多光谱辐射测温技术测量火工烟火药剂燃烧温度

利用瞬态光谱辐射仪分析了火工烟火药剂燃烧火焰辐射光谱分布,介绍了多光谱辐射测温技术的工作原理。结合火工烟火药剂燃烧火焰特征光谱分布状况设计研制了具有12个工作通道的多光谱辐射测温系统,测试者可根据被测火焰光谱辐射分布状况选择合适的工作通道进行分析计算。该系统由光学部分,电路部分,数据采集部分及数据处理部分组成。文章以黑火药为例,应用该系统对其燃烧火焰的辐射能量进行了测定,经过迭代计算后给出黑火药燃烧温度随时间的变化曲线。实验证明,在分析被测火焰特征光谱分布的前提下,选择合适的光谱工作通道,多光谱辐射测温系统能够很好地应用于火工烟火药剂燃烧温度的测定,为火工烟火药剂燃烧输出特性的研究奠定了基础。     

几种典型烟火药剂的动摩擦系数测算

 摩擦作用对烟火药剂的生产以及使用过程的安全性至关重要,而动摩擦系数是定量研究烟火药剂摩擦做功能力的关键参数。基于MGY-1型摆式摩擦仪的物理模型,结合数值计算方法,得到了测算动摩擦系数的方法。利用该方法测算了硝酸钾、镁铝合金粉及硫磺3种常用烟火药剂单质以及硝酸钾/镁铝合金粉及硝酸钾/硫磺两种混合物的动摩擦系数。结果表明：5种烟火药剂的动摩擦系数为一个范围值;在硝酸钾中加入镁铝合金粉和硫磺后,混合粉末的动摩擦系数较硝酸钾单质减小。从理论上对产生这两种现象的原因进行了分析。     

瞬态光谱测试仪在烟火方面的应用

用３５０～１１００ｎｍ瞬态光谱测试仪对烟火药剂进行谱测试，分析碱金属和碱土金属在烟火药火焰光谱中的辐射波段，计算各红外烟火剂的稳身指数。     

高效液相色谱法测定烟火药剂中的苦味酸

建立了烟火药剂中苦味酸的高效液相色谱检测方法。采用Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）分离,V（甲醇）∶V（0.1%冰醋酸水溶液）=55∶45,等梯度洗脱,流速0.8mL/min;测定温度为40℃;采用紫外检测器检测,检测波长为350nm。苦味酸的质量浓度在0.5—20mg/L时与色谱峰面积之间线性关系良好（r=0.9998）;加标回收率为85.6%—92.4%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.1%—6.5%。该方法简便快速,结果准确,重现性好,可作为检测烟火药剂中苦味酸的一个有效方法。     

烟火药水下燃烧及其有效作用时间研究

提出了烟火药水下燃烧有效作用时间的概念,分析了当前烟火药水下燃烧和水下爆炸等声辐射特性的测试手段和处理方法的不足。基于Pulse Labshop软件平台,结合实验结果,采用图形切片方法,获得了有效作用时间,解决了烟火药水下燃烧或水下爆炸等声源有效作用时间的评价问题,为工程应用和性能评价提供了一种方法。     

燃烧型发烟剂红外光谱特性专家系统的研究

为了实现燃烧型抗红外发烟剂配方的快速筛选,文章在基于最小自由能法的烟火药燃烧产物预测模型的基础上,设计了燃烧产物推理机,建立了燃烧型发烟剂光谱特性专家系统,研究了利用专家系统进行发烟剂配方快速筛选的可行性。在用户输入发烟剂配方后,专家系统能够计算出发烟剂的燃烧产物及其含量,然后利用红外加谱技术,对各产物红外谱图进行加合,模拟出烟幕的红外谱图,进而利用面积积分法,预测出烟幕在3～5 μm和8～14 μm的遮蔽指数。文章使用FTIR光谱仪对一种HC型发烟剂进行了测试,结果表明,专家系统的计算产物与实际产物相吻合,遮蔽指数预测值与发烟剂的实际测试表现一致,为燃烧型发烟剂配方的快速筛选提供了一种新方法。     

基于高速摄影的烟火药水下燃烧喷口气泡与噪声研究

为分析烟火药水下燃烧的现象及声辐射特性,采用高速摄影技术,对烟火药水下燃烧喷口处的气泡进行了实验研究。在此基础上根据高速摄影的系列图像估计了气泡体积,通过对气泡体积的曲线进行拟合后再求二阶导数获得了其变化的加速度,基于脉动体积源点声源公式,计算了喷口噪声的声压。结果表明由于界面的Bjerknes力和浮力的作用,气泡主要呈现一种扁球体;烟火药水下燃烧喷口噪声的声压最高达到了177.1 Pa。     

烟火药和压缩氮气声源水下声辐射特征对比研究

为研究烟火药水下燃烧声辐射机理,采用烟火药和压缩氮气喷射声源对比的方法,利用水声测试系统,通过实验研究不同体积流量下两种声源装置的声辐射规律。结果表明,烟火药水下燃烧声源与压缩氮气声源的声辐射特征相似,辐射频率主要集中在0～1000 Hz内,峰值频率均位于100 Hz附近,总声压级、峰值声压级均随着气体流量增加而增强。当气体流量从60 ml/s增加到84 ml/s时,烟火药峰值声压级由155 d B增加到163 d B,0～1000 Hz内总声压级由159 d B增加到165 d B;当喷气流量从70 ml/s增加到141 ml/s时,压缩氮气源峰值声压级由136 d B增加到139 d B,0～1000 Hz内总声压级由144 d B增加到147 d B。当气体流量相近时,烟火药相比压缩氮气声压级相差显著,其声压级均高于同频率下压缩氮气源,两者的峰值声压级分别为157 d B、139 d B,0～1000 Hz内总声压级分别为160 d B、147 d B。     

HPLC测定奥扎格雷钠的有关物质

建立高效液相色谱法测定奥扎格雷钠的有关物质.以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂,以磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇(75 ∶ 25,V/V)为流动相;检测波长为272nm.奥扎格雷钠检出限约为0.12ng,测定下限约为0.4ng,主成分峰与其有关物质能完全分离.本方法简便、准确、专属性好,可用于奥扎格雷钠有关物质的测定.     

扫描ICP法测定催化剂Ⅰ——甲烷化催化剂中Ni、La和Mg的测定

前言催化剂的催化成分和担体的测定对催化剂的制备及性能鉴定是必不可少的。催化剂成份分析多采用化学分析方法;但繁琐费时。有人采用原子吸收光谱方法,但氧化铝、二氧化硅、硅胶、分子筛等担体对催化成分,(镍、铂、钼等)的干扰很严重,需预先分离基体或加入适当的释放剂。     

用脉冲紫外激光预处理提高刀具的金刚石涂层的附着强度

 采用脉冲紫外激光（XeCl，308nm）表面消融预处理方法以硬质合金为衬底制备了金刚石涂层刀具。利用压痕法对涂层结合强度进行了测试，得到了最佳预处理工艺条件。采用碳化硅增强铝合金材料对制备的金刚石涂层刀具进行了实际切削性能实验。实验结果表明：脉冲紫外激光表面消融预处理方法的采用对刀具的金刚石薄膜涂层附着强度的提高有很大的帮助。     

Low intensity ultrasound as a pretreatment to drying of daylilies: Impact on enzyme inactivation,color changes and nutrition quality parameters

Effects of thermal and low intensity ultrasound combined with heat (LIUH) pretreatment prior to microwave vacuum drying on enzyme inactivation, color changes and nutrition quality properties of dried daylilies were investigated. The peroxidase (POD), ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) thermal and LIUH (0.2 and 0.4 W/cm²) inactivation were determined and compared at 70, 80 and 90 °C. Significant reduction in the POD, AAO and PPO activity was seen in daylilies after an ambient LIUH pretreatment than thermal pretreatment. POD, AAO and PPO thermal and LIUH inactivation followed the first order kinetics. LIUH pretreatment had a more positive influence on maintaining color of dried daylilies than thermal pretreatment. Furthermore, LIUH pretreatment resulted in a significant increase in chlorophylls, carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene), and a decrease in degree of browning and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) when compared with thermal pretreatment. The antioxidant activity and contents of several nutritional components of dried daylilies pretreated by LIUH were also higher than that of dried daylilies pretreated by thermal pretreatment. This study provides a basis for the design of LIUH conditions to control vegetables browning and color changes prior to drying processing.     

Influence of sequential exogenous pretreatment and contact ultrasound-assisted air drying on the metabolic pathway of glucoraphanin in broccoli florets

In this investigation, the combinations of exogenous pretreatment (melatonin or vitamin C) and contact ultrasound-assisted air drying were utilized to dry broccoli florets. To understand the influences of the studied dehydration methods on the conversion of glucoraphanin to bioactive sulforaphane in broccoli, various components (like glucoraphanin, sulforaphane, myrosinase, etc.) and factors (temperature and moisture) involved in the metabolism pathway were analyzed. The results showed that compared with direct air drying, the sequential exogenous pretreatment and contact ultrasound drying shortened the drying time by 19.0–22.7%. Meanwhile, contact sonication could promote the degradation of glucoraphanin. Both melatonin pretreatment and vitamin C pretreatment showed protective effects on the sulforaphane content and myrosinase activity during the subsequent drying process. At the end of drying, the sulforaphane content in samples dehydrated by the sequential melatonin (or vitamin C) pretreatment and ultrasound-intensified drying was 14.4% (or 26.5%) higher than only air-dried samples. The correlation analysis revealed that the exogenous pretreatment or ultrasound could affect the enzymatic degradation of glucoraphanin and the generation of sulforaphane through weakening the connections of sulforaphane-myrosinase, sulforaphane-VC, and VC-myrosinase. Overall, the reported results can enrich the biochemistry knowledge about the transformation of glucoraphanin to sulforaphane in cruciferous vegetables during drying, and the combined VC/melatonin pretreatment and ultrasound drying is conducive to protect bioactive sulforaphane in dehydrated broccoli.     

Pretreatment combining ultrasound and sodium percarbonate under mild conditions for efficient degradation of corn stover

Ultrasound (US) can be used to disrupt microcrystalline cellulose to give nanofibers via ultrasonic cavitation. Sodium percarbonate (SP), consisting of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, generates highly reactive radicals, which cause oxidative delignification. Here, we describe a novel pretreatment technique using a combination of US and SP (US–SP) for the efficient saccharification of cellulose and hemicellulose in lignocellulosic corn stover. Although US–SP pretreatment was conducted under mild condition (i.e., at room temperature and atmospheric pressure), the pretreatment greatly increased lignin removal and cellulose digestibility. We also determined the optimum US–SP treatment conditions, such as ultrasonic power output, pretreatment time, pretreatment temperature, and SP concentration for an efficient cellulose saccharification. Moreover, xylose could be effectively recovered from US–SP pretreated biomass without the formation of microbial inhibitor furfural.     

NH3热还原处理TiO2的结构与光催化活性研究

研究了NH3气氛热还原处理两种TiO2光催化剂的形态(ATiO2,BTiO2)及其活性,400和500℃处理2 h的催化剂均显示黄色,而600℃以上处理则显示深灰色．以XRD、UV-Vis分析了NH3处理TiO2的结构,XRD表明ATiO2催化剂以锐钛矿和金红石混合晶型存在,而BTiO2只有锐钛矿型．UV-Vis结果发现NH3处理的两种TiO2在可见光区域都有很强的吸收．以甲基橙和苯酚研究了紫外光和太阳光下的光催化活性,结果表明NH3处理对两种不同制备方法的TiO2光催化活性影响存在显著差异,ATiO2随氨热处理温度提高活性降低,甲基橙50 min脱色率由400℃样品的100％逐步降到700℃样品的37％;而BTiO2随处理温度提高活性增加,甲基橙50 min脱色率由400℃样品的29％逐步提高到700℃样品的88％．在可见光下,ATiO2的活性与紫外光下规律相似,而BTiO2除了500℃样品外几乎都没有活性．最后对经过NH3处理的与未经处理的BTiO2活性进行了比较,发现NH3处理导致BTiO2光催化活性显著降低．     

辐照前处理木质纤维素的研究进展

本文对几种主要的辐照前处理木质纤维素方法的效果和特点进行较为全面的比较和总结,旨在阐述微波、紫外线、γ射线、X射线、电子束、离子束等方式辐照前处理木质纤维素对其结构改变的机理尤其重点探讨了重离子辐照前处理引起木质纤维素同质异形体（I_α → I_β）的转换机制。木质纤维素结晶度与酶消化率呈强相关性,重离子辐照前处理可使木质纤维素中木质素和半纤维素部分破坏,导致其相对结晶度增加,从而增强了纤维素酶与木质纤维素的可及度,提高了酶解产率。因而,通过适当剂量的重离子辐照前处理可以显著提高酶对木质纤维素的生物转化效率和还原糖的产量,这为辐照前处理提高木质纤维素的综合利用提供了理论指导。     

Effects of ultrasound pretreatment on functional property,antioxidant activity,and digestibility of soy protein isolate nanofibrils

Nanofibrils, an effective method to modulate the functional properties of proteins, can be promoted by ultrasound pretreatment. This study investigated the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on the structure, functional property, antioxidant activity and digestibility of soy protein isolate (SPI) nanofibrils. The results showed that high amplitude ultrasound had a significant effect on structure of SPI nanofibrils. SPI nanofibrils pretreated by 80% amplitude ultrasound showed a blueshift of the amide II band in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), resulted in more tryptophan residues being buried and increased the crystallinity. Low amplitude ultrasound (20%) pretreatment significantly improved the solubility, emulsifying activity index (EAI) and water absorption capacity (WAC) of SPI nanofibrils, but 80% amplitude ultrasound pretreatment of SPI nanofibrils reduced emulsifying stability index (ESI). High amplitude ultrasound (60% and 80%) pretreatment of SPI nanofibrils improved the foaming capacity and foaming stability and decreased denaturation temperature. DPPH radical scavenging activity of SPI nanofibrils were significantly improved by ultrasound pretreatment. 20% amplitude ultrasound pretreatment improved DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of SPI nanofibrils. The digestion rate of 80% amplitude ultrasound-pretreated nanofibrils were consistently higher, and SPI nanofibrils pretreated by ultrasound were more fragmented and shorter after simulating gastrointestinal digestion. This study would expand the application of food-grade protein nanofibrils in the food industry.     

Strategies to improve biological oxidation of real wastewater using cavitation based pre-treatment approaches

The present work demonstrates the effective application of pretreatment based on cavitation to improve biological oxidation of real municipal and industrial wastewater. The optimum pretreatment conditions based on ultrasonic cavitation for treatment of municipal wastewater were observed as power dissipation of 90 W, a duty cycle of 70% and H₂O₂ dosage of 0.2 g/L resulting in about 24.9% COD reduction. The use of modified sludge and ultrasonic pretreatment for biological oxidation resulted in significant reduction in treatment time (36 h) than the treatment time (60 h) required for biological oxidation using untreated sludge as inoculum. Also, significantly enhanced biodegradability index (BI) from 0.33 to 0.6 was achieved using pretreatment for biological oxidation process. For the treatment of real industrial wastewater, different pretreatment approaches based on hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) in combination with H₂O₂, ozone or Fenton were investigated. The pretreatment using best approach of HC + Fenton resulted in 44.2% of COD reduction in total whereas only 28.1% of COD reduction was achieved for the untreated effluent being applied in the biological oxidation. Overall, the present work demonstrated the effectiveness of the pretreatment based on cavitation for the improved treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters.     

Ultrasonic pretreatment of spodumene with different size fractions and its influence on flotation

The potential of ultrasonic pretreatment enhancing selective surface dissolution to improve the floatability of spodumene with different size fractions was verified and investigated. For coarse particles of −0.15 + 0.0385 mm, compared with traditional pretreatment methods, ultrasonic pretreatment could optimize the physicochemical properties of the surface, markedly increased the amount of NaOL adsorbed on the mineral surface, and improved the floatability of the spodumene. For fine particles of −0.0385 mm, both pretreatment methods (Ultrasonic and Traditional) could greatly increase the flotation recovery, but ultrasonic pretreatment had no obvious advantage compared with traditional method. ICP combined with XPS analysis were conducted to investigate the dissolution mechanism of spodumene surface in different pretreatment system. Si species on the surface of coarse particles were easily dissolved into the solution under the effect of ultrasound, which increases the relative content of Al and Li species on the surface. This was conducive to the adsorption of the collectors on the surface. However, the selective dissolution of the fine particle surface was weakened by excessive energy intake in the ultrasonic system, which neutralized the advantage brought by the large amount of dissolution, making the results obtained by the two preprocessing methods the same.     

Effect of ultrasonic-ionic liquid pretreatment on the hydrolysis degree and antigenicity of enzymatic hydrolysates from whey protein

With the aim to reduce the antigenicity of whey protein hydrolysate in milk, the pretreatment method of coupling ultrasonic and ionic liquid (US-IL) and further enzymatic treatments were studied. Papain and alcalase were found to be suitable for ultrasonic-ionic liquid pretreatment. After ultrasound-ionic liquid treatment, the antigenic decline rates of ALA and BLG upon alcalase hydrolysis were 82.82% and 88.01%, and that of the papain hydrolysis was 81.87% and 88.46%, respectively. Upon ultrasonic-ionic liquid pretreatment, the molecular weight of whey protein did not change significantly, but the small molecular weight proportion of components in the enzymatic hydrolysate obviously increased. The findings showed that combining with US-IL pretreatment for further protease hydrolysis of whey proteins, the hydrolysate can be used in order to produce hypoallergenic bovine whey proteins.