believe it is relevant to study its potential functional properties on glucose metabolism in an experimental animal model characterized by alterations in liver and muscle lipid deposition.     

Desaturase activities in rat model of insulin resistance induced by a sucrose-rich diet

A sucrose-rich diet, as compared with a similar starch diet, induces a time-dependent typical noninsulin-dependent diabetes syndrome characterized by insulin resistance in rats. Within the first 3 wk, there was glucose intolerance associated with hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high plasma FFA. In this study, we examined the effect of the sucrose-rich diet vs. the starch diet during short-(3 wk) and long-term treatment (6 mon) on hepatic Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5 desaturases. These enzymes modulate monounsaturated FA and PUFA biosynthesis, respectively. Sucrose feeding (3 wk) caused an initial hyperinsulinemia that was normalized within 6 mon. In the early period (3 wk), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) mRNA and activity were decreased, whereas Δ6 desaturase mRNA abundance and Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase activities remained unchanged. After 6 mon of sucrose feeding, activities of the Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5 desaturases were each increased. The SCD-1 and Δ6 desaturase mRNA were also correspondingly higher. These increases were consistent with an increase in oleic acid, the 20∶4/18∶2 ratio, and 22∶4n−6 and 22∶5n−6 acids in liver and muscle lipids. On the other hand, the percentage of 22∶6n−3 acid was decreased. In conclusion, a sucrose-rich diet after 6 mon induces an increase in rat liver SCD-1 and Δ6 desaturase mRNA and enzymatic activities that are opposite to the changes reported in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. It appears that neither blood insulin levels nor insulin resistance is a factor affecting the Δ9, Δ6, and Δ5 desaturase changes in mRNA and activity found with the sucrose-rich diet.     

Effects of insulin and norepinephrine added in vitro on the metabolism of brown adipose tissue in the absence of added glucose

Rat interscapular brown adipose tissue slices incubated with succinate as substrate can be stimulated by norepinephrine to exhibit a rate of oxygen consumption that appears to exceed by a wide margin that reported for any other rat tissue under any conditions in vitro. This further supports the concept of brown adipose tissue as a specialized site of heat production. Brown adipose tissue slices under maximal stimulation by norepinephrine and incubated in the absence of added substrate consume oxygen linearly and at a high rate for at least 14 hr. This is taken as further evidence that stored lipid can act as the major fuel to support the vigorous oxidative metabolism of which this tissue is capable. This unusually stable preparation appears to be attractive as a system for the study of relatively long-term effects of hormones in vitro. Brown resembles white adipose tissue in that insulin exerts an antilipolytic effect on both types of tissue in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer in the absence of added glucose. On the other hand, insulin stimulates the oxygen consumption of brown but not white adipose tissue under these conditions. A procedure is described for the rapid and nearly quantitative removal of the interscapular brown adipose tissue from a rat, virtually free of contamination by muscle or white adipose tissue. One of nine papers to be published from the Symposium “Brown Adipose Tissue,” presented at the AOCS-AACC Joint Meeting, Washington, D.C., March 1968.     

Anin vivo 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of the relationship between diet and adipose tissue composition

¹³C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive technique used in the study of lipids. We applied¹³C MRS to assess the effects of long-term dietary variation on adipose tissue composition in humans.In vivo ¹³C MRS was used to analyze the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue in 88 healthy volunteers with significantly different diets (38 vegans, 11 vegetarians, and 39 omnivores) assessed by analysis of dietary records. Results were compared with the serum lipid profile.¹³C MRS revealed clear differences in the adipose tissue composition of vegans, which contained more unsaturated (P<0.01) and fewer saturated fatty acids (P<0.01) compared with omnivores and vegetarians. The vegan subjects had a significantly lower intake of saturated fatty acids and higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids than either the omnivore or the vegetarian groups (P<0.01). These findings were associated with significantly lower levels of serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol in the vegan group compared with the omnivores. Our results demonstrate the use of¹³C MRS for the noninvasive study of adipose tissue composition and its application to the study of the interaction between long-term dietary and metabolic risk factors in humans.     

喷射式环路反应器制备中碳链三甘油酯的新工艺

分别采用喷射式环路反应器工艺和搅拌釜式工艺,以辛葵酸和甘油为原料,在碱性催化剂作用下合成了中碳链三甘油酯,从反应进程、产品色泽、能源及氮气消耗、产品后处理、产品质量等方面对两种生产工艺进行了比较.实验结果表明,在反应温度250℃,n(辛葵酸)∶n(甘油)=3.2∶1,催化剂用量为辛葵酸质量的0.25％条件下,与搅拌釜式反应工艺相比,采用喷射式环路反应器反应工艺具有反应时间短、产品色泽好、能源及氮气消耗量低、反应过程对环境无污染、产品羟值低等优点,喷射式环路反应器工艺可完全替代搅拌釜式工艺用于制备中碳链三甘油酯.     

Fatty acid composition of the adipose tissue and yolk lipids of a bird with a marine-based diet, the emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri)

The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is an Antarctic seabird feeding mainly on fish and therefore has a high dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The yolk is accumulated in the developing oocyte while the females are fasting, and a large proportion of the fatty acid components of the yolk lipids are derived by mobilization from the female's adipose tissue. The fatty acid composition of the total lipid of the yolk was characterized by high levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, it differed in several respects from that of the maternal adipose tissue. For example, the proportions of 14∶0, 16∶1n−7, 20∶1n−9, 22∶1n−9, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were significantly greater in adipose tissue than in yolk. Thus adipose tissue lipids contained 7.6±0.3% and 8.0±0.3% (wt% of total fatty acids; mean ±SE; n=5) of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, respectively, whereas the yolk total lipid contained 1.6±0.1 and 5.5±0.3% of these respective fatty acids. The proportions of 16∶0, 18∶0, 18∶1n−9, 18∶2n−6, and 20∶4n−6 were significantly lower in the adipose tissue than in the yolk lipids. The proportions of triacylglycerol, phospholipid, free cholesterol, and cholesteryl ester in the yolk lipid were, respectively, 67.0±0.2, 25.4±0.3, 5.3±0.2, and 1.8±0.2% (wt% of total yolk lipid). The proportions of 20∶4n−6, 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were, respectively, 5.7±0.3, 2.8±0.2, 1.4±0.1, and 11.7±0.5% in phospholipid and 0.4±0.0, 1.2±0.1, 0.8±0.1 and 3.6±0.3% in triacylglycerol. About 95% of the total vitamin E in the yolks was in the form of α-tocopherol with γ-tocopherol forming the remainder. Two species of carotenoids, one identified as lutein, were present.     

Estimate of fatty acid turnover in porcine adipose tissue

Fatty acid turnover in the domestic pig was estimated by measuring the half-life of linolenic acid depletion in adipose tissue depots which had been made abnormally high in linolenic acid by feeding large quantities of linseed oil. The measured half-life of linolenate in 8- to 12-month-old pigs was 300 days. The apparent half-life of linolenate in muscle lipids was less than that of subcutaneous backfat.