肝切除术中肝脏血流阻断技术的研究进展

目的复习肝切除术中肝脏血流阻断技术的研究进展。方法对相关文献进行分析与综述。结果肝脏血流阻断方法多，最常用的和研究最多的是半肝（或选择性）血流阻断法和间歇性人肝血流阻断法，有损伤肝静脉和（或）腔静脉风险时启用肝血流隔离法，极少采用全肝血流阻断法和其他方法。结论根据病情，巧妙选用肝血流阻断技术，可减少肝切除术中出血和保证患者安全。     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝脏外科的应用

肝脏手术的最大风险是术中大出血，其中以肝静脉部位出血为多见。当肿瘤与主肝静脉及下腔静脉关系密切时，仅采用阻断人肝血流的方法控制大出血常难以奏效，因此术中如何控制大出血成为手术能否成功的关键。应用第三肝门解剖法、区域性半肝血流阻断法、全肝血流阻断法等有较多报道，但对肝脏血液流出道的控制报道甚少。     

肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝切除术中的应用

复杂肝切除术可导致大出血和空气栓塞。通过经典的全肝血流阻断技术虽可减少或避免大出血及空气栓塞．但由于同时阻断下腔静脉，易引起全身血流动力学紊乱。因此，肝静脉阻断技术即保留腔静脉开放的改良全肝血流阻断应用于临床，既防止肝切除过程中大出血，又保持患者血流动力学稳定而耐受手术。本文就肝静脉的相关解剖、经典的全肝血流阻断、肝静脉阻断方法、肝静脉阻断技术的应用等作了综述。     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用(附105例报道)

目的探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法对105例肝脏肿瘤手术切除患者施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果105例中无一例肝静脉分离破裂。施行半肝全血流阻断41例（右侧27例，左侧14例），交替半肝全血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断45例，第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）15例。其中46例同时行第三肝门分离。105例肿瘤顺利切除。结论肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

肝血流阻断技术在临床应用中的选择

肝切除是目前处理肝脏占位、严重肝外伤的有效方法,贯穿整个肝脏外科的根本问题是出血和止血,手术死亡率明显与术中出血量相关,大量输血可增加术后感染并发症的发生率和死亡率,也是恶性肿瘤术后复发的危险因素.因此,为了减少术中出血、输血、手术死亡、术后并发症及术后肿瘤复发的发生,各种肝血流阻断方法先后应用于临床,包括入肝血流阻断法、全肝血流阻断法和绕肝提拉法肝血流阻断.肝血流阻断可以控制肝切除术中的失血,但同时又带来副损伤,本文就肝血流阻断技术在临床应用中的选择进行综述.     

近第二肝门部肝脏肿瘤行肝切除时不同控制出血方法的应用体会

目的　探讨靠近第二肝门处的肝肿瘤的不同手术方法及血管损伤的处理措施。方法　选择 3 6例肝脏肿瘤靠近第二肝门处的病人 ,分别应用常温下全肝血流阻断 (简易法 ,NHVE)、PTC法 ( Portal triad clamping)、选择性半肝血流阻断术 ( Alternatehemihepatic vascularexclusion)进行非规则性肝切除。从阻断肝血流的时间、出血量、术后并发症、肝肾功能及住院天数等项指标分析三种不同手术方法的优缺点。结果　NHVE出血量少、阻断血流时间短 ,而并发症、肝肾功能、住院天数方面无差异性。结论　在处理靠近尤其部分侵及肝静脉、下腔静脉处的肝肿瘤切除时 ,NHVE优势明显     

近第二肝门部肝脏行肝切除时不同控制出血方法的应用体会

目的 探讨靠近第二肝门处的肝肿瘤的不同手术方法及血管损伤的处理措施。方法 选择３６例肝脏肿瘤靠近第二门处的病人，分别应用常温下全肝血流阻断（简易法，ＨＮＶＥ）、ＰＴＣ法（Ｐｏｒｔａｌ ｔｒｉａｄ ｃｌａｍｐｉｎｇ）、选择性半肝血流阻断术（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｅ ｈｅｍｉｈｅｐａｒｔｉｃ ｖａｓｃｕｌａｒ ｅｘｃｌｕｓｏｎ）进行非规则性肝切除。从阻断肝血流的时间、出血量、术后并发症、肝肾功能及守天数等项     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法 对71例肝脏肿瘤手术切除病例施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果 71例中无1例肝静脉分离破裂，行肝静脉结扎28例，血管带阻断26例，血管夹阻断17例；阻断右肝静脉34例，右肝静脉＋中肝静脉2例，左、中肝静脉共干24例，左、中肝静脉分干2例，左、中、右三干9例。施行半肝全血流阻断35例（右侧24例，左侧11例）。交替半肝全肝血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断23例。第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）9例。71例肝肿瘤均顺利切除。结论 肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

慢性肝炎病人肝切除术后的血淀粉酶升高(英)

140例经病理检查证实为慢性肝炎或肝硬化的病人，手术前无胰腺炎病史、血尿素氮、肌酐均在正常水平。行肝脏切除时，采用不同的方式阻断向肝血流，其中113例通过钳夹肝十二指肠韧带阻断向肝血流（全肝断流组）；21例于肝门处分离出血管后阻断半肝血流（半肝断流组）；6例未阻断向肝血流（未断流组）；以上三组病人手术前血淀粉酶、尿素氮、肌肝、胆红秦、靛青绿滞留试验等均无明显差异。术中记录手术时间、向肝血流阻断时间、手术失血量等项指标。     

选择性肝血流阻断切肝术(附213例报道)

目的分析选择性肝血流阻断切肝术在防止术中肝脏大出血及术后肝功能衰竭方面的作用。方法根据肿瘤部位、大小及肝硬化情况,采用半肝血流阻断,半肝全血流阻断,交替半肝血流阻断,交替半肝全血流阻断,单纯门静脉阻断及肝褥式缝合等区域性肝血流阻断技术切除肝肿瘤共213例。观察肝门阻断时间、出血量、术后肝功能恢复情况及并发症发生率。结果半肝血流阻断144例,其中左肝门阻断32倒,右肝门阻断112例。半肝全血流阻断39例,其中右肝门 右肝静脉阻断26例,左肝门 左、中肝静脉阻断13例。交替半肝血流阻断7例,交替半肝全血流阻断5例,单纯门静脉阻断8例,局部褥式缝扎10例。肿瘤切除率100%, 第一肝门及肝静脉分离均成功。无一例发生肝静脉破裂出血及空气栓塞,术后无一例发生肝功能衰竭。术后胆漏6例,保守治疗痊愈。结论区域性肝血流阻断切肝术是一种安全、简便的方法,对防止肝静脉破裂出血,降低术后肝功能衰竭发生率具有重要作用。     

Blunt injury to intrahepatic vena cava and hepatic veins with survival

Injuries to the intrahepatic vena cava and hepatic veins are extremely lethal, particularly when caused by blunt trauma. Repair of the vena cava and hepatic veins often will require liver resection before adequate exposure can be obtained. To prevent lethal hemorrhage during resection and vascular repair, total vascular isolation of the liver may be necessary. Anoxic injury under these circumstances may be minimized by local hypothermia. The two patients reported here were successfully treated by direct suture of the vascular injuries without hepatic resection; however, vascular isolation was utilized in one patient.     

选择性肝血流阻断技术在腹腔镜左肝外叶切除术中的应用

目的 探讨选择性肝血流阻断技术在腹腔镜左肝外叶切除术中应用的可行性和有效性。方法 回顾分析18例术中采用选择性肝血流阻断技术实施腹腔镜左肝外叶切除术患者的临床资料。结果 全组均在腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开腹,无围手术期死亡。平均手术时间（140±58）min,平均术中出血量（160±148）mL,均未术中输血。术后1例患者发生左膈下积液,术后并发症发生率为5.56%（1/18）,平均术后住院时间（6.4±2.5）d。结论 腹腔镜左肝外叶切除术中采用选择性肝血流阻断技术可有效减少术中出血和术后并发症,安全可行。     

腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术中供肝血管影像学解剖特征及其临床意义

目的探讨腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术中供肝血管的影像学解剖特征及临床意义。方法采用回顾性描述性研究方法。收集2016年10月至2018年12月复旦大学附属华山医院收治的39例活体肝移植供者的临床资料;男10例,女29例;年龄为(31±7)岁。同时收集39例活体肝移植受者的临床资料;男26例,女13例;年龄为8个月(4~68个月)。供者术前常规行腹部增强X线计算机体层摄影术检查、三维血管重建判断供肝血管解剖情况。供者均施行腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术。观察指标:(1)术前影像学检查三维血管重建情况。(2)手术情况。(3)随访情况。采用门诊方式对受者进行随访,了解受者肝移植后并发症情况。随访时间截至2019年10月。正态分布的计量资料以±s表示,组间比较采用t检验。偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料以绝对数或百分比表示。结果(1)术前影像学检查三维血管重建情况。39例供者术前影像学检查三维血管重建显示肝动脉和肝静脉解剖学特征包括:①肝动脉情况为11例供者存在肝中动脉,其中5例起始于肝右动脉,3例起始于肝右动脉和肝左动脉汇合处,3例起始于肝左动脉。2例供者肝左动脉解剖变异,均存在副肝左动脉,起始于胃左动脉。26例供者无肝中动脉,肝左动脉无解剖变异。②肝静脉情况:9例供者肝左静脉和肝中静脉分别汇入下腔静脉。7例供者存在肝左静脉左上缘支。23例供者肝左静脉与肝中静脉共干汇入下腔静脉。(2)手术情况。①39例供者均成功施行腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术,手术时间为(160±32)min,术中出血量为(142±74)mL。②11例有肝中动脉供者中,8例为肝左动脉优势型,留取肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建,3例肝中动脉起始于肝左动脉,留取肝左动脉和肝中动脉共干用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。2例肝左动脉解剖变异供者中,1例为副肝左动脉优势型,1例为肝左动脉优势型,分别留取副肝左动脉和肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。其余26例供者留取肝左动脉用于肝移植术中肝动脉吻合重建。③39例供者中,11例术中行肝左静脉优先入路,28例术中行非肝左静脉优先入路。肝左静脉优先入路供者手术时间和术中出血量分别为(147±22)min和(110±44)mL,非肝左静脉优先入路供者上述指标分别为(169±33)min和(154±81)mL,两者上述指标比较,差异均有统计学意义(t=4.19,2.81,P<0.05)。(3)随访情况。39例受者均获得术后10个月的随访,随访期间未出现肝动脉吻合口出血、狭窄,以及由肝动脉供血不良引起的缺血性胆管损伤和胆道狭窄等并发症,也未出现肝静脉流出道狭窄相关并发症。结论腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术前影像学检查三维血管重建可发现肝中动脉和肝左动脉解剖变异,指导手术入路的选择。腹腔镜肝左外叶供肝获取术对于符合条件的供者推荐采用肝左静脉优先入路,可缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量。     

选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术的应用

目的探讨选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术的安全性和可行性。方法回顾性分析我院2002年3月至2006年10月行肝切除术65例,分为选择性肝血流阻断组（HVC,n=28）和第一肝门阻断组（Pringle,n=37）;比较两组病人术中出血量、手术时间、术后肝功能的恢复、术后两天的平均引流量以及术后并发症。结果两组病人术中出血量和手术时间均无显著性差异;HVC组术后3天和7天的血清谷丙转氨酶明显低于Pringle组,术后两天的平均引流量HVC组明显少于Pringle组;Pringle组有两例出现肝功能衰竭,其中1例死亡,HVC组没有肝功能衰竭及死亡病例。结论选择性肝血流阻断肝切除术安全、可行,较第一肝门阻断更有利于肝功能的恢复,减少肝功能衰竭的发生。     

Resection of giant liver adenoma in a 17-year-old adolescent boy using venovenous bypass, total hepatic vascular isolation, and in situ cooling

Giant liver adenomas are rare pediatric tumors. Hepatocellular adenomas account for approximately 2% to 4% of all pediatric liver tumors. We present the case of a biopsy-proven 21 × 20.5 × 10.5-cm hepatocellular adenoma in a 17-year-old adolescent boy resected using venovenous bypass and total hepatic isolation. Hepatic adenomas of this size are historically treated with orthotopic liver transplantation. Resection of a massive centrally located giant liver adenoma using total hepatic vascular isolation and venovenous bypass with in situ hepatic cooling and is not previously reported. By combining these techniques, we were able to defer the risks of orthotopic liver transplantation and life-long immunosuppression for our patient. The patient's recovery was uncomplicated and hepatic regeneration was excellent. At 9 months' follow-up, the patient reported enjoying an athletic adolescent life-style with no evidence of recurrence.     

经腹常温下改良式全肝血流阻断无血切肝术

经腹常温下改良式全肝血流阻断是常温下肝血管隔离（ＮＨＶＥ）技术中创伤最小的一种术式。作者采用该技术治疗２例侵及肝右静脉、下腔静脉巨块型肝癌和１例右肝被膜下巨大血肿患者，疗效满意，并讨论其适应证、可行性、全肝热缺血时间与肝功能损害之间的关系，指出该技术是防止肝静脉出血和空气栓塞的有效措施，为切除侵及主肝静脉的肝肿瘤、修复外伤性近肝大静脉损伤提供了可靠保障，认为无肝硬化者，全肝阻断的安全时限可达３９ｍｉｎ以上，不会影响胃肠功能恢复，对有心、肺疾患者可慎重应用。     

Is any method of vascular control superior in hepatic resection of metastatic cancers? Longmire clamping, pringle maneuver, and total vascular isolation

HYPOTHESIS: Although control of the hepatic vascular pedicle is commonly used during hepatic resection, the optimal method of vascular control continues to be debated. The utility of total or selective vascular isolation, pedicle inflow occlusion, or the absence of vascular isolation during minor and major hepatectomy needs to be examined. DESIGN: Retrospective review of hepatic resections performed for either isolated colorectal or noncolorectal hepatic metastases. SETTING: The University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Ill, a tertiary-care referral center. PATIENTS: One hundred forty-one patients who underwent hepatic resection for isolated metastatic liver disease were identified through The University of Chicago Hospitals Tumor Registry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraoperative parameters, perioperative morbidity and mortality, and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: Four groups were compared with alternative methods of vascular management, including total vascular isolation, Longmire clamping, Pringle maneuver, or no vascular control. Tumor number and size were not significantly different between groups. Blood loss and transfusion requirements tended to be higher in the total vascular isolation group and were significantly higher compared with the Pringle group (P =.06) and the no vascular control group (P =.04), but this also correlated with a higher incidence of complexity of surgical resection. The highest incidence of postoperative complications occurred in the total vascular isolation group (P<.05). With similar permanent pathologic margins, the rates of intrahepatic recurrence were similar among all groups, with the no vascular control group having the lowest recurrence rate. CONCLUSIONS: All methods of vascular control appeared equivalent with respect to limiting blood loss and transfusion requirements while providing adequate surgical margins. The highest rates of blood requirements and complications were noted in the total vascular isolation group, which corresponded to the highest incidence of complex resections. The Longmire clamp group incurred the lowest incidence of complications and resulted in identical surgical margins. The application of vascular control is beneficial to surgeons during hepatic resection, but the method of control should be selected based on the location and complexity of resection required and preference of the individual surgeon.     

Reconstruction of the middle hepatic vein tributaries draining segments V and VIII of a right liver graft by using the recipient’s own middle hepatic vein and vascular closure staples

A right liver graft lacking the middle hepatic vein can result in congestion of the anterior segment. We describe a method of reconstructing the middle hepatic vein tributaries by using the recipient’s own middle hepatic vein with vascular closure staples. During a living donor right liver transplantation, the middle hepatic vein tributaries draining segments V (V5) and VIII (V8) of the right lobe graft were reconstructed using the recipient’s own middle hepatic vein and secured with vascular closure staples. Computed tomography showed good venous outflow from the middle hepatic vein and no congestion or atrophy of the anterior segment of the right liver grafts. Thus, using the recipient’s own middle hepatic vein is a suitable option for reconstructing the middle hepatic vein tributaries (V8 and V5) in right-liver living donor transplantation and the application of vascular closure staples helps to accomplish this.