老年乙型肝炎概述

HBV感染全球流行。全世界约有20亿人感染过 HBV,其中3．5亿为慢性 HBV感染者,每年约有100万人死于 HBV感染所致的肝衰竭、肝硬化和肝细胞癌（HCC）。我国1～59岁人群 HBsAg 携带率为7．18％［1］,现估算慢性 HBV 感染者约9300万,其中慢性乙型肝炎患者约2000万。     

重视对慢性病毒性肝炎合并肝脂肪变的研究

慢性乙型肝炎是我国最常见的慢性传染病之一,资料显示,全球至少有20亿人感染过HBV,我国HBV携带率为9.75%,约有1.2亿人感染过HBV.丙型肝炎呈全球性流行,以往文献报道我国一般人群抗HCV阳性率为3.2%,感染者约为4100万,根据中国疾病预防控制中心提供的数据,我国每年的新发丙型肝炎已从2003年的2万多人发展为2005年的近6万人.     

全球和我国HBV感染免疫耐受期患者人数估计更正说明

发表于《临床肝胆病杂志》2021年第37卷第2期《慢性HBV感染免疫耐受期应否治疗?》一文[1]中,对全球和我国HBV免疫耐受期患者估计人数有误,原文“全球慢性HBV感染者约2.92亿人,其中免疫耐受期患者约1.98亿。我国慢性HBV感染者约8600万例,其中免疫耐受期患者约3230万”应更正为“全球慢性HBV感染者约2.92亿人,其中免疫耐受期患者约5940万例。我国慢性HBV感染者约8600万例,其中免疫耐受期患者约1584万例”。     

非活动性HBsAg携带状态的自然转归

HBV感染呈世界性流行,但不同地区HBV感染的流行程度差异很大。据WHO报道,全球约20亿人曾感染过HBV,其中3.5亿人为慢性HBV感染者,每年约有100万人死于HBV感染所致的肝衰竭、肝硬化和HCC。由于我国人口基数较大,现有的慢性HBV感染者约9 300万人,其中慢性乙型肝炎患者约2 000万例[2]。非活动性HBV携带状态是免疫控制的结果,临床多无症状,易被忽视,正确认识非活动性HBsAg携带状态的自然转归及影响,     

小儿慢性乙型肝炎的流行病学特点及治疗进展

1 流行病学 乙肝病毒( HBV)感染是危害严重的全球性的公共卫生问题之一,目前全世界约有20亿人(占总人口的1/3)受到HBV感染[1],其中3.5亿人为慢性HBV感染者,约有100万人死于HBV感染所致的肝衰竭、肝硬化和肝细胞癌(HCC)[2].我国是HBV感染的高发区,感染者约1.3亿,每年因乙型肝炎死亡的人数达30万.我国在每年新发病例中,40％～50％来源于HBV母婴传播感染者.     

慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的新进展

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染呈世界性流行，据世界卫生组织报道，全球约20亿人曾感染过HBV，其中3．5亿人为慢性HBV感染者，每年约有100万人死于HBV感染所致的肝衰竭、肝硬化和原发性肝细胞癌（肝癌）。我国是慢性乙型肝炎（慢乙肝）的重灾区，据报道我国现有表面抗原携带者约1．2亿，其中约有2千万人将死于与乙肝相关的疾病，故HBV感染严重危害人民健康。有关对本病的防治，     

浅析分期论治乙型肝炎相关性慢加急性肝衰竭的辨治思想

乙肝病毒（HBV）感染呈世界性流行，全球约20亿人曾感染过HBV，其中3．5亿人为慢性HBV感染者。有关自然史研究表明，如不给予有效干预，约25％～40％的慢性HBV感染者最终将死于包括肝衰竭在内的HBV相关严重疾病。     

细胞自噬在慢性肝炎病毒感染中的作用

一、慢性肝炎病毒 (一)乙型肝炎病毒 HBV感染呈全球流行,据世界卫生组织报道,全球约20亿人曾感染过HBV,其中3.5亿为慢性HBV感染者,每年约有100万人死于HBV感染所致的肝衰竭、肝硬化和肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)[1].我国1～59岁普通人群的HBsAg携带率为7.18％[2].据此推算,我国现有的慢性HBV感染者约9 300万例,其中慢性乙型肝炎患者约2 000万例[3].我国每年死于与乙肝相关肝病的约30万例.HBV慢性感染不仅难以治愈,造成患者病情的反复发作,且与HCC的发生密切相关[4].     

调节性T细胞与乙型肝炎慢性化

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染是威胁人类健康的一个全球性问题。据世界卫生组织报道,全球约20亿人曾感染过HBV,其中3.5～4亿人为慢性HBV感染者。作为全世界感染HBV人数最多的国家,中国HBV携带者虽然已由9.75%降至7.18%,但仍有9 300万慢性HBV携带者,其中约有2 000～3 000万人为慢性乙肝患者。目前,中国每年约有50多万人死于慢性乙型肝炎导致的肝脏损害和肝癌[1]。     

慢性HBV感染免疫控制期与免疫逃逸期研究进展

正HBV感染为全球公共健康问题,但不同区域HBV感染的流行强度有很大差异。据世界卫生组织报道,全球约20亿人曾感染HBV,其中2.4亿人为慢性HBV感染者[1],每年约有65万人死于HBV感染所致的相关并发症及终末期肝病。崔富强、庄辉[2]报道,我国现有慢性HBV感染者约9000万     

State of knowledge of helminth fauna of freshwater fishes of Poland

A total 89 fish and lamprey species has been recorded from Polish freshwater habitats. Twenty-seven of them (30.3%) have not been surveyed for parasitic helminthes. Some of the latter fishes are either rare or not easily accessible. Other live only in specific habitats in scattered localities. An important obstacle for studying parasite faunas of some fishes may be their status on an endangered species. Among the non-surveyed fishes, are those which have been relatively recently introduced to Poland or migrated there on their own. The present paper attempts to review all hitherto not studied helminthologically fish species, their habitats, localities and current protection status.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Investigation of mode of action of biofeedback in treatment of fecal incontinence

A study was carried out in 25 incontinent patients to evaluate some of the factors thought to be responsible for the success of retraining for fecal incontinence. Subjects were initially allocated to one of two groups; one group was trained to perceive small rectal volumes (active retraining), the other group carried out the same maneuvers but were not given any information or instruction. Active sensory retraining reduced the sensory threshold from 32 +/- 8 to 7 +/- 2 ml (P less than 0.001), corrected any sensory delay that was present (P less than 0.004), and reduced the frequency of incontinence from 5 +/- 1 to 1 +/- 1 episodes per week (P less than 0.01). Sham retraining caused a modest reduction in the sensory threshold (from 29 +/- 9 to 20 +/- 8; P less than 0.05) but did not significantly reduce the frequency of incontinence. Subsequent strength and coordination training did not significantly improve continence, although at the end of the study, 50% of patients had no incontinent episodes at all and 76% of patients had reduced the frequency of incontinence episodes by more than 75%. This improvement in continence was not associated with any change in sphincter pressures or in the continence to rectally infused saline but was associated with significant improvements in rectal sensation. The functional improvement was sustained over a period of two years in 16 of the 22 patients available for follow-up. In conclusion, the results support the use of retraining in the management of fecal incontinence and suggest that retraining may work by enhancing rectal sensitivity and instilling confidence.