3,5-二硝基水杨酸法测二味康口服液中多糖的含量

目的 :建立二味康中多糖含量测定方法。方法 :采用 3 ,5 二硝基水扬酸法 (简称DNS法 )对制剂中多糖进行含量测定。结果 :样品经DNS试剂显色后于 5 2 0nm处测定吸收度 ,在此波长处溶液的吸光度与葡萄糖含量呈良好线性关系 ,线性范围 :0 .0 0 8～ 0 .0 40g·L- 1 ,r =0 .9998,加样回收率为 10 0 .7% ,RSD为 2 .2 % (n =6) ;测得 9批样品 ,多糖含量以葡萄糖计为14 .0 3～ 2 2 .91g·L- 1 。结论 :DNS法用于测定多糖含量简单易行 ,且重复性好 ,可作为该制剂常规分析方法。     

HPLC法同时测定寒水石二十一味散中6种成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立HPLC法同时测定寒水石二十一味散中6种成分的含量。方法:采用Phenomenex Gemini C18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,以乙腈为流动相A,0.1%磷酸为流动相B,梯度洗脱,流速:1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长:225 nm,进样量:10μl,柱温:30℃。结果:木香烃内酯、去氢木香内酯、土木香内酯、异土木香内酯、没食子酸和鞣花酸分别在4.60～184.00μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,5.72～228.60μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）,5.69～227.60μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）,5.52～220.80μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,4.75～190.00μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）,4.70～187.80μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）范围内线性良好,平均回收率分别为99.98%（RSD=0.50%）,99.41%（RSD=0.76%）,100.26%（RSD=0.98%）,99.66%（RSD=1.04%）,99.74%（RSD=0.98%）,99.96%（RSD=0.81%）（n=9）。结论:该方法结果准确、操作简便,重复性好,可用于寒水石二十一味散的质量控制。     

双波长分光光度法测定牙周康的含量

目的　测定牙周康中甲硝唑和芬布芬的含量。方法　采用双波长分光光度法,甲硝唑以 314nm为测定波长,2 5 1nm为参比波长;芬布芬以 2 83nm为测定波长,340nm为参比波长,在上述波长下,分别测定吸收度值。结果　甲硝唑在 4 1～9 6 μg·ml-1,芬布芬在 3 1～ 7 2 μg·ml-1范围内,浓度与吸收度差值呈良好线性关系,甲硝唑平均回收率为 99 9%(RSD =0 33% ),芬布芬平均回收率为 10 0 0 %( RSD =0 2 7% )。结论　该法简便、快速、准确。     

不同产地牛大力水提物中总黄酮、总皂苷及总多糖的含量测定

摘要：目的:比较不同产地牛大力中总黄酮、总皂苷及总多糖的含量差异,为其质量评价及应用提供参考依据。方法:选取广东、广西、海南、福建产地的牛大力,以水为溶剂,采用加热回流提取,通过UV法测定其水提物中总黄酮、总皂苷及总多糖含量。结果:总黄酮线性范围为32.70～87.20μg·ml-1（r=0.999 4）,平均回收率为98.87%,RSD为1.44%（n=6）,样品含量:海南万宁>广东云浮>福建古田>广西钦州。总皂苷线性范围为15.83～158.33μg·ml-1（r=0.997 4）,平均回收率为98.56%,RSD为1.93%（n=6）,样品含量:海南万宁>广西钦州>广东云浮>福建古田。总多糖线性范围为1.98～9.91μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）,平均回收率为98.88%,RSD为1.92%（n=6）,样品含量:海南万宁>广东云浮>广西钦州>福建古田。结论:不同产地牛大力的成分含量不一,以海南的品质较佳;可作为食补药材用于养生保健。     

HPLC法测定不同贮藏条件下莪术中6种化学成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立同时测定不同贮藏条件下莪术中吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为WATERS Atlantisd C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,以0.3%甲酸乙腈溶液（A）-水溶液（B）为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长:215 nm（检测吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯）,420 nm（检测姜黄素和去甲氧基姜黄素）;流速:1.0 ml·min-1,柱温:25℃,进样量:10μl。结果:吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素分别在的线性范围分别为0.080 3～0.884 2 mg·ml-1、0.037 7～0.415 5 mg·ml-1、0.018 3～0.201 1 mg·ml-1、0.047 5～0.523 4mg·ml-1、0.005 2～0.057 2 mg·ml-1、0.003 1～0.034 3 mg·ml-1范围内有良好线性（r=0.999 3～0.999 8）。精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均小于5%（n=6）,平均加样回收率在98.09%～101.48%范围内（RSD <1.2%,n=6）。6批莪术药材中吉马酮、莪术二酮、莪术醇、β-榄香烯、姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素的含量分别为7.893 6～8.956 2 mg·ml-1、7.893 6～8.956 2 mg·ml-1、0.981 2～1.119 9 mg·ml-1、3.000 5～3.199 7 mg·ml-1、0.091 9～0.098 5 mg·ml-1、0.064 7～0.073 5 mg·g-1,均呈下降趋势,且下降速率为室温> 15℃> 5℃;在相同贮藏温度下的下降速率为聚乙烯塑料袋<聚丙烯编织袋;莪术醇及β-榄香烯的含量分别为0.981 2～1.119 9 mg·ml-1、3.000 5～3.199 7 mg·ml-1,反而有所增加。结论:该法简便、准确,用于同时测定莪术中6种成分的含量。建议莪术药材密封包装后于干燥阴凉处贮藏,且贮藏时间不宜过长。     

HPLC法测定椒莪合剂中5种成分的含量

摘要：目的:建立HPLC法测定椒莪合剂中莪术二酮、莪术醇、牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯和α-亚麻酸的含量。方法:采用Diamonsil Plus C18色谱柱（250 mm×4. 6 mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水,梯度洗脱测定椒莪合剂中莪术二酮、莪术醇、牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯的含量,检测波长为216 nm,流速:1. 0 ml·min-1,柱温:30℃,进样量:10μl。以乙腈-1%醋酸溶液（85∶15）为流动相,检测波长为205 nm,柱温:25℃,进样量:10μl,检测α-亚麻酸的含量。结果:莪术二酮、莪术醇、牻牛儿酮、呋喃二烯、α-亚麻酸在4. 49～71. 84μg·ml-1,5. 60～73. 52μg·ml-1,2. 67～42. 64μg·ml-1,1. 84～21. 44μg·ml-1,20. 00～428. 48μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r≥0. 999 6;平均加样回收率分别为97. 83%,96. 41%,98. 31%,98. 31%,97. 83%,RSD分别为2. 9%,2. 9%,2. 5%,2. 9%,1. 8%（n=6）。结论:该方法操作简单、数据准确、重复性好,能够对椒莪合剂中的5种成分进行含量测定,为提高椒莪合剂的质量标准提供了有效的方法。     

基于多指标成分定量的复方蛭甲软肝颗粒质量标准研究

摘要：目的:基于多指标成分TLC鉴别及HPLC含量测定全面控制蛭甲软肝颗粒质量。方法:采用TLC色谱法对方中水蛭、丹参、大黄、三七进行鉴别;采用HPLC对防己、夏枯草、丹参、淫羊藿、大黄中的主要活性成分粉防己碱、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B、淫羊藿苷、大黄酸、大黄素的含量进行测定。结果:TLC鉴别方法斑点清晰,专属性强,无阴性干扰;HPLC测定结果表明粉防己碱、迷迭香酸、丹酚酸B、大黄酸、大黄素的线性范围分别为9.30～298.80μg·ml-1（r=0.999 7）、2.30～73.10μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、30.50～975.70μg·ml-1（r=0.999 2）、1.50～47.50μg·ml-1（r=0.999 3）、4.50～145.00μg·ml-1（r=0.999 5）、4.10～130.00μg·ml-1（r=0.999 6）;平均加样回收率分别为101.88%（RSD=1.69%）,100.96%（RSD=1.47%）,100.13%（RSD=1.79%）,102.45%（RSD=1.72%）,102.78%（RSD=1.45%）,101.03%（RSD=1.70%）（n=6）。结论:本研究建立多指标成分TlC鉴别及HPlC含量测定方法稳定性好,专属性强,准确度高,可作为蛭甲软肝颗粒的质量控制标准。     

氢氧化钠溶液呈色的分光光度法测定红霉素片含量

目的 :测定红霉素片的含量。方法 :以 0 .5mol·L-1氢氧化钠溶液为显色剂 ,在 2 36nm波长处测定红霉素片的含量。结果 :红霉素浓度在 2 0 .6 8～ 10 3.4 μg·ml-1范围内呈良好线性关系 (r =0 .9999,n =5 ) ,平均回收率为 10 0 .0 1% ,RSD =0 .91% (n =5 )。结论 :本法简便、准确 ,可用于快速测定红霉素片的含量。     

不同炮制工艺独活中4种香豆素类成分的定量分析

摘要：目的:考察不同炮制工艺对独活中4种香豆素类成分含量的影响。方法:以不同烘制温度（30,40,50,70,100℃）和烘制时间（2,4,6,8,10 h）制备独活饮片。采用HPLC法同时测定二氢欧山芹醇、蛇床子素、异欧前胡素和二氢欧山芹醇当归酸酯的含量。色谱柱为Agilent Extend C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,流动相:乙腈-水（梯度洗脱）,流速:1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长:330nm,柱温:25℃。结果:二氢欧山芹醇、蛇床子素、异欧前胡素和二氢欧山醇当归酸酯分别在1.27～11.43μg·ml-1、33.09～297.79μg·ml-1、1.00～8.96μg·ml-1和9.02～81.16μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r≥0.999 6;平均回收率为98.4%～100.4%,RSD为0.90%～1.72%（n=6）;烘制温度为70℃,烘制时间6 h,各成分含量均较高。结论:不同炮制工艺对独活中香豆素类成分含量影响较大。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定氯霉素地塞米松滴眼液两组分的含量

目的 :采用HPLC法测定氯霉素地塞米松滴眼液中氯霉素和地塞米松磷酸钠的含量。方法 :采用C18色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 0 .0 2 5mol·L- 1的磷酸二氢钠溶液 (4 8∶52V/V) ,检测波长为 2 40nm。结果 :氯霉素的线性范围为 75～ 1 75μg·ml- 1,r=0 .9994,回收率 99.6 6 %。RSD =1 .0 3%;地塞米松磷酸钠的线性范围为 1 5～ 35μg·ml- 1;r =0 .9992 ,回收率 1 0 4.2 4%。结论 :该方法简便、准确 ,可同时测定滴眼液中氯霉素和地塞米松磷酸钠的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.