城镇污水处理厂出水悬浮物检测中取样量的研究

城镇污水处理厂出水中的悬浮物含量极低,按照常规取样量进行检测会出现很多问题。为了得到最佳的取样量,以便为污水处理厂出水悬浮物测定提供参考,提出了取样量与检出限相结合的分析方法。使用高岭土配制成悬浮物标准水样,测定不同取样量时的方法检出限,并结合沈阳南部污水处理厂出水水质进行研究。结果显示,当取样量为300 mL时,方法检出限为2 mg/L,污水处理厂出水悬浮物测定值为3 mg/L,测定值高于检出限。由此得出城镇污水处理厂出水悬浮物检测的最佳取样量为300 m L。     

大川沟煤矿矿井水混凝-超滤处理方法实验研究

针对陕北大川沟煤矿悬浮物矿井水,采用混凝-超滤联用处理方法对去除矿井水浊度、COD和细菌进行了实验研究.研究结果表明：第一,该方法对矿井水的浊度去除率为99.8％,对细菌数的去除率在99％以上,因此混凝-超滤联用方法对矿井水浊度和细菌数具有很好的去除效果;第二,混凝-超滤联用方法对与矿井水的CODCx去除率为76％,具有一定的作用.     

船用脱硫系统废水超滤膜性能对比试验

构建管式错流过滤装置和孔径检测装置，通过敞开式冲压法进行船用废水超滤膜的纯水通量研究，通过泡压法测定不同膜的最大孔径和最可几孔径，并结合电镜表征进一步验证不同膜的微观结构对滤膜性能的影响。结果表明：虽然碳化硅膜的纯水通量大，有利于增大船舶废水处理能力，但其孔径大、缺陷多，难以满足日趋严格的船舶排放法规要求；相比之下，陶瓷膜由于微观孔径小，纯水通量较小，但得益于较少的微观缺陷，其对船舶废水中的杂质甚至是溶解油有较高的截留率。     

某矿井水处理站处理至地表水川类工艺方案设计

根据环保要求,某煤矿矿井水处理站采用"高密度澄清池+锰砂过滤+除氟吸附过滤+臭氧-生物活性炭+超滤"工艺,出水达到《地表水环境质量标准》GB3838-2002中的Ⅲ类水水质要求。     

煤炭矿井废水回用技术比较研究

在分析煤炭矿井废水污染源及特点的基础上,以废水中的悬浮物处理工艺为重点,详细论述了不同工艺在废水回用中的优缺点,为煤矿开采企业在合理选取适宜的技术提供理论参考。     

小河边煤矿110309运输巷沿空留巷设计实践

为了加快解决矿井生产接续问题和提高煤炭资源回收率,延长矿井年限及减少矿井巷道掘进工作量,并节约开采成本,对小河边煤矿110309运输巷采用了沿空留巷技术,缓解煤矿采掘接替紧张。对110309运输巷沿空留巷采取补打锚索+单体支柱托棚+U型钢+钢板网的联合支护方式,显著提高了矿井煤炭采收率。     

锅炉全膜法水处理系统浅析

本文就目前锅炉水处理的主流发展方向,介绍了全膜法锅炉水处理的基本流程和工作原理,并简要介绍了反渗透+电去离子联合制纯水的特点。     

电催化氧化+混凝沉淀+水解酸化+MBR联合处理松脂生产废水

松脂生产废水主要污染物是有机物、悬浮物和色度等,有机物主要是单宁酸、酚类、树脂酸、草酸及草酸盐、有机色素、乳化状松脂和松节油等,属难生化降解的高浓度有机废水,不能用生化处理工艺直接处理。采用电催化氧化+混凝沉淀+水解酸化+MBR为主体工艺处理该废水,实践表明,在进水COD平均浓度为5000~8000mg/L和色度≤250倍时,出水COD≤100mg/L,色度≤50倍,完全达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

浅谈坑柄煤矿+485水平防治水(引水)工程治理

对近年来坑柄煤矿+485水平防治水(引水)工程的分析,查明+485水平涌水来源并进行治理,不仅防止或减少+485水平涌水往下水平排放,避免矿井水害发生,保证矿井安全生产,而且减少矿井排水费用,达到节能减排的目的。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定环境空气中铅

采用微孔滤膜采集环境空气中铅,微波消解、硝酸镁溶液作为基体改进剂,用石墨炉原子吸收法进行测定。对测定环境空气中铅的灵敏度、准确度都有很大的提高,当采样体积为60L时,方法最低检出质量浓度为0.0008mg/m3。     

低渗透油层伤害评价及解堵实验

通过不同水样的岩心驱替实验,评价了不同渗透率级别岩心注入清水、超标污水、井口污水后渗透率的伤害程度,进而分析了四种水质指标(即悬浮物粒径中值、悬浮物含量、含油量、细菌含量)超标对低渗透油层的伤害程度.实验结果表明:渗透率越低,岩心伤害越严重.对岩心伤害影响最严重的指标是悬浮物颗粒粒径和悬浮物含量,其次是含油量,细菌超标对岩心伤害影响不大.通过对朝阳沟油田井口污水水质进行检测和不同渗透率级别岩心实验,得出朝阳沟油田储层伤害主要是由于悬浮物含量超标引起的,悬浮物含量超标倍数达到45倍.针对机械杂质和油污等对岩心的堵塞,进行了新型土酸、粉末硝酸和复合酸的解堵实验.结果显示,伤害最有效的主体酸是粉末硝酸和复合酸,但粉末硝酸存在反应快、难以控制、安全性差的缺点,推荐采用复合酸解堵.     

A new cathode structure for air-breathing DMFCs operated with pure methanol

In this paper, a new cathode structure for air-breathing DMFCs operated with pure methanol was proposed to push the water produced at the cathode to the anode through the membrane. The open-circuit voltage (OCV) measurement showed that the single cell with this new structure attained its stable value within less time and reached a higher OCV than that of traditional cathode structure. The measurement of the amount of water collected in the cathode showed that the new cathode structure could push more water to the anode. The I–V performance test proved that MEA with new cathode structure had better performance than that of the traditional one, and reached a peak power density of 29.4 mW/cm², 100% higher than that of the traditional one.     

Enhanced solid-liquid clarification of lignocellulosic slurries using polyelectrolyte flocculating agents

Following pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass within a biorefinery, the residual solids are often present in high concentration and have a wide particle size distribution. These solids, which can be difficult to remove from solution, can have a detrimental impact on downstream fermentations and separations. Here we show that polyelectrolyte flocculating agents can be used to enhance the solid-liquid clarification of a lignocellulosic biomass (Ponderosa Pine) hydrolyzate. Due to the negative zeta potential of Ponderosa Pine solids following pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, flocculation with cationic polymers provided the largest flocs, which quickly settled out of solution. Adding Kemira flocculant C1592 up to 1000 mg/L created larger flocs; however, a higher dosage (5000 mg/L) resulted in solids re-dispersing into solution. It was estimated that a greater than 12-fold improvement in throughput with a scroll decanting centrifuge could be obtained when using flocculant, or that an approximately 40-fold higher flux could be obtained for a vacuum filtration operation. The addition of 100 mg/L of C1592 showed optimal suspended solids removal of the clarified solution (<0.1% w/w suspended solids) and the highest sugar recovery (up to 83% without washing). In all cases, the percentage of suspended solids remaining following either centrifugation or filtration was at least an order of magnitude lower with the aid of flocculant. The presence of residual polymer in solution did not affect the downstream ethanol productivity of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation.     

双膜法在潞安集团矿井水深度处理中的应用

随着近年来“双膜法”工艺（超滤＋反渗透）的不断发展,越来越多煤炭企业采用双膜法对矿井水进行深度处理,结合双模法在路安集团矿井水深度处理中的实际应用情况,简述了“双膜法”的基本概念及原理,根据实际运行时存在的主要问题,提出了几点注意事项及建议.     

Solvent absorption rate of perfluorosulphonic acid membranes towards understanding direct coating processes

Here we present a method for measurement of the rate of solvent absorption by perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes using a force tensiometer. The method presented here can be used as a tool to understand solvent absorption and should provide a rationale for designing catalyst inks for direct coating processes since it is necessary to understand how the absorption rate – on a time scale of seconds to minutes – compares to the time scales of the coating process in order to minimize membrane swelling. This method allows for rapid screening of the absorption and swelling behavior of different solvents and mixtures. Using this method, the absorption of water/1-propanol mixtures were measured for three thicknesses of Nafion PFSA membrane – Nafion 1135, Nafion 115, and Nafion 117. We find that the absorption rate is dependent on the ratio of the solvents as well as the thickness of the membrane. The analysis indicates that the highest absorption rate occurs when the mass percentage of 1-propanol in the mixture is 50%, whereas the lowest rates are for pure water and 1-propanol. In addition, membrane distortion also occurs most quickly for the 50% 1-propanol mixture. Our results suggest that catalyst inks that are highly rich (≥90%) in water or 1-propanol are likely best for direct coating as such formulations will minimize absorption and swelling.     

某大学校园及周边不同下垫面降雨径流污染过程研究

以大学校园及其周边区域降雨、径流和径流水质3年观测试验数据为依据,分析不同下垫面降雨过程、径流过程及污染物运移过程的规律及特征,计算出不同下垫面污染物输出系数。结果表明,雨水中氨氮浓度高于Ⅳ类水质标准,悬浮物、硝酸盐氮和COD浓度均低于最高水质标准;产流时间与产流前平均降雨强度呈幂函数关系,不同下垫面径流过程与降雨过程呈正相关关系;径流强度是径流携带污染物运移的重要影响因素,径流强度增加,径流携带污染物质量随之上升。污染物输出系数计算结果表明,屋面主要污染物为含氮污染物,餐饮街道主要为有机污染,不同下垫面悬浮物、硝酸盐氮、氨氮和COD输出系数均值分别为2294.91、7.21、14.86、430.34kg/hm2/a。     

悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统除浊效果及过滤机制研究

利用悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统处理淮河原水,考察其除浊效果及稳定性,同时对预涂动态膜错流过滤模型进行探讨。结果表明,悬浮澄清池-预涂动态膜错流过滤系统对浊度的总去除率可达99%以上,出水浊度0.2NTU以下;预涂剂为30g粉末活性炭和75g硅藻土并投加一定量聚铝进行二次混凝时,预涂动态膜错流过滤过程可用标准过滤模型描述,说明动态膜透水孔隙的堵塞可归结为颗粒在膜孔隙中的吸附、架桥等作用。研究结果为减少水浊度提供了新方法。     

MBR工艺在含油废水处理中的应用

膜生物反应器(Membrane Bio-Reactor,简称MBR)处理工艺是在真空泵和产水泵的抽吸作用下,利用膜箱上的中空纤维,对生化池的悬浮混合液进行固液分离;利用膜的选择透过性产水,在生化池中实现生物富集,生物处理效率大幅提高。截留的活性污泥以300%～400%的回流比回流至生化缺氧池,膜箱内设有曝气装置,既能对膜进行气水振荡清洗,保持膜表面清洁,又能继续在该段提供好氧微生物降解所需的氧气。该工艺具有高效的固液分离作用,出水中悬浮物等固体杂质含量很低;反应器污泥浓度高、容积负荷高,系统产泥量少;反应器内生物种群丰富,污染物去除效率高;系统采用模块化设计,占地面积小,操作简单,易于扩展,可实现全程的自动化控制。以MBR与A/O(缺氧/好氧)组合工艺为对象,研究其运行特性及维护要点。应用结果表明,在工艺控制平稳情况下,MBR处理效果明显优于A/O工艺,处理后的污水能够直接回用,或进一步深度处理后回用。     

长时间扰动对城市内河底泥的影响分析

为分析长时间扰动对城市内河底泥的影响,通过对河流底泥施加长时间扰动,分析底泥中悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)、挥发性悬浮固体浓度(MLVSS)和化学需氧量(COD)。结果表明,连续扰动对底泥减量效果明显,添加生活污水的减量幅度超过50%。但连续扰动对COD的降低效果并不明显。扰动作用可提高底泥中的溶解氧含量,加快底泥中的有机物降解。采用扫描电子显微镜观察发现,扰动是通过将大的聚集体分散,增加与水中微生物的接触,从而提高底泥的降解效率。研究成果对于治理城市内河底泥污染有一定参考价值。     

污泥脱水性能指标的比较分析

研究了评价污泥脱水性能的4个指标:毛细吸水时间(CST)、污泥比阻(SRF)、结合水(BW)、含固率(DS)之间的相关性,发现DS与标准化CST、SRF、BW显著相关。标准化CST与SRF极显著相关,与BW的相关性较弱,SRF与BW的相关性更弱。研究结果表明,在衡量污泥的脱水性能时没必要同时测定CST和SRF,CST测定简单,重现性好,是衡量污泥脱水性能的较好指标,但同时,也应当与衡量污泥脱水程度的指标,如含固率等,一起综合考虑污泥的脱水性能。