辐散风和瞬变的涡度通量对定常波的强迫

本文从理论分析、资料诊断和正压模式数值试验三个方面研究了瞬变的涡度通量的辐合与辐散风产生的涡度源之间的关系及它们在对流层上层定常波维持中的作用。结果表明， 瞬变涡度通量的辐合对辐散风产生的涡度源有抵消或耗散的趋势；定常波是在两种强迫力的共同作用下维持的。同时还研究了不同地区散度场对定常波的作用， 结果表明，中纬度东亚地区的辐合场对维持东亚大槽是重要的，并且这一辐合场与位于印度尼西亚地区的辐散场是维持西太平洋上副热带反气旋系统的主要强迫源。     

一次东北移西南涡的结构特征分析

利用欧洲中心ERA5 逐小时再分析资料对一次东北移西南涡活动特征进行诊断分析,得到以下结论：本次西南涡是在稳定的“东高西低”环流形势下生成和发展,高原涡诱发西南涡生成,在高原气流的引导下向东北方向移动,西南涡在向东北移动的过程中和高原涡耦合促使西南涡进一步发展。西南涡东北移过程中均有低空急流配合。西南涡初生阶段较为浅薄,动力特征较弱;东移发展过程中动力作用增强,正涡度发展至对流层顶,正涡度柱内“低层辐合-高层辐散”的特征显著,高层辐散大于低层辐合,强的高空抽吸作用促使低层辐合增强。涡度平流项、垂直输送项和拉伸项对西南涡的发展起到主要作用。视热源和视水汽汇在低涡发展阶段,中低层暖湿空气的加热使空气增温,从而使地面减压,有利于西南涡的发展;中高层凝结潜热和感热加热,使得对流层高层增温,促使高层出流加强,进一步增强西南涡的发展。     

一次高原低涡诱发西南低涡耦合加强的动力诊断分析

利用2013年6月29日—7月2日期间逐6 h的NCEP 0. 5°×0. 5°全球预报场再分析GFS (Global Forecast System)资料,对一次引发特大暴雨的西南低涡和高原低涡耦合贯通加强过程进行动力诊断分析,结果表明:西南低涡和高原低涡耦合区上方在不同阶段均维持正涡度柱,呈现低空辐合和高空辐散的特征,并伴有强烈上升运动。垂直运动在耦合开始阶段最强,正涡度柱在耦合强盛阶段显著增强,高原低涡和西南低涡耦合贯通后,改变了涡度的垂直特征。西南低涡发展维持的涡动动能主要源于水平通量散度项和涡动动能制造项,摩擦耗散项和垂直通量散度项是其主要消耗项。高原低涡发展维持的涡动动能主要源于垂直通量散度项和区域平均动能与涡动动能之间的转换项,涡动动能制造项出现负值是其涡动动能减弱的主要原因。耦合期间强烈垂直运动将西南低涡的涡动动能向高原低涡输送,西南低涡对高原低涡发展维持有重要动力作用。     

高原低涡移出高原的动力结构特征分析

利用ECMWF资料对2001年6月1~5日东移出高原的低涡个例的动力结构进行了诊断分析。结果表明:(1)低涡东移过程中,闭合等高线或者闭合气旋式环流的垂直厚度随时间呈加厚趋势;(2)高原低涡在东移过程中,垂直方向上几乎都是正涡度,500hPa上正涡度随时间呈增强趋势;(3)在高原上时涡区明显低层辐合、高层辐散;移出高原后表现为微弱的低层辐合、高层辐散,甚至低层辐散、中层辐合、高层辐散。(4)处于高原上时涡区整层都为上升运动,移出高原以后上升运动微弱,中低空经常为下沉运动。(5)低涡处于高原上时,涡区在边界层始终有水汽辐合,移出高原以后在低空只有微弱的水汽辐合甚至辐散。涡区外围东南侧的槽前脊后区存在低空急流,是水汽通量和水汽辐合的大值区。      

一次引发川东暴雨的西南涡特征分析

利用NCEP再分析格点资料、常规观测资料、自动站降水资料、0.1°×0.1°的FY-2E云顶亮温资料,对2013年6月29日至7月1日发生在四川东部的大暴雨过程进行分析,结合涡度收支方程重点分析了引发这次大暴雨的西南涡结构。结果表明：在西南低涡发生发展过程中,对低涡发展起直接作用的是水平辐合辐散项和水平平流项,低涡形成前水平辐合辐散项起主要贡献,低涡形成后水平平流项贡献增大,并在对流层中低层以正贡献为主,扭转项贡献最小,而垂直输送项在低涡形成前期以正贡献为主,低涡减弱阶段以负贡献为主;在西南低涡形成前期,对流层高层有位涡大值区向下传输至中层,中高层正位涡叠加在低层负位涡之上,有利于低层低涡的发展及不稳定能量的存储与释放,是低涡维持发展的重要因素。     

华北平原一次中尺度对流系统分析

2002年6月1日在华北平原发生了β尺度的中尺度对流系统(MβCSs)。利用气象常规资料的客观分析产品对这次过程进行了分析,结果表明．在高空东北冷涡影响下,华北平原的东北方向出现急流,MβCSs发生在急流右侧的风速切变区中;由于高空正涡度平流、低空负涡度平流的共同作用,高空辐散,低空辐合,使对流层中层的上升运动得以维持;华北平原低空水汽通量辐合．有源源不断的水汽供应;高层总能量减少,低层总能量增加,使华北平原在垂直方向有大量的不稳定能量积聚。以上分析表明：华北平原具备了对流产生的动力和热力条件。该文揭示了MβCSs产生的原因,并为以后进一步做好MβCSs的预报总结了经验。     

西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨的异同特征分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料,通过对2007年四川盆地盛夏3次西南低涡与不同系统相互作用时形成四川盆地暴雨过程的环流特征、影响系统以及风暴相对螺旋度、湿位涡、水汽通量等物理量场特征进行对比分析,找出西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨过程中各物理量的异同点。分析表明,西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的共同点是：暴雨发生在西南低涡中心附近,西南低涡暴雨区内存在着稳定的上升气流和水汽辐合,伴有明显的能量释放特征,西南低涡暴雨都是发生在对流层中层螺旋度大值区,强降水一般出现在对流层低层MPV1〈0同时MPV2≥0的范围内,都具有“低层正涡度辐合,高层负涡度辐散”的典型暴雨动力结构。西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的不同点是：在西南低涡与高原低涡形成暴雨机制中高空急流的作用十分重要,在西南低涡与切变线形成暴雨机制中低空急流的动力作用十分明显,而深厚的西南低涡暴雨高低空急流作用不是十分重要。在西南低涡与切变线或深厚的西南低涡形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用明显,对流层高层MPV1正值区叠加在低层MPV1负值中心上,而与高原低涡相配合形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用不明显,不具有MPV1下负上正的结构。深厚的西南低涡暴雨是非移动的,而西南低涡与高原低涡或切变线形成的暴雨是移动性的。     

西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨的异同特征分析

利用1°×1°NCEP再分析资料和地面加密自动站资料,通过对2007年四川盆地盛夏3次西南低涡与不同系统相互作用时形成四川盆地暴雨过程的环流特征、影响系统以及风暴相对螺旋度、湿位涡、水汽通量等物理量场特征进行对比分析,找出西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨过程中各物理量的异同点。分析表明,西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的共同点是:暴雨发生在西南低涡中心附近,西南低涡暴雨区内存在着稳定的上升气流和水汽辐合,伴有明显的能量释放特征,西南低涡暴雨都是发生在对流层中层螺旋度大值区,强降水一般出现在对流层低层MPV1<0同时MPV2≧0的范围内,都具有“低层正涡度辐合,高层负涡度辐散”的典型暴雨动力结构。西南低涡与不同系统相互作用形成暴雨机制的不同点是:在西南低涡与高原低涡形成暴雨机制中高空急流的作用十分重要,在西南低涡与切变线形成暴雨机制中低空急流的动力作用十分明显,而深厚的西南低涡暴雨高低空急流作用不是十分重要。在西南低涡与切变线或深厚的西南低涡形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用明显,对流层高层MPV1正值区叠加在低层MPV1负值中心上,而与高原低涡相配合形成暴雨机制中锋面抬升作用不明显,不具有MPV1下负上正的结构。深厚的西南低涡暴雨是非移动的,而西南低涡与高原低涡或切变线形成的暴雨是移动性的。      

引发暴雨天气的中尺度低涡的数值研究

2008年7月17—19日发生在山东的大到暴雨天气是由“海鸥”台风和副热带高压共同向山东输送水汽,与弱冷空气相互作用造成的。对流层低层的中尺度低涡是暴雨天气的直接制造者。利用常规观测资料和中尺度模式WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）的模拟资料对该中尺度低涡的结构及形成机制进行了分析研究。结果表明,数值模拟可以清楚地捕捉到中尺度低涡东移过程中有新的涡旋中心形成,并与原来的涡旋中心合并的过程,而不是简单的沿切变线东移。中尺度低涡形成在增温增湿明显、上升运动为主的对流区内;中尺度低涡形成后其中心转为下沉运动,对流区东移,降水区位于低涡的东北和东南象限。中尺度低涡上空近地面层的冷池、600～400hPa的弱冷空气堆、900～850hPa的弱风区及高低空急流耦合发展是中尺度低涡形成和发展阶段的重要特征。中尺度低涡减弱阶段,下沉运动变强,低空急流和高空出流都明显减弱。涡度方程的收支表明,对流层低层的散度项、倾侧项及对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者。中低层的水平辐合、涡度由低层向高层的垂直输送都有利于中尺度低涡的形成和发展。倾侧项对中尺度低涡的形成也有重要贡献。中尺度低涡形成后期,低层辐合、高层辐散及垂直输送的减弱导致正涡度制造的减弱,从而使中尺度低涡减弱。     

一次暴雨的湿位涡分析及EVAD技术应用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和实测资料对2004年6月24-25日的一次江苏暴雨过程进行了分析,并且根据湿位涡守恒原理和倾斜涡度发展理论,对这次暴雨过程中的湿位涡进行了诊断分析,结果表明:此次暴雨由中尺度低涡、切变线直接触发产生;西南低空急流的稳定维持为这次暴雨的发生提供了重要的水汽条件;当负湿位涡向上的扰动高度增加、强度增强,高低空正负湿位涡区配合较好时常会出现强降水.另外,利用EVAD技术由多普勒雷达基数据定量计算了这次过程的平均散度场,通过分析其演变情况,发现:低层散度场由辐散逐渐向辐合过渡、高层散度场由辐合逐渐向辐散过渡时,预示着强降水将要发生,如果出现相反的变化趋势,则降水减弱或停止;低层由辐散向辐合、高层由辐合向辐散的转折出现时间早于强降水出现的时间,对强降水产生有预示作用,对预报员准确作出短时临近预报预警具有重要实际应用价值.     

IMPACT OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE GENESIS OF TROPICAL INCIPIENT VORTEX OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA: A CASE STUDY

Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.     

影响东北的两个罕见气旋发展机制对比

2007年3月3—5日和2016年5月2—3日有两个气旋（简称C304和C502）在江淮流域生成后,以相似路径影响东北地区,但发展强度不同。利用常规观测资料和NCEP FNL分析资料,通过对涡度平流、温度平流、湿位势涡度及锋生函数等物理量进行诊断并结合高、低空环流形势对两个气旋发展动力机制进行对比分析,结果表明:C304低空温度平流在气旋发展初期起主要作用,高空正涡度平流为地面气旋发展提供高空辐散场,地面气旋中心上空垂直上升运动增强,对流层低层斜压性明显,气旋性涡度增加主要在对流层下层,低空斜压强迫是主要发展机制;C502低空温度平流弱,斜压性不明显,高空正涡度平流促使高空闭合环流发展,对流层上层有高湿位涡舌发展下垂并与对流层下层正湿位涡柱耦合贯通,垂直上升运动分布在地面气旋中心两侧,高空位涡下传是主要发展机制。两个气旋发生发展在对流层上层两支急流共存、急流非纬向性反气旋性弯曲环流形势下,对流层低层为气旋式环流背景。     

A Study on a Heavy Rainfall Event Triggered by an Inverted Typhoon Trough in Shandong Province

A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low （upper） troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence （upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere）. Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.     

EFFECTS OF VERTICAL WIND SHEAR ON INTENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE

In this study,the effect of vertical wind shear(VWS)on the intensification of tropical cyclone(TC)is investigated via the numerical simulations.Results indicate that weak shear tends to facilitate the development of TC while strong shear appears to inhibit the intensification of TC.As the VWS is imposed on the TC,the vortex of the cyclone tends to tilt vertically and significantly in the upper troposphere.Consequently,the upward motion is considerably enhanced in the downshear side of the storm center and correspondingly,the low-to mid-level potential temperature decreases under the effect of adiabatic cooling,which leads to the increase of the low-to mid-level static instability and relative humidity and then facilitates the burst of convection.In the case of weak shear,the vertical tilting of the vortex is weak and the increase of ascent,static instability and relative humidity occur in the area close to the TC center.Therefore,active convection happens in the TC center region and facilitates the enhancement of vorticity in the inner core region and then the intensification of TC.In contrast,due to strong VWS,the increase of the ascent,static instability and relative humidity induced by the vertical tilting mainly appear in the outer region of TC in the case with stronger shear,and the convection in the inner-core area of TC is rather weak and convective activity mainly happens in the outer-region of the TC.Therefore,the development of a warm core is inhibited and then the intensification of TC is delayed.Different from previous numerical results obtained by imposing VWS suddenly to a strong TC,the simulation performed in this work shows that,even when the VWS is as strong as 12 m s-1,the tropical storm can still experience rapid intensification and finally develop into a strong tropical cyclone after a relatively long period of adjustment.It is found that the convection plays an important role in the adjusting period.On one hand,the convection leads to the horizontal convergence of the low-level vorticity flux and therefore leads to the enhancement of the low-level vorticity in the inner-core area of the cyclone.On the other hand,the active ascent accompanying the convection tends to transport the low-level vorticity to the middle levels.The enhanced vorticity in the lower to middle troposphere strengths the interaction between the low-and mid-level cyclonical circulation and the upper-level circulation deviated from the storm center under the effect of VWS.As a result,the vertical tilting of the vortex is considerably decreased,and then the cyclone starts to develop rapidly.     

一次引发暴雨的东北低涡的涡度和水汽收支分析

对2005年7月25～29日引发较大范围持续性暴雨的东北低涡的结构、涡度和水汽收支进行了分析研究,结果表明:1)东北低涡是一个较深厚的冷性涡旋.初期,气旋性涡度出现在对流层中层,然后向中低层及高层伸展.而低涡加强阶段,气旋性涡度在对流层高层增加得最快,并逐渐向中低层传播,诱发地面气旋的发展;由于高低空锋生的相互作用,在低涡南部形成了深厚的近乎垂直的低层略前倾的"弓形"锋区.2)对涡度收支的计算表明,水平涡度平流项和水平辐散项对低涡的发展、加强起到最主要的作用.但在不同阶段,这两项的作用和大小各不相同.3) 对流层高层位涡大值区在低涡东部向下传播,有利于低涡的发展加强,与低涡暴雨的落区位置较为接近.此外对卫星云顶亮度温度(TBB)的分析,发现低涡暴雨典型的涡旋云带中对流活动旺盛的地区与局地暴雨的位置对应.4) 低涡暴雨的水汽初期主要来自北部,随着低纬地区西南季风的增强,沿副高西侧从低纬到中高纬建立起一条较强的水汽输送带,东北地区水汽收支以南北向的辐合为主.5)将2005年和1998年夏季6～8月的东北低涡暴雨个例的天气形势配置进行逐月比较,发现持续的较大范围的低涡暴雨过程与亚洲中高纬的阻塞形势、低涡的维持、西太平洋副热带高压的位置及夏季风和低纬系统的水汽输送有密切的关系.     

Study on a Mesoscale Convective Vortex Causing Heavy Rainfall during the Mei-yu Season in 2003

The strong heavy rainfall on 3-5 July 2003 causing the severe flooding in Huaihe River basin (HRB), China is studied. It is noted that there are sometimes mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) in East Asia during the mei-yu season. Simulation results from the ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction) data analysis system (ADAS) and WRF model were used to study the development of the mesoscale convective system (MCS) and mesoscale convective vortex (MCV). It is confirmed that the MCV formed during the development of a...     

一次桂北暴雨过程中低涡的发展维持机制

利用常规观测、卫星数据及ERA5再分析数据,从动力和热力角度对引发2020年5月24-25日广西北部暴雨过程的低涡发展维持机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明：低涡在滇黔桂交界一带生成,随后逐渐发展东移,对流云团及降水落区主要分布在低涡东侧及南侧。涡度方程诊断表明,低涡的发展维持主要受涡度平流项和水平散度项影响。水平风场对涡度的输送使得局地涡度减小,而水平风场的辐合效应使得局地涡度增大。将原始风场分解为地转风和非地转风分量后发现,非地转风分量主导了局地涡度的变化,非地转风水平散度项正贡献最大,扭转项次之,两者是造成低涡发展维持的主要原因。在热力作用方面,低涡发展移动过程中对流层中层附近的潜热加热正反馈也有利于低层低涡的发展维持。