经食管实时三维超声心动图在先天性心脏病中的应用

目的探讨经食管实时三维超声心动图（RT3D-TEE）在先天性心脏病中的作用，比较其与经食管二维超声心动图（2D-TEE）和经胸实时三维超声心动图（RT3D-TTE）的诊断价值。方法总结了2007年6月共12例接受RT3D—TEE、2D—TEE、RT3D-TTE检查的先天性心脏病患者，其中大部分患者经手术证实检查结果的准确性。将各项检查影像资料进行对比分析。结果对于先天性心脏病异常结构的显示，2D-TEE图像清晰，但仅能提供平面信息；RT3D-TTE受患者声窗影响较大，图像质量欠佳；RT3D-TEE不受胸骨及肺的影响，可以提供心脏及毗邻结构清晰的三维立体影像，精确判断病变细节。结论RT3D-TEE在先天性心脏病的诊断中可提供全面、清晰、立体的影像资料，具有广泛且重要的应用前景。     

RT3D-TTE评价AMI伴中度二尖瓣反流患者PCI术前后二尖瓣构型变化

目的 通过经胸实时三维超声心动图(RT3D-TTE)评价急性心肌梗死(AMI)伴中度二尖瓣反流患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术前后二尖瓣构型变化,预测PCI术后患者二尖瓣返流改善情况.方法 选取保定市第一中心医院AMI伴中度二尖瓣反流患者行PCI术治疗患者90例,均接受RT3D-TTE检查.根据术后3个月患者的二尖...     

实时三维超声心动图在冠心病中的应用进展

实时三维超声心动图（Real-time three—dimensional echocardiography，RT3DE）是近年来超声心动图领域中新技术。随着计算机速度的进一步提高，心脏三维超声图像重建技术由过去的数十分钟缩短为近乎实时状态，引起了心脏超声工作者和临床医生的兴趣与重视。三维超声心动图是一次质的飞跃，它使超声心动图的诊断能力跨上一个新的台阶。二维超声心动图（2DE）只能提供心脏的断面图像；重建三维超声心动图，可以直观显示心脏的立体结构和功能，作出较准确的定量分析，     

经食道超声心动图在二尖瓣球囊扩张术前对左心房血栓检出的研究

目的 :探讨经食道超声心动图 (TEE)对风湿性心脏病中重度二尖瓣狭窄 (二尖瓣口面积为 0 92± 0 2 1cm2 )患者左心房和 (或 )左心耳血栓的诊断价值。方法 :2 41例准备经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张的患者术前检查 ,所有病例经胸超声心动图 (TTE)未发现或可疑左心房和(或 )左心耳血栓 ,并至少禁食 4小时后进行TEE。结果 :76 ( 32 % )例经TEE显示左心耳和 (或 )左心房内附壁血栓。以TEE为标准 ,TTE诊断左心耳血栓的敏感性和特异性分别为 2 5 %和 94%。结论 :大多数二尖瓣狭窄病例左心房血栓发生在左心耳内 ,TTE探查左心耳血栓敏感性低 ,应该使用TEE探查     

老年退行性心脏瓣膜病超声及心电图特点

目的：观察老年性退行性心脏瓣膜病超声及心电图特点。方法：46例经彩色多普勒超声心动图确诊为老年性退行性心脏瓣膜病患作为分析对象（合并高血压及高血压心脏病20例，冠心病10例，心肌病6例，陈旧性心肌梗死2例），观察病人超声心动图心脏结构、心功能及心电图变化，心脏瓣膜钙化以主动脉瓣钙化率最高（73．9％），其次为二尖瓣钙化（43．5％）。结果；有12例（26．1％） 发生心脏结构的改变，26例（56．5％）发生心律失常，31例（67．3％）呈心功能减退。结论：通过彩超及心电图的检查，可提高老年退行性心脏瓣膜病的检出率，对临床的诊断及治疗具有一定的指导意义。     

风湿性心脏病左房血栓的两维超声心动图诊断

风湿性心脏病在亚洲仍然十分普遍。M 型超声心动图对于相对不活动的心房血栓的诊断不甚可靠,近年来有报道用两维实时超声心动图法可检出左房血栓。本文回顾性地研究两维超声心动图法对风湿性心脏病左房血栓的诊断价值。方法:菲律宾亚洲心脏中心于1979年10月至1981年3月间对520例风湿性心脏病患者作了两维超声心动图检查,其中293例以后作了直视二尖     

四维时空关联成像对胎儿心脏畸形的产前诊断价值

目的：探讨四维时空关联成像（ STIC）技术对胎儿心脏畸形产前诊断的价值。方法分别采用二维超声和STIC技术对675例高危妊娠孕妇进行检查,观察两种方法对胎儿心脏结构异常及结构异常细节的诊断结果,与出生后超声心动图检查结果或引产后心脏病理结果进行比较。结果599例患者获得合格的心脏容积数据和随访资料,其中心脏异常153例,STIC技术心脏异常检出率为96．08％,二维超声心动图心脏异常检出率为93．46％,两者比较P＞0．05。153例胎儿心脏异常包含273处心脏结构异常细节,STIC技术细节诊断符合率为96．34％,二维超声心动图细节诊断符合率为72．16％,两者比较P＜0．01。结论 STIC技术能显示二维超声心动图难于显示或不能显示的心脏结构,可为产前诊断胎儿心脏畸形提供更多、更准确的诊断信息。     

浙江省经食管超声心动图实践应用专家共识（一）

经食管超声心动图（TEE）是重要的心脏影像检查方法,因图像分辨率高,声窗好,对于一些特定疾病的诊断,以及心脏外科和心脏导管介入手术的围术期评估和术中引导具有重要价值。本文汇总美国超声心动图学会2013年《关于行全面经食管超声心动图检查的指南》、2022年《关于经食管超声心动图在结构性心脏病介入治疗术前筛查的标准化操作推荐》以及国内外其他相关文献,由浙江省超声医学工程学会心脏超声专业委员会组织浙江省青年超声心动图专业工作者进行翻译和整理,主要阐述TEE的规范操作、TEE切面介绍及心脏开放手术和介入治疗相关TEE结构显示技巧,旨在进一步推广和提高TEE诊疗技术。     

实时三维超声心动图评价二尖瓣形态的研究进展

正近年来,实时三维超声心动图(RT3DE)取得了革命性的发展。许多研究已证明RT3DE可实时采集、快速成像、同步显示二尖瓣的立体解剖结构,尤其是三维经食道超声心动图(TEE)不受患者体位、肺内气体等因素影响,对二尖瓣立体结构的显示明显优于二维TEE[1]。目前,RT3DE已成为指导二尖瓣外科手术及导管介入治疗的首选影像学检查[2]。本文就RT3DE在二尖瓣疾病中应用的研究进展综述如下。     

成人双孔二尖瓣畸形的二维及三维超声及临床特点

目的:探讨成人双孔二尖瓣(DOMV)的临床及超声心动图特征。方法:回顾分析经超声心动图诊断双孔二尖瓣13例,分析其临床表现、超声心动图特征及预后。结果:13例成人DOMV中,10例经胸超声心动图明确诊断,3例经食管超声心动图明确诊断。DOMV的典型表现为左心室短轴二尖瓣口水平呈"眼镜"征,四腔心或两腔心切面表现为典型的"海鸥征"。13例成人DOMV中,7例合并先天性心脏病,3例合并心肌梗死。结论:超声心动图可以准确诊断成人先天性双孔二尖瓣畸形。成人DOMV的临床表现与伴随病变相关,多数为偶然发现。     

Impact of three-dimensional echocardiography in valvular heart disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Recent advances in the field of three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography have allowed improved visualization of cardiac structures. These advances have also provided valuable insights into cardiac function. The purpose of this review is to describe the recent developments in 3D echocardiography in assessing valvular heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Application of 3D echocardiography to valvular heart disease has improved with advances made in both the hardware and software components of 3D ultrasound systems. The most significant advancement has been the development of a matrix transducer that is capable of rapid real-time 3D acquisition and rendering. There have been many studies evaluating 3D echocardiographic assessment of mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease, as well as congenital heart disease using both real-time 3D transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as well as off-line reconstructed 3D images from transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) using post image processing. More recent studies have combined the structural 3D information with color Doppler 3D imaging, providing qualitative functional information. SUMMARY: Developments in the field of 3D ultrasound imaging have allowed better qualitative assessment of valvular structures. The addition of color flow Doppler to the 3D imaging has provided improved visualization of regurgitant lesions and holds great promise for improved quantitative assessment of such lesions. The ongoing miniaturization of transducers and improvements in hardware and software components of ultrasound systems will certainly enhance both the ease of image acquisition as well as image quality, which should result in more precise quantitation of valvular dysfunction. However, clinical benefits of 3D echocardiography are yet to be demonstrated in properly conducted clinical trials, which are needed for wider acceptance of this technique.     

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: still a research tool or an imaging technique ready for daily routine practice? A pilot feasibility study in a tertiary cardiology centre

BACKGROUND: The majority of studies demonstrating the diagnostic potential of three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography have been conducted on selected series of patients in research laboratories. AIM: To investigate the feasibility and usefulness of real-time 3D transthoracic echocardiography (RT 3D TTE) in daily routine practice. METHODS: The study group consisted of 35 consecutive patients referred to our echocardiographic laboratory. All subjects underwent standard 2D TTE and RT 3D TTE with the use of a commercially available ultrasound system (Sonos 7500, Philips Medical Systems). The quality of 3D acquisitions and post-processed images was graded as: insufficient, satisfactory, good or demo. RESULTS: 3D TTE of the study group yielded 298 acquisitions. 87,2% of acquisitions required post-processing. The quality of 3D datasets was graded as insufficient in 8,0%, satisfactory in 31,4%, good in 37,2% and demo in 23,4% of all acquisitions and reconstructions. Mean time required for 3D TTE, including post-processing, was 12 minutes. 3D reconstructions were particularly helpful in patients with valvular disease or prostheses (n=13), enabling detailed qualitative analysis of leaflets morphology and mobility. In cases of mitral valve prolapse (n=4) 3D TTE allowed identification of the prolapsing scallops. 3D color Doppler flow mapping enabled complete visualization of the regurgitant jets. "En face" reconstructions of atrial septal defects (n=2) facilitated assessment of the morphology of the defects and the tissue rims. In patients with cardiac pacemaker (n=4) 3D TTE allowed excellent visualization of the ventricular lead along with its tip. In patients with ischemic heart disease (n=14) 3D TTE failed to provide additional, clinically relevant information. CONCLUSIONS: RT 3D TTE may be used in clinical settings with high feasibility rate and provides additional, clinically relevant qualitative information. The lack of on-board quantitative analysis tools is the main limitation of the currently available system.     

Clinical utility of new real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in assessment of mitral valve prolapse

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive and accurate assessment of mitral valve anatomy has become integral in the presurgical evaluation of patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Recently developed real time three-dimensional (RT3D) ultrasound allows online acquisition, rendering, and can provide accurate information on cardiac structures. We sought to evaluate the feasibility of RT3D for the assessment of MVP segments when compared with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and intraoperative findings. METHODS: We examined 42 patients with MVP using RT3D, two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and TEE. For RT3D analysis, cropping planes were used to slice the 3D volume on line to visualize the prolapsed segments of the mitral valve leaflets. The mitral valve was divided into six segments based on the American Society of Echocardiography's recommendations. Two experienced cardiologists evaluated echocardiographic images. RESULTS: Adequate RT3D images of the mitral valve were acquired in 40 out of 42 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of RT3D for defining prolapsed segments when compared with TEE were 95% and 99%, respectively (anterior leaflet: 96% and 99%, posterior leaflets: 93% and 100%, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of TTE were 93% and 97%, respectively (anterior leaflet: 96% and 98%, posterior leaflets: 90% and 97%, respectively). Interobserver agreement for RT3D (Kappa 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91-1.00) was significantly greater than for TTE (Kappa 0.85, 95% CI 0.78-0.93) (P < 0.05). The elapsed time for completion of RT3D (14.4 +/- 2.8 min) was shorter than for TEE (26.4 +/- 4.7 min, P < 0.0001) and TTE (19.0 +/- 3.1 min, P< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: RT3D is fast, accurate, and highly reproducible for assessing MVP.     

Transthoracic echocardiographic predictors of left atrial appendage thrombus

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is commonly performed to detect the presence of a left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus in the setting of an embolic event or before an anticipated electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation. The predictive value of transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) findings in these patients has not been well defined. This study evaluated whether TTE findings can predict LAA thrombi using TEE as the gold standard for the identification of LAA thrombi. From November 1995 to March 2003, 10,753 patients underwent TEE to exclude LAA thrombi after embolic events or before cardioversion. Of these, 3,768 patients had complete TTE examinations performed <2 weeks before undergoing TEE. Demographics, TTE, and cardiac rhythm variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of LAA thrombi diagnosed on subsequent TEE. LAA thrombi were identified by TEE in 199 patients (5.3%). Several TTE variables predicted LAA thrombi by TEE, including mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation, tricuspid regurgitation, valvular prosthesis, left ventricular dysfunction, and right ventricular dysfunction. Mitral regurgitation was associated with a reduced risk for LAA thrombi (odds ratio 0.61, p = 0.003). A structurally normal heart in sinus rhythm (n = 247, 6.9%) had a 100% negative predictive value for LAA thrombi. In conclusion, several TTE variables were found to be predictive of LAA thrombi. The likelihood of LAA thrombi being found on TEE was infinitely small in the absence of these variables and the presence of sinus rhythm.     

Aschoff bodies at necropsy in valvular heart disease. Evidence from an analysis of 543 patients over 14 years of age that rheumatic heart disease, at least anatomically, is a disease of the mitral valve

Among 543 necropsy patients over age 14 years with severe chronic valvular heart disease, Aschoff bodies were found in 11 patients (2%). The ages of the 11 patients ranged from 18 to 68 years (avg. 38), and nine had had a history of acute rhematic fever earlier in life. Clinically, nine of the 11 patients had mitral stenosis with or without dysfunction of one or more other cardiac valves, one had isolated aortic regurgitation, and one had both mitral and aortic regurgitation. All 11 patients had diffuse fibrous thickening of the mitral valve leaflets, and all but one had diffuse anatomic lesions of at least one other cardiac valve. No patient with anatomic lesions limited to the aortic valve had Aschoff bodies. Thus, among patients with chronic valvular heart disease, Aschoff bodies, the only anatomic lesion pathognomonic of rheumatic heart disease, indicate diffuse anatomic lesions of the mitral leaflets and usually also anatomic lesions of one or more other cardiac valves. The functional mitral lesion is usually stenosis.     

The Incremental Value of Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography in Adult Congenital Heart Disease

Imaging with echocardiography is useful in diagnosing congenital heart disease (CHD). Two‐dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) has been the standard cardiac imaging modality, but it forces the reader to mentally create the three‐dimensional (3D) cardiac anatomy to understand these complex diseases. 3D TTE, which has relatively recently emerged to address this limitation, is capable of providing clear and dynamic 3D views of these anatomic defects and offers more insight on how to manage them. This review article will address the benefit of utilizing 3D TTE for proper characterization of different types of CHD in the adult and as a guide to appropriate treatment.     

Echocardiographic 3D‐guided 2D planimetry in quantifying left‐sided valvular heart disease

Echocardiographic 3D‐guided 2D planimetry can improve the accuracy of valvular disease assessment. Acquisition of 3D pyramidal dataset allows subsequent multiplanar reconstruction with accurate orthogonal plane alignment to obtain the correct borders of an anatomic orifice or flow area. Studies examining the 3D‐guided 2D planimetry approach in left‐sided valvular heart disease were identified and reviewed. The strongest evidence exists for estimating mitral valve area in patients with rheumatic mitral valve stenosis and vena contracta area in patients with mitral regurgitation (both primary and secondary). 3D‐guided approach showed excellent feasibility and reproducibility in most studies, as well as time efficiency and good correlation with reference and comparator methods. Therefore, 3D‐guided 2D planimetry can be used as an important clinical tool in quantifying left‐sided valvular heart disease, especially mitral valve disorders.     

Morphologic features of carcinoid heart disease as assessed by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

Background: Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) is a rare cause of valvular heart disease and carries a poor prognosis. CHD has a unique morphology and echocardiographic features that predominantly involve right‐sided valvular structures. The diagnosis of CHD is usually made by two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). With the superior spatial resolution of real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE), structural changes that occur in patients with CHD‐associated valvular heart disease can be examined in greater detail. We undertook this study to examine the incremental value of 3DTEE in the diagnosis of CHD. Methods: A total of four patients with CHD underwent TTE, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), and 3DTEE as part of their routine clinical evaluation. Results: TTE and TEE for all four patients revealed thickened, fibrosed, retracted, and malcoapted tricuspid leaflets with wide‐open tricuspid valve regurgitation. 3DTEE en face imaging of the tricuspid valve demonstrated the characteristic morphologic features of CHD more clearly in all four patients. Conclusions: 3DTEE provides substantial incremental value over TTE in the assessment of characteristic CHD pathology and thus enhances the echocardiographic diagnosis of CHD. (Echocardiography 2010;27:1098‐1105)     

Three-dimensional echocardiography assessment of carcinoid valvular heart disease: Images of each and all

A 54-year-old male was found to have neuroendocrine carcinoma with hepatic metastasis. Two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) demonstrated dilated right ventricle and right atrium, and severe tricuspid and pulmonary regurgitation. Three-dimensional (3D) TTE en-face views showed thickened, retracted, and fixed tricuspid valve and pulmonic valve which remained widely open throughout the cardiac cycle. 3D TTE, particularly en-face views, demonstrates incremental value over 2D TTE by providing precise valvular anatomic details comparable to surgical findings. 3D TTE also offers a unique opportunity to assess all four valves simultaneously with en-face views to delineate their relationships with surrounding structures.