不同饲料组合对奶牛泌乳性能及乳成分的影响

探讨不同组合粗饲料对泌乳期奶牛产奶量、乳中主要成分变化。试验结果表明，在相同的饲养管理条件下，体重在410kg-420kg之间泌乳期奶牛，日产4．0％乳脂率标准乳试验3组饲喂5：1的玉米秸青贮和稻草粗饲料好于饲喂3：1的玉米秸秆和稻草粗饲料试验2组，试验3、2组明显的好于饲喂1：1的玉米秸和稻草试验1组。乳脂率、乳蛋白质、乳钙，饲喂3：1的玉米秸和稻草粗饲料与5：1的玉米秸青贮和稻草粗饲料高于饲喂1：1的玉米秸和稻草粗饲料。三种组合粗饲料，试验期日产奶分别达到20．21kg、24．76kg、25．54kg，日产奶分别收入35．37元、43．33元、44．68元，比试验前预试期平均日产奶量19．37kg，产奶收入34．87元比试验1、2、3组每天分别增收0．43元、8．84元、9．93元．相应提高1．56％、31．99％、35．94％。经济效益十分显著。     

苜蓿添加量对高产奶牛泌乳性能和乳成分的影响

30头2～4胎的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为3组,各组产奶量、体质量、胎次和泌乳天数（DIM）差异不显著。3组奶牛日粮中苜蓿干草的添加量分别为2（对照）、4和6kg,相应的日粮干物质（DM）中粗蛋白含量分别为15．6％、17．2％和18．8％,各组间中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和产奶净能（NEL）含量相同,分别为37．4％和6．9MJ／kgDM。结果表明,在以苜蓿干草为主的奶牛日粮中提高粗蛋白含量能显著提高产奶量（P〈0．05）;干物质采食量（DMI）变化不显著（P〈0．05）,但有增加的趋势;乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖及干物质含量没有显著变化（P〈0．05）,在奶牛日粮中大量使用苜蓿干草并不增加日粮成本,可大幅度提高经济效益,6kg组与对照相比纯增效益最高。苜蓿干草在奶牛日粮中的适宜添加量为6kg。     

日粮添加不同水平粗甘油对乳山羊泌乳性能、养分消化及乳成分的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平粗甘油对乳山羊泌乳性能、养分消化及乳成分的影响。试验将平均体重为（48.67±2.76）kg、泌乳期为（58±9.5）d的72头乳山羊随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头。对照组饲喂基础浓缩日粮,T1和T2组饲喂粗甘油水平为1%和2%的浓缩日粮。经过为期6周的饲养试验后测定相关指标。结果发现,与对照组相比,T1组乳脂肪和总固形物产量分别显著提高12.48%和4.61%（P＜0.05）,乳蛋白质产量显著降低9.88%（P＜0.05）。日粮添加不同水平的粗甘油对乳山羊有机物粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率的影响均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。与对照组相比,T1组干物质表观消化率显著提高7.99%（P＜0.05）,而T1和T2组粗脂肪表观消化率分别显著提高5.17%和3.45%（P＜0.05）。T2组乳脂肪含量较对照组显著提高13.62%（P＜0.05）,而T1和T2组乳中不饱和脂肪酸含量较对照组分别显著降低13.42%和11.94%（P＜0.05）。结论：在本研究条件下,粗甘油对乳山羊产奶量及乳脂肪酸含量无负面影响,其中1%粗甘油可以提高乳总固形物含量、干物质及粗脂肪表观消化率。 [关键词]粗甘油|乳山羊|泌乳性能|养分消化|乳成分     

青贮红薯藤对奶牛泌乳性能、瘤胃发酵及乳成分的影响

文章旨在研究青贮红薯藤对奶牛泌乳性能、瘤胃发酵及乳成分的影响。试验将60头品种、体重、产奶量相近的泌乳期奶牛随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头。各组分别用0%（对照组）、50%（试验Ⅰ组）、100%（试验Ⅱ组）比例青贮红薯藤等量替代基础日粮中的苜蓿干草,预试期7?d,正试期53?d,共计60?d。结果表明,（1）试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）奶牛产奶总量显著高于对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）（P <0.05）。（2）与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）相比,试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）奶牛挥发性脂肪酸、丙酸显著提高（P <0.05）。与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）相比,试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）奶牛氨态氮显著降低（P <0.05）。（3）与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）相比,试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）奶牛乳脂率显著提高（P <0.05）。与对照组（0%青贮红薯藤）相比,试验Ⅰ组（50%青贮红薯藤）和试验Ⅱ组（100%青贮红薯藤）奶牛总体细胞数显著降低（P...     

高产和低产奶牛不同泌乳阶段养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和乳品质的比较研究

试验研究泌乳性能与泌乳阶段对奶牛养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵参数和乳品质的影响。试验采用双因素试验设计,两个因素分别为泌乳性能(高产、低产)和泌乳阶段(泌乳前期、中期、后期)。将健康状况良好,体重、胎次、饲养管理相似的36头奶牛按泌乳性能和泌乳阶段分成6组,分别为高产泌乳前期组、高产泌乳中期组、高产泌乳后期组、低产泌乳前期组、低产泌乳中期组和低产泌乳后期组,每组6头牛。结果显示,高产奶牛瘤胃氨态氮(NH_(3)-N)、丙酸、异丁酸浓度以及干物质(DM)、粗脂肪(EE)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率显著高于低产奶牛(P<0.05),而瘤胃乙酸、丁酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸值显著低于低产奶牛(P<0.05)。奶牛泌乳后期瘤胃丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸显著高于泌乳中期(P<0.05),泌乳中期丙酸浓度显著高于泌乳前期和后期(P<0.05),泌乳前期戊酸浓度显著高于泌乳中期和后期(P<0.05)。泌乳中期DM、EE和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)消化率显著高于泌乳后期(P<0.05)。高产奶牛乳脂率有低于低产奶牛的趋势,乳糖和乳蛋白率无显著差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,泌乳性能的提高可以改善奶牛的养分表观消化率,使瘤胃发酵模式偏向丙酸发酵;泌乳后期奶牛产奶量显著下降,但是乳脂率显著上升。     

甜菜粕替代玉米对奶牛采食量、养分消化率、产奶量及其乳成分的影响

研究了甜菜粕作为能量饲料替代玉米对奶牛采食量、产奶量、养分消化率及其乳成分的影响。试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,3个不同时期,分别饲喂A(基础日粮)、B(甜菜粕替代15%玉米)、C(甜菜粕替代30%玉米)3种日粮,每组日粮除玉米和甜菜粕外,其他成分均相同。结果表明:各个处理组间在干物质采食量、产奶量、养分消化率和乳成分变化上差异均不显著(P>0.05),但B组与A组、C组比较,乳成分中乳脂、乳糖、总固形物含量最高,奶牛对粗蛋白、磷等养分的消化率最好。15%甜菜粕替代量优于30%甜菜粕替代效果。因此甜菜粕作为奶牛能量饲料,在节约成本的同时,还可改善乳成分、提高养分消化率。建议替换玉米比例为15%。     

青贮绿豆叶对奶牛采食量、养分消化及乳成分的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加不同水平的青贮绿豆叶对泌乳期奶牛采食量、养分消化、乳成分及血液代谢物的影响。试验将平均泌乳量为（6.47±0.68）kg的24头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组与处理组分别饲喂青贮绿豆叶水平为0、5%、10%和15%的浓缩料,整个10周的饲养试验期间,各组均自由采食水稻秸秆。结果：10%和15%青贮绿豆叶组奶牛的水稻秸秆采食量较对照组分别显著提高10.36%和11.01%（P＜0.05）,10%青贮绿豆叶组奶牛总可消化养分摄入量较对照组显著提高15.74%（P＜0.05）。对照组奶牛中性洗涤纤维表观消化率较10%青贮绿豆叶组显著降低7.54%（P＜0.05）,同时该组酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率较10%和15%青贮绿豆叶组分别显著降低9.81%和10.32%（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,10%和15%青贮绿豆叶组乳脂肪产量分别显著提高5.63%和5.18%（P＜0.05）。日粮添加不同水平的青贮绿豆叶对奶牛血液代谢物浓度的影响无显著差异（P＞0.05）。结论：浓缩料中青贮绿豆叶添加水平为10%时可以提高泌乳期奶牛水稻秸秆采食量和总可消化养分的摄入量及纤维消化率,提高乳脂肪产量。[关键词]绿豆叶|奶牛|采食量|养分消化|乳成分     

橘皮渣对奶牛产奶性能和养分表观消化率的影响

选用12头奶牛随机分成2组，研究添加橘皮渣对奶牛产奶性能的影响。结果表明：添加橘皮渣可极显著提高奶牛的4%标准奶产量、乳脂率、乳固形物率、乳脂产量和乳固形物产量(P<0.01)，并可改善乳营养成分和提高全混合日粮养分表观消化率。     

泌乳早期奶牛日粮中添加脂肪酸钙对乳成分的影响

1　材料与方法该试验于 1 998年 6月 2 9日开始至 9月 2 9日结束 ,为期 3个月。整个饲养试验在保定牛奶场完成。1 1　试验牛的选择与试验设计1 1 1　试验牛的选择 :根据试验要求及统计学原理 ,选择产后 1 5～ 2 0天、经产、胎次相同或相近、上胎产奶量相似、体重范围在 650～ 70 0ｋｇ、平均体重为 680ｋｇ、健康无病、遗传组成基本相似的奶牛 6头 ,见表 1。表 1　试验牛的基本情况牛号胎次 上胎 30 5天产奶量 (ｋｇ)上胎平均日产奶量 (ｋｇ) 产犊日期933736 71 3.32 2 .0 1 6 .1 1940 1 36 44 9.7 2 1 .1 5 6 .9941 5 36 34 7.6 2 1 .81…     

Effect of monensin and vitamin E on milk production and composition of lactating dairy cows

Feeding unsaturated oils to lactating dairy cows impair ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and increase ruminal outflow of BH intermediates such as trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA that are considered to be potent inhibitors of milk fat synthesis. Supplementing lactating dairy cow’s rations containing plant origin oils with monensin and/or vitamin E may minimise the formation of trans‐10 isomers in the rumen, thereby preventing milk fat depression. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of monensin and vitamin E supplementation in the diets of lactating dairy cows containing whole cottonseed, as the main source of FA on feed intake, milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, efficiency of nitrogen (N) utilisation, efficiency of net energy (NE) utilisation and nutrients digestibilities. Four multiparous Holstein lactating dairy cows (86 ± 41 days in milk) were assigned to a balanced 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with a 14 days of treatment adaptation and a 7 days of data collection. The control diet was a total mixed ration (TMR) consisted of 430 g/kg forage and 570 g/kg of a concentrate mixture on dry matter (DM) basis. Cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments including control diet (C), control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E/kg of DM (E), control diet supplemented with 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (M) and control diet supplemented with 150 mg of vitamin E and 24 mg of monensin/kg of DM (EM). Dry matter intake (DMI) ranged from 19.1 to 19.5 kg/d and was similar among the dietary treatments. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk production, milk fat, protein and lactose concentrations, efficiency of utilisation of nitrogen and net energy for lactation (NE_L). Digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) was not affected by the dietary treatments. Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was higher in cows fed with the M and EM diets in relation to those fed the C and E diets. The concentrations of C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C15:0, trans‐10‐16:1, cis‐9‐16:1, 17:0, 18:0, trans‐11‐18:1, cis‐9‐18:1, cis‐9, trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, and 18:3n‐3 FA in milk fat were not affected by the dietary supplementations. While feeding the M diet tended to decrease milk fat concentration of C16:0, the milk fat concentration of C18:2n‐6 FA tended to be increased. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E or monensin had no effect on milk fat concentrations of saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, short chain and long chain FA, but feeding the M diet numerically decreased milk fat concentration of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA). The results showed that vitamin E and/or monensin supplementations did not improve milk fat content and did not minimise the formation of trans‐10 FA isomers in the rumen when whole cottonseed was included in the diet as the main source of fatty acids.     

日粮添加包被尿素对乳山羊泌乳性能、乳成分及瘤胃发酵参数的影响

文章旨在评估日粮添加包被尿素替代豆粕对乳山羊泌乳性能、养分摄入、乳成分及瘤胃发酵参数的影响.试验将32头平均泌乳期为(68±3)d的乳山羊随机分为2组,每组16头,每组8个重复(2头/重复).对照组饲喂玉米-青贮玉米-豆粕型全混合日粮,处理组饲喂用30％包被尿素替代豆粕的全混合日粮,饲养试验持续5周.结果:日粮添加30...     

Effect of anthocyanin‐rich corn silage on digestibility,milk production and plasma enzyme activities in lactating dairy cows

Anthocyanin in purple corn (Zea mays L.) has been reported to show several functional and biological attributes, displaying antioxidant, antiobesity and antidiabetic effects in monogastric animals. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding anthocyanin‐rich corn (Zea mays L., Choko C922) silage on digestibility, milk production and plasma enzyme activities in lactating dairy cows. The cows were fed diets based on the control corn or the anthocyanin‐rich corn silage (AR treatment) in a crossover design. The anthocyanin‐rich corn silage‐based diet had a lower starch content, nutrient digestibility and total digestible nutrients content when compared to the control diet. The milk yield, lactose and solids‐not‐fat contents in the AR‐treatment cows were lower than in the control cows. The feeding of the anthocyanin‐rich corn silage led to a reduction in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity and an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the plasma. These data suggest that the anthocyanin‐rich corn has a lowering effect on AST activity with concomitant enhancement of SOD activity in lactating dairy cows. However, a new variety of anthocyanin‐rich corn with good nutritional value is needed for practical use as a ruminant feed.     

Effect of tannins and saponins in Samanea saman on rumen environment,milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tannins and saponins in Samanea saman on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Four multiparous early‐lactating dairy cows (Holstein‐Friesian cross‐bred, 75%) with an initial body weight (BW) of 405 ± 40 kg and 36 ± 8 day in milk were randomly assigned to receive dietary treatments according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The four dietary treatments were unsupplemented (control), supplemented with rain tree pod (S. saman) meal (RPM) at 60 g/kg, supplemented with palm oil (PO) at 20 g/kg, and supplemented with RPM at 60 g/kg and PO at 20 g/kg (RPO), of total dry matter (DM) intake. Cows were fed with concentrate diets at a ratio of concentrate to milk yield of 1:2, and chopped 30 g/kg of urea‐treated rice straw was fed ad libitum. The RPM contained condensed tannins and crude saponins at 88 and 141 g/kg of DM respectively. It was found that s upplementation with RPM and/or PO to dairy cows diets did not show negative effect on ruminal pH, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen concentration (p > 0.05). However, supplementation with RPM resulted in lower ammonia nitrogen (NH₃‐N) concentration (p < 0.05). In addition, propionic acid and milk production increased while acetic acid, acetic to propionic ratio, methane production, methanogens and protozoal population decreased with RPM and/or PO supplementation. Furthermore, addition of PO and RPO in the diets increased milk fat while supplementation of RPM resulted in greater milk protein and Fibrobacter succinogenes numbers (p < 0.05). The population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Ruminococcus albus were not affected by any treatments. The findings on the present study showed that supplementation with RPM and RPO to diets of cows improved the rumen environment and increased milk yield, content of milk protein and milk fat.     

中草药添加剂对奶牛产奶性能及牛奶体细胞数的影响

试验采用完全随机区组设计,将18头年龄、体重、产奶性能、胎次及泌乳阶段相似的中国荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为对照组、试验1组和试验2组3个处理组,6个区组每个处理组6个重复,饲养期120 d。各处理组的粗饲料相同,均由干草、玉米秸秆、玉米青贮构成,试验1组与试验2组的精饲料在对照组基础上分别添加0.4%与0.8%的中草药添加剂。试验结果表明,添加中草药添加剂对乳干物质、非脂乳固体、乳脂率、乳糖及乳蛋白含量无明显影响,但中草药对刺激奶牛产奶和预防奶牛乳房炎的发生有一定效果,试验2组产奶量显著高于对照组(P=0.046),相对于对照组增加了20.7%,并可降低体细胞数和乳房炎的发生率。     

Effect of brewer's grain on rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition in lactating dairy cows

Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups (n = 3) and used in a double reversal trial with three periods of 14 days each to evaluate the rumen fermentation, milk production and milk composition of cows fed brewer's grain (BG). The control diets contained 14% chopped Sudangrass hay, 24% corn silage, 18% alfalfa hay cube, 34% concentrate mixture‐1 and 10% concentrate mixture‐2 (wheat bran, soybean meal and cottonseed). In the experimental diet, wet BG replaced the concentrate mixture‐2. The protozoal population, concentration of ammonia‐N and volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid did not differ between the control and BG diets. The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher (P < 0.05) with the BG diet at 5 h after feeding. The milk yield, the percentage of protein, lactose, solids not‐fat and somatic cell counts of milk did not differ between the two diets. The percentage of milk fat tended to increase with the BG diet. The BG diet significantly increased the proportions of C18:0 and C18:1 in milk fat (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively) and tended to increase that of conjugated linoleic acid.     

微量元素添加剂对奶牛泌乳性能影响

针对奶牛日粮营养不平衡,导致产奶量低、乳脂率低,经济效益低的生产状况,本试验随机选择4胎、5胎、6胎泌乳期牛10头,分试验组与对照组,各试验牛按日产奶量饲喂不等量精料补充料、玉米秸与稻秸按2:1混合的粗饲料、尿素基础饲粮。试验组饲粮按产奶量分等添加微量元素添加剂,试验期试验组奶料比为3.25,对照组为2.9,试验组增加0.34kg(P<0.05)。试验期产奶量按4.0%标准乳计算,试验组日产奶量高于对照组4.31kg(P<0.05)。按每kg增重折合鲜奶8.0kg校正体重后标准乳计算,试验组日产奶量高于对组4.36kg(P<0.01)。乳脂、乳钙、乳蛋白质(2.29 乳脂率×0.33计算),试验组比对照组分别提高0.32%、0.10%、0.03%(P<0.05)。添加微量元素的试验组,头均日产标准奶24.12kg,对照组19.8kg(P<0.05),按kg鲜奶1.80元计算,头、日产奶分别收入43.42元、35.62元(P<0.05)。头均日耗饲料的实际价格试验组9.15元、对照组7.82元(P<0.01),试验组比对组多增收6.46元(P<0.05),经济效益显著。     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

胡萝卜对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

试验通过在产奶牛日粮中添加胡萝卜,研究胡萝卜不同饲喂量对舍饲奶牛的奶产量和乳成分的影响。试验牛选用中国荷斯坦奶牛,体重500~600 kg,胎次为头胎、泌乳100 d左右的健康荷斯坦奶牛30头,采用完全随机区组设计,分为3个处理组,试验1组为对照组(基础日粮),试验2组(基础日粮+5 kg胡萝卜)、试验3组(基础日粮+7.5 kg胡萝卜)为试验组,基础日粮由全株青贮玉米、羊草和精料组成。研究结果显示,奶牛在添加胡萝卜后能够显著提高产奶量,90 d后试验2组的产奶量比对照组提高了11.94%(P<0.05),试验3组的产奶量比对照组提高了16.17%(P<0.05),牛奶的风味也得到很大的改善。     

Effect of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Thirty‐six Holstein‐Friesian crossbred lactating dairy cows were used to determine the effects of linseed oil supplementation on performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile. Three treatments were as follows: basal diet (56:44 Roughage:concentrate [R:C] ratio, dry matter basis) supplemented with 500 g of palm oil as control (PO), 500 g mixture (1:1, w/w) of palm oil and linseed oil (POLSO) and 500 g of linseed oil (LSO). The LSO supplementation had no effects on total dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield and milk composition. Compared to control cows, cows supplemented with LSO increased milk concentrations of cis‐9,trans‐11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n‐3 FA (P < 0.05), particularly C18:3n‐3, C20:5n‐3 and C22:6n‐3. Feeding LSO reduced concentrations of milk short‐ and medium‐chain saturated fatty acids (P < 0.05) while it increased concentration of milk unsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.05). Milk proportions of n‐3 FA increased, whereas n‐6/n‐3 ratio decreased in the LSO as compared with the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing dairy cows' diet based on corn silage with LSO at 500 g/day could improve the nutritional value of milk with potential health‐beneficial FA without detrimental effect on milk composition or cow's performance.