新型冠状病毒肺炎实验室诊断方法进展

在应对新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)全球大流行疫情过程中,实验室诊断发挥了至关重要的作用。本文对现有COVID-19实验室诊断方法,包括常用的核酸检测和血清学抗体检测进行分析总结,以便医务人员及时了解该领域进展,选择合适的检测试剂和筛查策略,共同抗击这场大流行疫情。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎诊断研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情以来,疾病的高传染性使确诊人数剧增,同时死亡人数也在日益增加。现全球已有200余个国家或地区出现感染病例。疾病的早诊可以有效控制疾病传播,同时使感染者得到有效的隔离和救治,提高生存率。目前,中国COVID-19的控制取得了阶段性胜利。本文对COVID-19的临床表现、实验室检查、...     

7例北京地区新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床及实验室特征分析

目的　分析由新型冠状病毒感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床及实验室特征。方法　回顾性分析2020年1月24日—3月8日在中国医学大学航空总医院接诊并诊断明确的新型冠状病毒肺炎患者相关资料,包括流行病学史、临床特征、影像学及实验室检查数据。结果　2020年1月24日—3月8日,中国医学大学航空总医院共筛查76例发热患者,7例确诊为新型冠状病毒肺炎。7例患者均有武汉旅居史或与武汉返程人员接触史,4/7的患者年龄在41～65岁,4/7的患者合并基础性疾病。所有患者均为轻型或普通型,6/7的患者有发热症状,4/7的患者有咳嗽或咽痛症状,没有患者出现腹泻或呼吸困难。影像学结果表明,6/7的患者胸部CT均存在大小不等团片状磨玻璃影,其内均可见细密网格影,至少有1处病变紧贴胸膜。实验室检查结果表明,3/7患者淋巴细胞计数减少,4/7患者CRP升高,3/6患者D-二聚体升高。7例患者新型冠状病毒核酸检测均为阳性,经抗病毒及对症治疗治愈。结论　新型冠状病毒肺炎症状因人而异,该疾病的诊断应综合患者的流行病学史、临床表现、CT及实验室检查结果等信息。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎CT影像特征及其诊断价值分析

目的总结新型冠状病毒肺炎(Coronavirus disease 19,COVID-19)不同临床分型的CT影像学特征,分析其临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析安徽省阜阳地区54例COVID-19患者的临床表现、实验室检查及胸部CT影像学资料。不同临床分型患者的年龄、初诊时间、发热、咳嗽等之间的比较采用t检验或Wilcoxon秩和检验;CT特征之间的比较采用χ~2或Fisher确切概率法,分析其诊断价值。结果普通型最常见CT影像学表现为双肺(25/41,60.98%)、多发(26/41,63.41%)、磨玻璃影(23/41,56.10%),直径大于3 cm者24例(58.54%),空气支气管征4例(9.76%)、支气管扩张2例(4.88%);重型CT影像学表现为双肺(13/13,100.00%)、多发(13/13,100.00%)、混合密度影(11/13,84.62%),直径大于3 cm者12例(92.31%),空气支气管征7例(53.85%)、支气管扩张5例(38.46%);普通型与重型CT影像学在病灶分布、数目、直径、密度方面P0.05,差异具有统计学意义。54例患者均无纵隔淋巴结肿大及胸腔积液。所有病例均为核酸检测确诊病例,1次检测阳性43例(79.63%)、2次检测阳性8例(14.81%)、3次及以上检测阳性3例(5.56%),提示1次核酸检测存在假阴性。结论 COVID-19核酸检测存在假阴性可能,CT特异性影像学改变有助于临床医师早期识别及判断疾病严重程度,避免漏诊、误诊。     

初筛阴性的新型冠状病毒肺炎患者1例

病毒核酸检测对于新型冠状病毒肺炎的诊断具有重要意义,而在临床中也出现了核酸检测初筛阴性且最终确诊的患者。在治疗中,新型冠状病毒肺炎患者有临床症状与肺部实际病变程度相分离的特点。一些患者临床症状并不重,但影像学检查却显示病变明显。本例病例提示对于新型冠状病毒肺炎疑似患者,病毒核酸阴性,不能简单排除。应密切追踪患者影像学表现,并及时进行病毒核酸复检,以免漏诊,造成病毒传播,错过治疗时机。在临床治疗中影像学检查对于新型冠状病毒肺炎患者病变程度判断、指导治疗同样具有重要意义。     

初筛核酸阴性的新型冠状病毒肺炎1例

Detection of nucleic acid is a method to first confirm COVID-19 theoretically, but it may show false negative result in clinical practice. This study indicates that suspected patients with COVID-19 cannot be ruled out easily because of once or twice negative results of nucleic acid detection. The epidemiology and radiological findings should be closely monitored. Dynamic test for viral nucleic acid is needed to avoid missed diagnosis, thus causing the spread of disease and missing the best time for early treatment. Clinical epidemiology, radiological findings, sampling time and criteria have posed significance to diagnose the disease and judge the severity.     

一例重症新型冠状病毒肺炎的诊治及文献复习

2019年12月起,新型冠状病毒肺炎在武汉市流行,并迅速传播,其病毒传染力强、潜伏期长。新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床症状不典型,确诊主要依靠病毒核酸检测,且诊断及治疗仍在不断摸索。本文通过对一例重症新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者的诊治过程及相关文献的学习进行分析总结,以助于早期诊断、早期隔离、早期治疗,防止向危重症发展提供帮助。     

冠状病毒及新型冠状病毒肺炎防控策略

随着科学技术的发展和医学研究不断取得新进步,人们认识到病毒引发的传染性疾病仍然对人类健康构成巨大威胁,据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)宣布,地球上对人类危害最大的有九大病毒:(1)克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒(Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus,CCHFV);(2)埃博拉病毒(Ebola virus,EBOV);(3)马尔堡病毒(Marburg virus,MBV);(4)艾滋病病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV);(5)寨卡病毒(Zika virus,ZKV);(6)狂犬病毒(rabies virus,RBV);(7)流感病毒(influenza virus,FLV);(8)尼帕病毒和裂谷热病毒(Nipah virus and riftvelley fever virus,NV-RFV);(9)冠状病毒(coronavirus,CoV),其中包括中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome,MERS)和重症急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)等。特别是EBOV和CoV传播较快,病死率高,造成了严重公共健康危机[1-3]。     

Liver transplantation in the era of COVID-19

Liver transplantation is considered the ultimate solution for patients with end-stage chronic liver disease or acute liver failure. Patients with liver transplant need special care starting from preoperative preparation, surgical intervention ending with postoperative care. Transplanted patients have to receive immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection. Such a state of immune suppression could predispose to different types of infections in liver transplant recipients. Currently, the world is suffering a pandemic caused by a new strain of the coronavirus family called COVID-19. Certain infection control precautions are needed to protect immunocompromised and vulnerable patients, including liver transplant candidates and recipients from acquiring COVID-19 infection. Restricting non-transplant elective surgical procedures, managing transplant patients in separate outpatient clinics, and in-patient wards can prevent transmission of infection both to patients and healthcare workers. Telemedicine can help in the triage of patients to screen for symptoms of COVID-19 before their regular appointment. Management of immunosuppressive therapy and drug-drug interactions in liver transplant recipients infected with COVID-19 should be cautiously practiced to prevent rejection and effectively treat the underlying infection. In this report, we are trying to summarize available evidence about different aspects of the management of liver transplant candidates and recipients in the era of COVID-19.     

Teledentistry during COVID-19 pandemic

Background and aimsDentistry involves close face-to-face interaction with patients, hence during the COVID-19 pandemic, it has mostly been suspended. Teledentistry can offer an innovative solution to resume dental practice during this pandemic. In this review, we provide a brief overview of applications of teledentistry.MethodsArticles on teledentistry, relevant to this review, were searched and consulted from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane database.ResultsTeledentistry is the remote facilitating of dental treatment, guidance, and education via the use of information technology instead of direct face-to-face contact with patients. Teleconsultation, telediagnosis, teletriage, and telemonitoring are subunits of teledentistry that have important functions relevant to dental practice. There are many challenges for acceptance of teledentistry by the dentists as well as patients, which need to be addressed urgently.ConclusionTeledentistry can offer a novel solution to resume dental practice during the current pandemic, hence, the need of the hour is to incorporate teledentistry into routine dental practice. If not fully replace, at least teledentistry can complement the existing compromised dental system during the current pandemic.     

A systematic review of clinical and laboratory parameters associated with increased severity among COVID-19 patients

Background and aimsCorona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been an extremely difficult pandemic to contain and it has affected more than 148 countries worldwide. The main aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive summary of clinical and laboratory parameters that are associated with and indicative of increased severity among COVID-19 patients.Material and methodsAll the available data from high-quality research articles relevant to the epidemiology, demographics, trends in hospitalization and outcomes, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment methods of COVID-19 were retrieved and evaluated for inclusion.ResultsAs per our review, the mean age of patients in the severe group was 59.3 years compared to 46.5 years in non severe group. COVID-19 was more severe among men than women. Clinical presentation was variable among different studies. and dyspnea was the factor indicating severe disease. Laboratory parameters associated with increased severity were lymphopenia <0.8 × 10⁹/L, thrombocytopenia 100 × 10⁹/L, leucocytosis TC > 11 × 10⁹/L, procalcitonin >0.5 ng/mL, d dimer >2 mcg/mL, aspartate transaminase elevation >150U/L, LDH >250U/L.ConclusionThis systematic review suggests that COVID-19 is a disease with varied clinical presentation and laboratory parameters. The commonest clinical symptoms were fever, cough and dyspnea. The laboratory parameters associated with severe disease were lymphopenia, elevated LDH, D dimer and Procalcitonin.     

A predictive score for COVID-19 diagnosis using clinical,laboratory and chest image data

ObjectivesDifferential diagnosis of COVID-19 includes a broad range of conditions. Prioritizing containment efforts, protective personal equipment and testing can be challenging. Our aim was to develop a tool to identify patients with higher probability of COVID-19 diagnosis at admission.MethodsThis cross-sectional study analyzed data from 100 patients admitted with suspected COVID-19. Predictive models of COVID-19 diagnosis were performed based on radiology, clinical and laboratory findings; bootstrapping was performed in order to account for overfitting.ResultsA total of 29% of patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Variables associated with COVID-19 diagnosis in multivariate analysis were leukocyte count ≤7.7 × 10³ mm^–3, LDH >273 U/L, and chest radiographic abnormality. A predictive score was built for COVID-19 diagnosis, with an area under ROC curve of 0.847 (95% CI 0.77–0.92), 96% sensitivity and 73.5% specificity. After bootstrapping, the corrected AUC for this model was 0.827 (95% CI 0.75–0.90).ConclusionsConsidering unavailability of RT-PCR at some centers, as well as its questionable early sensitivity, other tools might be used in order to identify patients who should be prioritized for testing, re-testing and admission to isolated wards. We propose a predictive score that can be easily applied in clinical practice. This score is yet to be validated in larger populations.     

2019冠状病毒病待排患者临床特征分析及鉴别诊断体会

目的 总结2019冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)待排患者的临床特征和鉴别诊断体会,提高COVID-19的诊断技能.方法 回顾性分析53例COVID-19待排患者的临床资料,包括流行病学史,以及白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、PLT、CRP、LDH、胸部高分辨CT(high r...     

The sex-related discrepancy in laboratory parameters of severe COVID-19 patients with diabetes: A retrospective cohort study

AimThis study aimed at providing evidence to consider sex differences in interpretations of laboratory parameters of severe COVID-19 patients with diabetes.MethodsFor 118 diabetic patients, laboratory measurements and clinical outcomes were compared between males and females. This study also compared inflammatory ratios obtained from combinations of six inflammatory markers between the two groups. The risk factors for mortality were identified through logistic regression.ResultsMales were 54 (45.8%) and females were 64 (54.2%). Males showed a significant increase in ALT (P = 0.003), CRP (P = 0.03), mean platelet volume (MPV)-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.001), and C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (P = 0.044), whereas females had a significant increase in lymphocytes (P < 0.005) and MPV (P = 0.01). In all participants, multivariate analysis illustrated that older age, male sex, increased serum total bilirubin, and decreased PO₂ were significant independent predictors of mortality (P < 0.05).ConclusionIn severe COVID-19 patients with diabetes, there were significant sex differences in many laboratory characteristics with a higher risk of mortality among males.     

Noninvasive assessment of cardiac changes in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) by bedside ultrasound

BackgroundPatients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) are susceptible to cardiac complications, and cardiac ultrasound is the preferred noninvasive method for clinical cardiac structure and function assessment.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 34 patients with COVID-19 and analyzed their clinical data, biochemistry test results [creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and C-reactive protein (CRP)], and parameters of cardiac ultrasound [left atrium (LA), left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions (LVDD), right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), main pulmonary artery (MPA), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), tricuspid valve (TV), pulmonic valve (PV) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)]. We classified the patients based on their clinical symptoms (mild, moderate, severe, and critical groups), and compared the parameters. CK-MB and cardiac ultrasound parameters are presented as mean ± standard deviation and compared using the one-way ANOVA. CTnI is presented as counts (percentages) and compared using the χ² test, CRP is presented as [M (P₂₅, P₇₅)] [median (interquartile range)] and compared using nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis test).ResultsAs the disease progressed, the parameters of both biochemical blood tests and cardiac ultrasound changed regularly, manifested as enlargement of the LA, LVDD, RA, RV, and MPA and increased PASP, CRP, CK-MB, and cTnI. Of these parameters, CRP, LA, LVDD, MPA, and PASP of the severe group were more notably elevated than in the mild and moderate groups (P<0.05). The critical group more showed markedly increased CK-MB, cTnI, and RA than the other groups (P<0.05), and CRP, LA, LVDD, RV, MPA, and PASP rose more sharply than in the mild and moderate groups (P<0.05).ConclusionsAs COVID-19 progressed, patients developed an enlarged heart with expanded pulmonary arteries and elevated PASP. Bedside ultrasound can be used as a noninvasive assessment of these changes and for guidance of clinical treatment.