Thermal IR satellite sensor data application for earthquake research in China

NOAA/AVHRR thermal images indicated the presence of positive thermal anomalies that are associated with the large linear structures and fault systems of the Earth's crust. The relation between thermal anomalies and seismic activity was established for Middle Asia on the basis of a 7-year series of thermal images. Thermal anomaly has been located near Beijing, on the border between the mountains and plain. The size of this anomaly is about 700 km long and 50 km wide. The anomaly appeared about 6-24 days before and continued about a week after an earthquake. The anomaly was sensitive to crust earthquakes with a magnitude more than 4.7 and for a distance of up to 500 km. The amplitude of this anomaly was about 3 C.     

Cover: Remote sensing based detection of defensive minefields

Crop surface temperature (CST) is an important parameter to monitor crop status. Satellite data in thermal region provide an opportunity to estimate CST over large regions at frequent intervals. In the present study, various split‐window algorithms are employed to estimate CST over rice areas in irrigation projects of Krishna basin, South India using multi‐resolution MODIS satellite data. NDVI is used to approximate the mean pixel emissivity, by taking known values for emissivity and NDVI for pure vegetation and bare soil pixels. Diurnal ground measurements are made to evaluate satellite‐derived CST. CST values obtained using the Sobrino method have been found to be closer to the ground‐measured values compared with other algorithms, as it takes into account view angle, atmospheric transmittance, and water vapour corrections. It has been observed that the error in estimating CST is comparatively lower for well‐grown crops.     

氮化铝陶瓷与铜界面热阻回归分析仿真模型

固体界面热阻是航空航天、低温与超导、微电子技术等领域中关注解决的基本科学问题，氮化铝陶瓷和金属铜被广泛应用于低温超导装置和集成电路芯片。该文基于氮化铝陶瓷与金属铜样品之间界面热阻的低温实验，应用MATLAB软件对实验数据进行回归分析，建立了氮化铝陶瓷与铜之间界面热阻与温度、压力等参数的回归分析仿真模型，仿真结果与实验数据有较好的一致性。该文研究结果对氮化铝陶瓷、铜应用于超导装置和集成电路芯片的传热设计、空间热控制具有重要意义。     

基于泛布尔代数的升船机结构逻辑控制研究

以抑制升船机结构的地震鞭梢效应为研究目标,根据升船机结构振动控制的相关经验,确立了泛布尔代数逻辑控制规则,完成了一种逻辑控制算法的设计。将该算法应用于现有的升船机结构模型的控制,成功运用Matlab/simulink进行了算法仿真,并对仿真结果进行了比较分析。仿真结果表明,基于泛布尔代数的逻辑控制方法控制简单、灵活、方便、有效,该逻辑控制算法适合典型的升船机结构,具有明显的抗震减震效果,达到了升船机结构抗震控制的工程要求。     

Numerical solutions for the one-dimensional heat-conduction equation using a spreadsheet

We show how to use a spreadsheet to calculate numerical solutions of the one-dimensional time-dependent heat-conduction equation. We find the spreadsheet to be a practical tool for numerical calculations, because the algorithms can be implemented simply and quickly without complicated programming, and the spreadsheet utilities can be used not only for graphics, printing, and file management, but also for advanced mathematical operations.We implement the explicit and the Crank-Nicholson forms of the finite-difference approximations and discuss the geological applications of both methods. We also show how to adjust these two algorithms to a nonhomogeneous lithosphere in which the thermal properties (thermal conductivity, density, and radioactive heat generation) change from the upper crust to the lower crust and to the mantle.The solution is presented in a way that can fit any spreadsheet (Lotus-123, Quattro-Pro, Excel). In addition, a Quattro-Pro program with macros that calculate and display the thermal evolution of the lithosphere after a thermal perturbation is enclosed in an appendix.     

Explorative research on the heat as an expression medium: focused on interpersonal communication

Thermal sensation is an important channel for getting information. Whereas there has been significant progress in the development of technologies controlling the heat to simulate thermal sensation, there is a lack of understanding about how to utilize it in designing interactive systems. We propose the term “thermal expression” to signify the activity of controlling a particular amount of heat with intention or the heat generated as a result of that activity to crystallize our new view to the heat and a systematic way of thinking about the quality and the structure of the thermal expression. Focusing on the interpersonal communication domain, we explored the expressive quality of the heat through a prototyping approach deploying the heat-based communication devices that we developed in the daily life environment of normal users. We discovered the characteristics of thermal expression and the design opportunities for thermal application development, especially for interpersonal communication. The emotional value and the role of heat as a communication medium are discussed.     

Satellite thermal survey—a new tool for the study of seismoactive regions

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)series satellite thermal images (STI) study showed the presence of positive anomalies of the outgoing Earth radiation flux recorded at night time and associated with largest linear structures and fault systems of the crust. The analysis of a continuous series (100-250 days) of nightly STI data for a period of 10 years allowed identification of a set of IR radiation anomalies in the Central Asian seismoactive region, Iran, Egypt, etc. About 10 000 NOAA images were analysed. It was actually discovered that there was a statistically significant correlation between the activity of IR anomalies (mean value of area per year or month) and the seismic activation of the Central Asian seismoactive region. At present the nature of stable and non-stable IR anomalies is not clear. In all probability hydrogeological factors or the greenhouse effect play a main role in forming the anomalies. Thus, satellite thermal survey is a tool for investigations of seismoactive regions and for earthquake predictions.     

Remote sensing analysis of the land surface temperature anomaly in the sand-dune region across the Israel-Egypt border

In the sand-dune region across the Israel-Egypt border, an anomalous phenomenon of thermal variation was observed on remote sensing images: the Israeli side with much more vegetation cover has higher surface temperature than the Egyptian side, where bare sand surface prevails. The study intends to examine the phenomenon using NOAA-AVHRR and Landsat TM data. The focus is to analyse the seasonal and spatial change of land surface temperature (LST) in the border region, to verify it through ground truth measurements and to simulate the average LST change on both sides according to surface composition structure. A split window algorithm containing only two parameters (transmittance and emissivity) has been developed for retrieving LST from NOAA-AVHRR data and a mono-window algorithm is proposed for computing LST from the only one thermal band of Landsat TM data. Application of these algorithms to the available AVHRR and Landsat TM data indicates that the LST anomaly does occur not only in one day but almost all the year. In hot dry summer the Israeli side is usually about 2.5-3.5°C hotter. In wet cool winter the LST difference between the sides is not large but the Israeli side still has higher LST. The Egyptian side may have slightly higher LST when surface temperature is below 20°C, several days after heavy rain, which leads to very wet surface conditions. The sharp LST contrast disappears on night-time images. Ground truth measurements indicate that the LST contrast mainly can be attributed to the surface temperature difference on the two typical surface patterns: biogenic crust and bare sand, which have above 3°C difference in surface temperature during summer. Experiments on soil samples from the field indicate that biogenic crust and sand have emissivity values of about 0.972 and 0.954, respectively, in hot dry conditions that match the environment of the region in summer. Surface composition determination based on three methods indicates that more than 72% of the ground on the Israeli side is covered with biogenic crust and more than 80% on the Egyptian side is bare sand. Actually, the LST anomaly can be understood as the direct result of surface composition difference, especially in biogenic crust and sand cover rate. Simulation with this surface composition difference shows that the Israeli side has steadily higher LST when the temperature of the biogenic crust is more than 1°C higher that of the sand surface, which usually occurs at moderate to high temperature levels (>30°C). When temperature is between 15 and 25°C, such as at about midnight, the two sides will have no obvious LST difference. This result is in agreement with the remote sensing observation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the vegetation cover does not contribute much to the LST contrast in comparison to the effect of the biogenic crust and sand cover.     

地震波信号实时处理系统

为了快速测定监视区域内地震的三要素,需要对地震波信号进行实时处理,本文论述了该 实时处理系统的结构与处理方法. 系统具有网状结构,可实现对瞬态波形的处理,具有一定的普遍性.     

用于地震短临前兆的空间探测技术

短临地震预报是一个尚未解决的科学问题。在分析现有地震预报存在不足的基础上，讨论了空间探测技术应用于地震预报的可能性，并简述目前国内外应用这种新技术新方法的现状、程度以及尚需解决的问题。连续、动态、系统、多参数的立体观测将是未来地震预报的发展趋势，空间探测技术能实时捕获大面积动态震前信息，弥补地面台网的不足，完善现有地震观测与预报体系。     

OptiSystem和Matlab协同仿真

通过一个OptiSystem光幅度调制外调制器Matlab组件实例,本文论述OptiSystem中的信号表示、组件参数设置以及组件所用M文件的一般组成,系统阐述OptiSystem和Matlab协同仿真的一般方法,对于学习如何扩展OptiSystem仿真能力具有指导意义。     

An intelligent simulation system for earthquake disaster assessment

This paper presents an intelligent simulation system for an earthquake disaster assessment system based on a development platform of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). This system is designed to identify the weakness of the structure and infrastructure system in pre-earthquake conditions, quickly assess earthquake damage and make an intelligent emergency response for the public and government during the earthquake and post-earthquake. The system includes the following functions: intelligent seismic hazard assessment, earthquake damage and loss evaluation, optimizing emergency response and post-earthquake recovering plan. The principle, design criteria, structure, functions and test results of this system are described in this paper. Based on its functional characteristics, this system is composed of four parts: an information database, analytical modules, an intelligent decision-making sub-system and a friendly user interface. There are 132 coverages and 78 analytical modules included in the information database and analytical modules. With this system, seismic disaster mitigation strategies can be verified during a pre-earthquake, and be executed at the time of an earthquake and post-earthquake; the earthquake resisting capacities for an entire city and all of its communities can be greatly enhanced. To check its reliability and its efficiency, this system has been tested based on a scenario earthquake event in one city, and the related results have also been given in this paper. At the present, this system has been installed and used in Daqing City, China. After running for almost 10 years, this system has successfully been used in rehearsing of seismic disaster mitigation and post-earthquake emergency response. Simultaneously, an optimizing aseismic retrofitting plan in Daqing City has been executed based on results from this system.     

ASTER‐derived emissivity and coal‐fire related surface temperature anomaly: a case study in Wuda,north China

Subsurface and surface coal fires form serious environmental, economic and safety problems in coal‐producing countries like China and India. Remote sensing offers the possibility of detecting and studying thermal anomalies due to coal fires. Emissivity plays an important role in determining the surface temperature of a body using remotely sensed data. In the present study an attempt is made to use satellite‐derived emissivity to estimate the surface temperature in Wuda, north China. With the use of multispectral thermal Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data (five bands in 8.125–11.65 µm region) in combination with a Temperature/Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm, the anomalous pixels due to coal fires can be extracted from the background to achieve a qualitative study of coal fires. In the present study, during night‐time overpass of ASTER, satellite images have been recorded and simultaneous field measurements were collected. These field measurements were used to process the satellite thermal data and to validate the results obtained. Using the TES approach, satellite‐based temperature corresponded well with actual field measurements at selected locations.     

基于VB和Matlab接口的海浪谱分析软件设计

在海浪研究中,海浪功率谱的获取是一个非常重要的内容;Visual Basic与Matlab的接口技术为编写一种人性化界面与高效率计算引擎相结合的应用程序提供了关键的条件;为实现随机信号的频谱和功率谱,随机信号频谱和功率谱分析中常用到快速傅里叶变换（FFT）,而Matlab内部提供了这种函数。为了快速方便地获取随机信号的功率谱,介绍了一种基于VB6．0与Matlab的接口技术实现FFT进而实现功率谱的方法,并在此基础上编写了实时海浪功率谱分析软件。该软件已经成功应用到海浪数据的处理中。实践证明：该方法具有一定的通用性,可用于其它随机信号频谱分析。     

Study of PBL dynamics over northern plains in fixing stack height of a super thermal power station

The Planetary Boundary Layer plays an important role in air pollution meteorology and in fixing the Stack height of major air-polluting industries, including the super thermal power plants. In India a super thermal power plant is being set up at Yamunanagar (30·1° N, 77·33 ° E) and it has been studied using an acoustic sounder with a stack height of 220?m which would be the optimum height to keep the physical stack above surface based inversions for 80 per cent of the time and the elevated inversions for 50 per cent of time above. However, the hot plume rise would inject any pollutants above the surface based inversions for 95 per cent of the time     

Effects of incomplete surface accommodation on non-equilibrium heat transfer in cavity flow: A parallel DSMC study

The impact of incomplete surface accommodation on non-equilibrium heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity is evaluated by a parallel direct simulation Monte Carlo method. A two-dimensional partitioning technique has been employed to parallelize the code and its parallel performance is assessed. The computed results indicate that incomplete surface accommodation significantly impacts all aspects of flow and heat transfer in the cavity like the vortex center, wall heat flux rates, and the heat transfer mechanism itself. In particular, a counter-gradient heat flux pattern exists when the flow is in a non-equilibrium state, under which thermal energy is transferred from a cold region to a hot region. However, the gaseous heat transfer process changes with any increase in incomplete surface accommodation, significantly affecting the direction of heat transfer.     

热催化气体传感器的特性分析及其设计原则

热催化气体传感器的输出受诸多因素的影响,从理论上分析其输出特性有助于传感器的优化设计和性能评估。从一个热催化气体传感器的典型结构和热催化气体敏感机理出发,应用热平衡方程和热敏电阻的电阻温度关系推导了传感器输出与被测气体浓度、催化反应速度、工作温度以及传感器结构尺寸等之间的定量关系。从推导过程中的诸多假设,得出了热催化气体传感器设计时应遵循的一般原则。     

Effects of slip on sheet-driven flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian fluid past a stretching sheet

The flow and heat transfer of an electrically conducting non-Newtonian fluid due to a stretching surface subject to partial slip is considered. The constitutive equation of the non-Newtonian fluid is modeled by that for a third grade fluid. The heat transfer analysis has been carried out for two heating processes, namely, (i) with prescribed surface temperature (PST-case) and (ii) prescribed surface heat flux (PHFcase) in presence of a uniform heat source or sink. Suitable similarity transformations are used to reduce the resulting highly nonlinear partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The issue of paucity of boundary conditions is addressed and an effective second order numerical scheme has been adopted to solve the obtained differential equations. The important finding in this communication is the combined effects of the partial slip, magnetic field, heat source (sink) parameter and the third grade fluid parameters on the velocity, skin friction coefficient and the temperature field. It is interesting to find that slip decreases the momentum boundary layer thickness and increases the thermal boundary layer thickness, whereas the third grade fluid parameter has an opposite effect on the thermal and velocity boundary layers.     

多时相影像福州市不透水面对城市地表温度的空间分布研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市热力场也随之发生变化,从而影响着城市区域环境、社会经济以及社会环境。由于NDVI具有季相变化的不稳定性,本研究采用两个时相TM/ETM+影像分析福州市及其周边地区不透水面对热力场的时空分布变化状况。为了获取精确的城市不透水面信息,本实验采用NDVI二元法结合2000年同区域的IKONOS影像提取不透水面信息。通过定量分析不透水面百分比、NDVI与地表温度的关系,得出不透水面百分比与城市地表温度呈线性相关,其相关系数在0.7左右;尤其30%以上的不透水面对地表热环境的空间分布影响最为突出,因此,相对于不稳定的NDVI而言,不透水面信息能更好地反映城市热环境的空间分布状况。     

非制冷红外焦平面高灵敏像元微桥设计

介绍了硅微桥结构的传热物理模型及其理论计算方法。提出一种星膜像元尺寸为360μm×360μm,具有“桌形”绝热框架支撑的微桥结构像元,用有限元分析证明其有较小的热导G,能获得很高的响应率。微桥结构在非制冷红外焦平面（UFPA）单元探测器中起着力学支撑、热隔离和电连接的作用,其品质优劣直接影响着UFPA器件的成像性能。