CsPbIBr_2钙钛矿太阳能电池中通过氧气诱导Spiro-OMeTAD快速氧化（英文）

Spiro-OMeTAD是钙钛矿型太阳能电池中应用最广泛的空穴传输材料,它本身的空穴传输率很低,需要氧化之后才能满足高效率太阳能电池器件的要求。然而,Spiro-OMeTAD在空气中的氧化时间较长,同时空气中的水分会造成器件效率的下降以及器件质量不稳定等不良后果。基于此,我们通过一步法制备CsPbIBr_2无机钙钛矿太阳能电池,并将旋涂了Spiro-OMeTAD层的器件放在纯氧气中氧化,避免因水分导致的钙钛矿层分解。实验结果表明,氧气氧化后的器件最高效率为7.19%,高于空气中氧化的器件达到的最高效率6.29%,并且氧气氧化可以将Spiro-OMeTAD的氧化时间从18小时缩短到5小时。我们采用一系列电化学表征方法探讨了不同氧化条件下电池器件的性能差异.结果显示,纯氧气氧化Spiro-OMeTAD可以有效减低载流子复合,提高电荷传输。此外,我们采集了多个样本统计分析,发现采用氧气氧化的器件平均效率更高,器件质量更稳定,具有更好的可重复性。这种快速稳定的氧化方法为钙钛矿型太阳能电池的商业化开发提供了有效的思路。     

2D钙钛矿太阳能电池的能带调控

经过短短十年的发展,钙钛矿太阳能电池效率已经超过25%,极具商业化价值,这得益于三维(3D)钙钛矿材料具有合适的带隙、吸光系数高、电子迁移距离长等优点。但3D钙钛矿的稳定性依然是其亟待解决的问题。二维(2D)钙钛矿器件除了兼具3D钙钛矿的优异光电性质之外,其稳定性良好,是解决3D钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性问题的一个可行方案。2D钙钛矿晶格中的疏水性大烷基胺阳离子能阻止湿气侵入的可能路径,使其成为光电器件的备选材料。由于2D钙钛矿对许多不同的有机和无机成分具有较高的耐受性,使其组成具有多样性,进而影响其能带变化。本文对2D钙钛矿的带隙调控及能带调控进行总结,希望对制备高效、稳定的低维度钙钛矿太阳能电池具有一定的指导意义。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池中吸收层的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池因具有成本低、制备容易和光电性能优异等突出特点受到了广泛关注.钙钛矿太阳能电池能量转化效率已从2009年的3.8%提升到2019年的25.2%.我们在文中重点总结了钙钛矿电池吸收层的制备工艺,掺杂和晶体组成、结构调控方面取得的重要进展,以及这些突破对电池效率提高的贡献,同时也提出了钙钛矿太阳能电池发展仍需要解决的问题.     

大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池

近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池因其高效、低成本、可制成柔性器件等突出优点在光伏研究领域备受关注。本文系统综述了大面积钙钛矿电池的最新研究进展,介绍了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构特点、发展历史、钙钛矿薄膜的主要制备技术及改善的方法等,讨论了大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池目前存在的问题、提高大面积器件效率的方法及大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池的应用研究及工业化。最后,对大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池的应用前景进行了展望。     

钛掺杂钙钛矿制备高效率钙钛矿太阳能电池

采用钛离子掺杂钙钛矿薄膜的方法修饰钙钛矿晶界缺陷。研究表明钛离子富集在晶界处,有效地钝化了晶界缺陷,同时有助于连续、平整、高质量薄膜的形成。经过钛离子掺杂后的钙钛矿太阳能电池电流(JSC)达到22.3 mA·cm~(-2),开路电压(VOC)达1.1 V,填充因子(FF)高达72.4%,光电转换效率(PCE)优化至17.4%,远高于未掺杂钙钛矿太阳能电池。     

卤化钙钛矿太阳能电池材料理论研究进展

卤化钙钛矿由于具有低成本、高效率等特点,最近作为非常有前景的太阳能电池吸收层材料被广泛研究。卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池效率在短短的几年间由3.8%(2009年)迅速增加到22.1%(2016年)。卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池的出现彻底改变了太阳能电池领域,不仅因为它们快速增长的效率,而且因为它们在材料生长和结构方面的可控性。卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池的优越性能说明卤化钙钛矿材料具有独特的物理性质。在本综述中,我们总结了卤化钙钛矿材料最近几年在结构、电学、光学方面的理论研究成果,这些都与它们在太阳能电池方面的应用密切相关。我们也将探讨一些卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池目前遇到的挑战以及可能的理论解决途径。     

通过磁控溅射金属钛生长金红石型二氧化钛纳米片阵列应用于钙钛矿太阳能电池

本文首次通过磁控溅射方法,在FTO表面溅射一层Ti金属层,结合水热反应,原位生长TiO₂纳米片阵列（TiO₂ NSAs）. 经过退火处理,Ti金属层转变为致密的TiO₂层,因此基于此方法制得的金红石型TiO₂ NSAs与FTO基底具有很强的结合力. 与通过原子层沉积 (ALD) 以及悬涂 (SC) 法所得的另外两种TiO₂致密层生长的TiO₂ NSAs对比发现,基于本文所述方法制备的TiO₂ NSAs作为支架层的钙钛矿太阳能电池具有最佳性能. 上述结果主要是由于该TiO₂ NSAs无明显缺陷,并且在TiO₂ NSAs/TiO₂致密层/FTO界面接触很好. 值得注意的是,通过优化实验条件,基于此种TiO₂ NSAs的钙钛矿太阳能电池的最高光电转换效率可达11.82%.     

钙钛矿太阳能电池的商业化进展与挑战

钙钛矿太阳电池是一项颠覆性的光伏技术,具有能量转化效率高、生产成本低、制备工艺简单等优势。当前,钙钛矿太阳能电池的认证效率已达25.7%,但其面临着严重的商业化瓶颈,如稳定性差、模组效率相对低、铅毒性等,且这些问题相互关联。本文简述了钙钛矿太阳能电池的工作原理和器件结构,并归纳总结了在解决钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性、封装和模组化等商业化瓶颈问题方面的主要研究进展。最后,本文提出了钙钛矿光伏商业化进程中值得关注的解决措施。     

界面钝化策略:提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性

近年来,新兴起的有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池突飞猛进,在短短十年里其光电转化效率从3.8%迅速发展到目前25.2%的认证效率,被视为最具有应用潜力的新型高效率太阳能电池之一。虽然钙钛矿太阳能电池具有很高的光电转换效率已与多晶硅薄膜电池相媲美,但是电池的长期稳定性仍是阻碍其商业化的一大挑战。钙钛矿表面和晶界存在大量的缺陷,界面钝化来提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性是非常重要且有效的策略。二维钙钛矿材料是有机胺层与无机层交替的层状钙钛矿,具有体积较大的有机铵阳离子,与传统的三维钙钛矿材料相比对于环境的稳定性较好,并且结构灵活可调,在三维钙钛矿表面修饰二维钙钛矿层钝化缺陷,在提高钙钛矿太阳能电池效率的同时又保证了稳定性,另外,合适的钝化剂分子也能够非常有效地钝化缺陷。本文总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的不稳定因素,归纳了钙钛矿太阳能电池界面钝化方面的研究进展,指出了二维钙钛矿材料发展的巨大潜力以及寻找合适钝化剂分子的原则,期望能够为获得高性能的钙钛矿太阳能电池进而实现商业化提供有益的指导。     

无机钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性研究进展

近年来钙钛矿太阳能电池发展迅速,全无机钙钛矿具有良好的热稳定性、高吸光系数、带隙可调、制备简单等优点备受关注.现今,无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的最高光电转化效率已达19.03%,具有很好的发展潜力.本综述将从无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备方法、薄膜掺杂、界面修饰对稳定性影响入手,系统介绍无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展并进行分析总结,并着重分析了无机钙钛矿不稳定的原因及其改善方法,最后对于无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的未来进行了展望.     

Iodonium Initiators: Paving the Air-free Oxidation of Spiro-OMeTAD for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

To date, perovskite solar cells (pero-SCs) with doped 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) hole transporting layers (HTLs) have shown the highest recorded power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, their commercialization is still impeded by poor device stability owing to the hygroscopic lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and volatile 4-tert-butylpyridine dopants as well as time-consuming oxidation in air. In this study, we explored a series of single-component iodonium initiators with strong oxidability and different electron delocalization properties to precisely manipulate the oxidation states of Spiro-OMeTAD without air assistance, and the oxidation mechanism was clearly understood. Iodine (III) in the diphenyliodonium cation (IP⁺) can accept a single electron from Spiro-OMeTAD and forms Spiro-OMeTAD⋅⁺ owing to its strong oxidability. Moreover, because of the coordination of the strongly delocalized TFSI⁻ with Spiro-OMeTAD⋅⁺ in a stable radical complex, the resulting hole mobility was 30 times higher than that of pristine Spiro-OMeTAD. In addition, the IP-TFSI initiator facilitated the growth of a homogeneous and pinhole-free Spiro-OMeTAD film. The pero-SCs based on this oxidizing HTL showed excellent efficiencies of 25.16 % (certified: 24.85 % for 0.062-cm²) and 20.71 % for a 15.03-cm² module as well as remarkable overall stability.     

Localized Oxidation Embellishing Strategy Enables High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

Perovskite solar cell (pero-SC) has attracted extensive studies as a promising photovoltaic technology, wherein the electron extraction and transfer exhibit pivotal effect to the device performance. The planar SnO₂ electron transport layer (ETL) has contributed the recent record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the pero-SCs, yet still suffers from surface defects of SnO₂ nanoparticles which brings energy loss and phase instability. Herein, we report a localized oxidation embellishing (LOE) strategy by applying (NH₄)₂CrO₄ on the SnO₂ ETL. The LOE strategy builds up plentiful nano-heterojunctions of p-Cr₂O₃/n-SnO₂ and the nano-heterojunctions compensate the surface defects and realize benign energy alignment, which reduces surface non-radiative recombination and voltage loss of the pero-SCs. Meanwhile, the decrease of lattice mismatch released the lattice distortion and eliminated tensile stress, contributing to better stability of the devices. The pero-SCs based on α-FAPbI₃ with the SnO₂ ETL treated by the LOE strategy realized a PCE of 25.72 % (certified as 25.41 %), along with eminent stability performance of T₉₀>700 h. This work provides a brand-new view for defect modification of SnO₂ electron transport layer.     

Graphdiyne: Bridging SnO2 and Perovskite in Planar Solar Cells

The matching of charge transport layer and photoactive layer is critical in solar energy conversion devices, especially for planar perovskite solar cells based on the SnO₂ electron‐transfer layer (ETL) owing to its unmatched photogenerated electron and hole extraction rates. Graphdiyne (GDY) with multi‐roles has been incorporated to maximize the matching between SnO₂ and perovskite regarding electron extraction rate optimization and interface engineering towards both perovskite crystallization process and subsequent photovoltaic service duration. The GDY doped SnO₂ layer has fourfold improved electron mobility due to freshly formed C?O σ bond and more facilitated band alignment. The enhanced hydrophobicity inhibits heterogeneous perovskite nucleation, contributing to a high‐quality film with diminished grain boundaries and lower defect density. Also, the interfacial passivation of Pb?I anti‐site defects has been demonstrated via GDY introduction.     

Enhanced Performance of Camphorsulfonic Acid-Doped Perovskite Solar Cells

High-quality perovskite film with large grains and therefore reduced grain boundaries plays a significant role in improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and ensuring good long-term stability of the perovskite solar cells. In this work, we found that adding camphorsulfonic acid (CSA), a Lewis base, to the perovskite solution results in the crystallization of larger perovskite grains. By varying the concentration of CSA, we found that the optimal concentration of the additive is 1 mg/mL, which leads to an 20% increase in PCE of the cells compared to the reference CSA-free cell. Interestingly, we observed that the PCE of cells with an excess of CSA was initially poor, but may increase significantly over time, possibly due to CSA migration to the hole-transporting layer, leading to an improvement in its conductivity.     

准二维钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

新型有机-无机杂化二维（2D）钙钛矿具有优良的光电性能、 结晶性和稳定性, 在太阳能电池领域引起广泛关注. 相比于三维（3D）钙钛矿, 由于有机间隔阳离子（OSC）的引入形成独特的层状晶体结构赋予了材料特殊性质: （1） 多层量子阱结构促成材料各项异性的光电性质; （2） 间隔阳离子改变前驱体团簇状态, 实现溶液中高质量的结晶; （3） 间隔层的疏水性质和抑制离子迁移作用, 从本源上改善了钙钛矿的稳定性. 近年来, 针对准2D钙钛矿太阳能电池（准2D-PSCs）展开了广泛研究, 并取得了一系列重要研究成果. 本文从准2D钙钛矿材料的晶体结构与取向、 相分布、 光电性质到器件的能量转化效率与稳定性等方面, 综合评述了近年来准 2D-PSCs的最新研究进展, 总结了晶体结构-材料性质-电池性能之间的作用机制, 并进一步展望了未来研究的趋势.     

全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的制备及稳定性

全无机钙钛矿太阳电池因其热稳定性好、载流子迁移率高,可用于制备叠层电池等优点备受关注.随着人们对全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的深入研究和制备工艺的持续优化,全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的光电转换效率已经突破19％.然而,全无机钙钛矿材料相稳定性较差,这使得实现全无机钙钛矿太阳电池在空气环境下制备和长期使用面临巨大挑战.众多科研工作者通...     

界面修饰策略在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

目前钙钛矿太阳能电池的认证效率已达25.2%,被认为是下一代最有希望的薄膜太阳能电池候选者。但通过溶液加工方法制备的钙钛矿薄膜不可控的形貌与较差的结晶性是制约器件稳定性提升和大面积生产的主要原因。为了有效解决这一难题,研究者们通常在电荷传输层与钙钛矿层之间进行界面修饰。本文从界面修饰的角度出发,总结了不同界面修饰策略在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用,并展望了界面修饰在低成本和大面积钙钛矿太阳能电池的应用前景。     

Mixed-phase Mesoporous TiO2 Film for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

Mesoporous scaffold structures have played great roles in halide perovskite solar cells(PSCs),due to the excellent photovoltaic performance and commercial perspective of mesoporous PSCs.Here,we reported a mixed-phase TiO2 mesoporous film as an efficient electron transport layer(ETL)for mesoporous perovskite solar cells.Due to the improved crystal phase,fihn thickness and nanopartMe size of TiO2 layer,which were controlled by varying the one-step hydrothermal reaction time and annealing time,the PSCs exhibited an outstanding short circuit photocurrent density of 25.27 mA/cm^2,and a maximum power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 19.87%.It is found that the ultra-high Jsc attributes to the excellent film quality,light capturing and excellent electron transport ability of mixed-phase TiO2 mesoporous film.The results indicate that mix-phase mesoporous metal oxide fihns could be a promising candidate for producing effective ETLs and high efficiency PSCs.