Uptake of Iron (59Fe) Complexed to Water‐Extractable Humic Substances by Sunflower Leaves

Abstract

A research was carried out to evaluate the leaves' ability to utilize Fe supplied as a complex with water‐extractable humic substances (WEHS) and the long‐distance transport of ⁵⁹Fe applied to sections of fully expanded leaves of intact sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. Plants were grown in a nutrient solution containing 10 µM Fe(III)‐EDDHA (Fe‐sufficient plants), with the addition of 10 mM NaHCO₃ to induce iron chlorosis (Fe‐deficient plants). Fe(III)‐WEHS could be reduced by sunflower leaf discs at levels comparable to those observed using Fe(III)‐EDTA, regardless of the Fe status. On the other hand, ⁵⁹Fe uptake rate by leaf discs of green and chlorotic plants was significantly lower in Fe‐WEHS‐treated plants, possibly suggesting the effect of light on photochemical reduction of Fe‐EDTA. In the experiments with intact plants, ⁵⁹Fe‐labeled Fe‐WEHS or Fe‐EDTA were applied onto a section of fully expanded leaves. Irrespective of Fe nutritional status, ⁵⁹Fe uptake was significantly higher when the treatment was carried out with Fe‐EDTA. A significant difference was found in the amount of ⁵⁹Fe translocated from treated leaf area between green and chlorotic plants. However, irrespective of the Fe nutritional status, no significant difference was observed in the absolute amount of ⁵⁹Fe translocated to other plant parts when the micronutrient was supplied either as Fe‐EDTA or Fe‐WEHS. Results show that the utilization of Fe complexed to WEHS by sunflower leaves involves an Fe(III) reduction step in the apoplast prior to its uptake by the symplast of leaf cells and that Fe taken up from the Fe‐WEHS complexes can be translocated from fully expanded leaves towards the roots and other parts of the shoot.     

Iron oxidation in different types of groundwater of Western Siberia

Background, aim, and scope  The groundwaters of Western Siberia contain high concentrations of iron, manganese, silicon, ammonium, and, in several cases, hydrogen sulfide, carbonic acids, and dissolved organic substances. Generally, the groundwaters of Western Siberia can be divided into two major types: one type with a relatively low concentration of humic substances and high hardness (water of A type) and a second type with a relatively low hardness and high concentration of humic substances (water of B type). For drinking water production, the waters of A type are mostly treated in the classical way by aeration followed by sand bed filtration. The waters of B type often show problems when treated for iron removal. A part of iron practically does not form the flocs or particles suitable for filtration or sedimentation. The aim of this work was to determine the oxidizability of Fe(II), to characterize the iron colloids, and to investigate the complexation of the iron ions with humic substances and the coagulation of the iron colloids in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Materials and methods  Water samples of the A and B types were taken from bore holes in Western Siberia (A type: in Tomsk and Tomsk region, B type: in Beliy Yar and Kargasok). Depth of sampling was about 200 m below surface. The oxidation of the groundwater samples by air oxygen and ozone was done in a bubble reactor consisting of a glass cylinder with a gas-inlet tube. To produce ozone, a compact ozone generator developed by Tomsk Polytechnic University was used. For the characterization of the colloids in the water of B type, the particle size distribution and the zeta potential were measured. To investigate the formation of complexes between iron and humic substances in the water of B type, size exclusion chromatography was used. The coagulation behavior of iron in the presence of dissolved organic substances was investigated at different pH values. The agglomerates were detected by measuring the optical density using a UV-Vis spectrometer. Results  Ozone showed, as expected, a faster oxidation of Fe(II) than air oxygen. The rate constants for Fe(II) oxidation were not much different for the waters of A and B types when the same oxidation process was used. However, the removal of iron after oxidation and filtration was higher in the water of A type than in the water of B type. No evidence for the formation of soluble complexes between iron and humic substances were found. In the water of A type, the coagulation process started at pH = 4.5 and accelerated with increasing pH value. In the water of B type, the coagulation of colloids occurred only at pH = 11 and higher. Discussion  The oxidation experiments indicated no major effect of dissolved organic carbon concentration on the kinetics of Fe(II) oxidation. In contrast to this, the humic substances showed a significant influence on the aggregation behavior of the iron hydroxide colloids. Due to the sorption of humic substances on the iron hydroxide colloids, they were highly stable in the pH range between 4.5 and 10. The particle size measurements confirmed the presence of small colloids in the water of B type. In contrast to this, the iron hydroxide colloids aggregated rapidly at pH = 11. Conclusions  The results showed a great influence of humic substances on the iron removal from groundwaters of Western Siberia with high organic content. The sorption of humic substances on the iron colloids does not obviously allow their coagulation and formation of flocs suitable for filtration or sedimentation. Recommendations and perspectives  By treatment of groundwaters containing high amounts of humic substances, some problems with the removal of iron are likely to occur. To increase the effectiveness of iron removal, the surface coating and pH-dependent charge effects should be taken into account by the selection and optimization of water treatment processes. The iron colloids coated by humic substances should be separated from the water phase by membrane filtration or by flocculation followed by filtration through different solid materials.     

水稻根尖铁的积累及附着形态研究

以铁毒耐性水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种\"9308\"为材料, 利用火焰原子吸收光谱法和化学浸提法研究0～10 mm段水稻根尖铁的积累及附着形态.结果表明: 高Fe2+(400 -mol·L-1)胁迫下, 0～2 mm段水稻根尖铁含量最高; 随着Fe2+浓度的升高, 根边缘细胞铁含量也明显增大; 初生根上不同形态铁的含量为铁锰氧化物态>残渣态>有机态>可交换态>碳酸盐态.以上结果表明, 水稻根尖0～2 mm段是过量铁的主要作用位点, 铁的附着形态以紧密结合态为主, 包围在外的根边缘细胞能固定过量铁.     

Alkali-extractable soil organic matter: An important factor affecting the mycelial growth of ectomycorrhizal fungi

Significant effects of two fractions of alkali-extractable soil organic matter (AEOM) extracted from three different soils (agricultural soil, soil from deciduous forest, soil from spruce monoculture) on mycelial growth of 17 isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi were observed. Growth of Lactarius deterrimus, Meliniomyces bicolor and one of the isolates of Leccinum aurantiacum was significantly stimulated by acid-insoluble fraction extracted from all three soils. The stimulatory effects were frequent but inhibition of mycelial growth of some isolates was also observed. The fungal response to the presence of the organic extract in the nutrient medium was isolate-specific rather than species-specific. Organic matter extracted from different source soils affected differently the mycelial growth, the largest number of stimulatory effects being observed in an experiment where the extract was richest in trace elements Zn and Cu. At the same time, the observed stimulatory effects were not attributable to increased concentrations of trace elements in the nutrient medium. The results indicate that soil may be used as a source of extractable organic fractions which, when used as a cultivation medium additive, may significantly improve the growth of responsive fungal isolates. Under natural conditions, AEOM (traditionally designated humic substances) represent a potential factor affecting the composition of cenosis of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil.     

添加蒙脱石是否促进白花苜蓿的腐殖化进程

植物残体和微生物生物量是腐殖物质(Humicsubstance,HS)形成的主要母体材料,同时黏土矿物作为土壤的重要组成部分,在HS的形成中也扮演重要角色,然而目前有关黏土矿物对HS形成过程的具体影响还不清楚。选择将黏土矿物-蒙脱石和微生物-土壤浸提液作为控制条件对白花苜蓿进行模拟培养腐殖化,通过表征培养过程中总有机碳(Total organic carbon,TOC)含量、类腐殖质组成、类胡敏酸(Humic-like acid,HLA)的元素组成和红外光谱特征,探究蒙脱石添加对白花苜蓿腐殖化进程的影响。结果表明,模拟培养腐殖化后,蒙脱石添加虽然加速了TOC的分解,促进HLA的生成,但使HLA的缩合度降低,结构简单化;而土壤浸提液添加则使蒙脱石处理加快了结构更加复杂的HLA积累。培养后,不同处理的HLA均向着接近土壤胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)O/C和H/C值的方向发展,其中未添加蒙脱石处理(AnM)的HLA复杂化程度与真正的HA最接近,更进一步说明蒙脱石不能促进HLA更接近土壤HA。综上,在模拟培养腐殖化条件下,蒙脱石添加可促进白花苜蓿TOC的分解及其HLA的形成,从而加快白...     

溶液培养条件下腐殖酸对铁异化还原的影响

腐殖酸对土壤和水体环境中铁(Fe)的还原过程有重要影响。本文采用从山西大同风化煤、河南巩县褐煤、云南昆明滇池底泥中提取制备的腐殖酸,通过布置培育试验并接种土壤悬液,研究了不同来源的腐殖酸对无定形氧化铁异化还原的影响。结果表明:单独添加腐殖酸对氧化铁的还原几乎没有影响;而当同时添加腐殖酸与葡萄糖时,培养基质中氧化铁的还原过程显著加强;腐殖酸浓度越高对氧化铁还原的促进作用越明显。不同来源的腐殖酸因其复杂程度和结构不同,对氧化铁还原的促进作用有明显差异,其中山西大同风化煤提取的腐殖酸促进作用最大,云南昆明滇池底泥和河南巩县褐煤提取的腐殖酸之间则无显著差异。     

Isoelectric focusing of humic substances on ultrathin polyacrylamide gels: evidence of fingerprint performance

Differentiated interactions between humic substances and isoelectric focusing-carrier ampholytes were demonstrated by comparing specific absorption ratios from the supernatant after precipitation with 2 M HCl and with acid ampholytes (pH 2–4) containing both carboxylic and sulphate groups. An increasingly stronger interaction was observed when comparing soil humic substances to those of synthetic origin or those extracted from young reclaimed soil material. Electrofocusing of the humic substances under study revealed a fingerprint-like quality; the band patterns observed were consistent with the concept of three main fractions.     

Effects of Several Metals on Both Fe(III)‐ and Cu(II)‐Reduction by Roots of Fe‐Deficient Cucumber Plants

Abstract

The ferric‐chelate reductase induced by Fe deficiency is also able to reduce other ions such as Cu²⁺. This Cu(II)‐reduction has been less studied and it has been suggested that Cu²⁺ ion rather than Cu²⁺‐chelate serves as the substrate. Ferric‐chelate reductase activity is inhibited by some metals, but the mechanisms implicated are not known. In the present work we use Fe‐deficient cucumber seedlings to study the interactions of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn⁴⁺, and Fe³⁺ on both Fe(III)‐reduction and Cu(II)‐reduction activities. The response of Cu(II)‐reduction activity to Cu concentration, in the presence or absence of citrate, was also studied. Results showed that inhibition of the ferric‐chelate reductase activity by Cu²⁺ or Ni²⁺ could be partially reversed by increasing the concentration of Fe‐EDTA. The Cu(II)‐reduction activity was even stimulated by Fe‐EDTA or Ni²⁺; it was inhibited by a high concentration of Cu²⁺ itself; and it was not affected by the absence of citrate. Mn⁴⁺ caused a moderate inhibition of both Fe(III)‐reduction and Cu(II)‐reduction activities. Results agree with the hypothesis that free Cu²⁺ ion is the substrate for Cu(II)‐reduction and suggest that the mechanisms involved in Fe(III)‐reduction and Cu(II)‐reduction could have some differences and be affected by metals in different ways. The mode of action of metals on the reductase activity are discussed, but they are still not well known.     

小麦玉米轮作条件下不同生物质炭对土壤腐殖物质的影响

生物质炭是有效的土壤固碳材料.通过1年的田间试验探究了小麦玉米轮作施用花生壳生物质炭和木材生物质炭后盐化潮土腐殖物质(HS)含量及化学结构的变化.试验设置不施肥(CK)、常规单施化肥(T1)、花生壳生物质炭(T2)、木材生物质炭(T3)4个处理.结果表明,与CK和T1处理相比,小麦季和玉米季生物质炭处理的土壤有机碳(s...     

Iron deficiency on corn root mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activity

Abstract

Iron deficiency significantly reduced corn root mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activity. The root mitochondrial ATPase had two pH optima. In the presence of K and Mg ions, ferrous ion stimulated the ATPase activity especially when plants were Fe‐deficient.     

土壤团聚体中有机质研究进展

团聚体和有机质是保持土壤结构和肥力的基础,二者相互作用,不可分割,前者是后者存在的场所,后者是前者存在的胶结物质。在现有资料中,分别以团聚体和有机质为主要研究对象的报道较多,而团聚体中有机质性质的研究较少。本文从土壤有机质物理分组与化学分组相结合的角度,介绍国内外有关土壤团聚体中有机质的数量和特性及其对农业措施的响应方面的研究进展,内容包括团聚体分组、数量和稳定性,团聚体中的有机质的数量、未分组有机质的性质和腐殖物质组分的性质,颗粒分组中的有机质数量和性质,团聚体-密度联合分组中的有机质的数量和性质,不同土地利用方式和长期耕作施肥对团聚体中的有机质的影响等。以期推动不同粒级团聚体和不同HS组分相互作用及其对土壤固碳和肥力贡献研究工作的开展,为探索土壤有机质物理保护与化学保护之间的关系,揭示土壤固碳和培肥机理提供依据。     

Physiological and Nutritional Evaluation of the Application of Phosphite as a Phosphorus Source in Cucumber Plants

The aim of this study was to determine how different phosphite and phosphate rates applied together affect the growth and morphology parameters in cucumber plants as well as to characterize the nutritional and physiological state of phosphorus (P). Different foliar application rates of phosphite were applied to analyze subsequent biomass production, the relative growth rate, morphological parameters, P bioindicators, P forms, and P-use efficiency. The data suggest that the application of phosphite as a P fertilizer at a rate of ≥0.5 mM would be an appropriate and effective strategy under suboptimal conditions of phosphate in the growth medium, represented by 0.5 mM in our work, as it improved the growth parameters, number of flowers, leaf area, nutritional state of P, incorporation of P in structural organs, and P-use efficiency by the plant. The results indicate that the validity of the foliar use of phosphite as a P fertilizer in cucumber plants was subject to phosphate availability in the culture medium.     

Critical toxic concentrations of boron are variable in barley

The use of leaf symptoms and plant analysis in diagnosing and predicting yield depressions associated with boron (B) toxicity in barley was examined. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Stirling) was grown in pots of a sandy soil to which six levels of B were added. With increasing additions to the soil, B accumulated in the older leaves, increasing leaf injury and senescence. Leaf injury symptoms at high levels of B supply appeared in time well before dry mailer was depressed. Root weight was decreased more than shoot weight. Grain filling was affected only at severe levels of B toxicity. Critical toxic concentrations (CTC) of B in shoots were found to vary between approximately 40 and 150 μg, depending on the stage of plant growth at the lime of B analysis and the yield parameter chosen. A distinction is made between CTC values of B that are diagnostic or prognostic.     

The effect of salinity and iron application on growth and mineral uptake of sunflower (helianthus annuus L.)

In a greenhouse experiment, the effect of salinity and Fe chelate on growth and mineral uptake of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. c.v. Record) was studied.

Sunflower plants were grown in nutrient solution with four levels of salinity (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 atm), induced by NaCl and four rates of Fe chelate (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, ppm Fe) as FeEDDHA. The experiment was a completely randomized design with treatment combinations arranged in a factorial manner with three replications.

Dry matter yield, shoot‐root ratio, leaf area, plant height and transpiration decreased as salinity increased, the effect of salinity being depressed by iron applications. Salinity reduced P, K, Ca and Mg uptake by roots as well as that of N, P, K, Ca, Mg by shoots, while Fe applications increased uptake of these elements in roots and shoots. Both salinity and iron applications increased Cl, Na and Fe uptake by roots and shoots, as expected. In most instances salinity reduced uptake of Fe, Mn and Zn by the plants while iron applications improved uptake of these elements.

The sunflower plant used in this experiment was found to be, at least partly, tolerant to salinity and decreased water availability as well as toxicity of ions. Nutritional disorders were the cause of decreased plant growth by increasing salinity of the nutrient solution. The decreased plant growth and mineral uptake, induced by salinity, were partially offset by increased iron levels in the nutrient solution.     

Analysis of total inositol phosphates in municipal solid waste compost-treated soils by two extraction methods

 Humic substances are the most dynamic component of agricultural soils. In this study, humic substances were extracted from soils based on standard acid/base solubility and by gel filtration using Sephadex G25. Organic P is a component of humic substances, and inositol phosphates are considered to have high prominence in organic P. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost on the amount of inositol phosphates (IP) present in soils, and compare methods of extracting humic substances from soils. Total IP (IP_T) in soil extracts was determined following separation using a AG-1× 8 anion exchange resin, acid digestion and ICAP analysis for P. The percentage of IP (%IP) of the total P in the soil was also determined by colorimetric analysis. The soils were part of an experiment to study the effects of three rates of MSW compost and fertilizers on three crops grown in a Pugwash sandy loam (Humo-Ferric Podzol). The data were compared using ANOVA atP≤0.05; extraction methods, fractions [humic/fulvic, high/low molecular (MW)], and five treatments (three different rates of compost, fertilizer, and untreated soil) were compared. The gel filtration method extracted significantly more IP_T and %IP than the solubility method. In the solubility method, humic and fulvic acids contained the same amounts of IP_T and %IP, while the high MW fraction always contained more IP_T and %IP than the low MW fraction in the gel filtration method. Fulvic acids and the low MW fraction contained similar amounts of IP_T and %IP. There were differences in %IP between compost-treated soils and the non-compost-treated soils, although there were no differences in IP_T due to rate of compost addition. Received: 20 October 1999     

腐殖物质特异性及其产生机制

腐殖物质(HS)是天然有机质的主体,其组成、结构十分复杂。之所以称其为一类物质,就是基于他们具有不同于其形成前体的化学组成与结构特征的共性,或称\"特异性\",即在腐殖化过程中形成新的化学组合,甚至是\"特异的\"结合方式。但经历近200年的探索,人们对这种\"特异性\"的认识仍然不清楚,并缺少实验上的证据。加之近几年,一些研究结果被不适当的推演,HS的\"特异性\"更加受到质疑。HS到底有无\"特异性\"?\"特异性\"是什么?这涉及HS生物化学的根基,必须进行深入研究和回答。本文对已有的一些研究报道,包括HS的特异性、生物分子单体与HS结构特征的比较、基于生物多样性(进化)的天然生物材料与HS形成、HS形成机理及胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA)形成顺序、矿物黏粒催化与HS形成、异核单量子相干谱(HSQC)和总相关谱(TOCSY)、傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR-MS)和C1s软X射线近边吸收精细结构(NEXAFS)同步辐射技术应用等进行综合评述,并提出HS化学进一步研究的方向。     

根表铁氧化物和缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响

在人工光照植物培养室中采用营养液培养方法,研究了不同镉浓度条件下,水稻根表沉积的铁氧化物及缺铁根分泌物对水稻吸收镉的影响。结果表明：（１）水稻根只的铁氧化物对其生长介质的镉有富集作用,并在一定程度上能促进水稻对镉的吸收。水稻生长的铁营养状况不同,则地上部镉含量不同,地上部镉含量达到最大峰值时根表铁氧化物的数量也不同。（２）当根表铁氧化物数量一定时,随着营养液中镉浓度的增大（镉的处理浓度为０、０．０     

Effect of cultivation on physical speciation of humic substances and plant nutrients in aggregate fractions of crusting soil from Zimbabwe

The effects of clearing and cultivation of Rhodic Kandiustalf from Mazowe (Zimbabwe) were studied by quantifying humic substances and plant nutrients (available and exchangeable cations) in aggregate fractions. It was found that cultivation was associated with a relative depletion of plant nutrients in coarse aggregate fractions (i.e. a virtual migration of soil fertility towards microaggregate soil compartments). This effect was connected with the organic matter distribution patterns in the physical fractions: cultivation has led to a relative concentration of the colloidal fractions (humic acids and fulvic acids) in the microaggregates, accompanied by a selective depletion of the latter organic fraction. It is suggested that the increased physicochemical importance of the microaggregate fractions after cultivation may be an index for the disruption of the original soil structure leading to crust formation and it may also be related to the effect of ploughing on the humification processes and the mobility of the colloidal organic fractions. Received: 1 August 1996