奎硫平与氯丙嗪对血清催乳素的影响

目的:探讨奎硫平与氯丙嗪对精神分裂症患者血清催乳素(PRL)的影响及血清PRL水平与药物疗效的相互关系。方法:对191例精神分裂症患者分别以奎硫平或氯丙嗪治疗。以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)进行评估,同时测血清PRL浓度,于治疗前及治疗8周时各测1次。结果:经8周治疗,氯丙嗪组血清PRL(680.23±90.26)μg/L,显著高于奎硫平组(124.24±13.56)μg/L(P<0.001)。奎硫平组男女患者血清PRL水平差异无显著性(P>0.05);氯丙嗪组女性血清PRL(785.72±15.81)μg/L,显著高于男性的(557.75±99.23)μg/L(P<0.05),两组患者血清PRL浓度与PANSS减分率均无显著相关。结论:奎硫平对精神分裂症患者血清PRL水平基本无影响,氯丙嗪可明显升高患者血清PRL水平。血清PRL水平与药物疗效无显著相关。     

奎硫平对首发精神分裂症认知功能的影响

目的:探讨奎硫平对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响。方法:将71例精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予奎硫平和氯丙嗪治疗8周。于治疗前、治疗8周末分别用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,用威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)、数字划消测验(CT)、修订韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS-RC)评定认知功能。结果:两组PANSS分值治疗前后差异均有显著性(P<0.01);但两组之间比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。治疗8周末奎硫平组WCST总测验次数、持续错误数、非持续错误数,CT,WMS-RC测验成绩均显著提高(P<0.05~0.01);而氯丙嗪组则无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:奎硫平与氯丙嗪对首发精神分裂症患者疗效相当,但奎硫平对首发精神分裂症患者认知功能改善明显。     

奎硫平与氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的比较研究

目的　探索奎硫平治疗精神分裂症的疗效及安全性。方法　对 6 3例精神分裂症患者分别给予奎硫平、氯氮平治疗 ,其中奎硫平组 32例 ,剂量为 (330± 5 8)mg d ;氯氮平组 31例 ,剂量 (30 0±4 3)mg d ;疗程共 8周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)及副反应量表 (TESS)在治疗前及治疗后 1、2、4、8周末分别评定疗效和副反应。结果　 (1)两组治疗后第 1,2 ,4 ,8周的PANSS分与治疗前比较 ,差异具有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 (2 )奎硫平与氯氮平有效率分别为 83 3%和 85 7% ,两者有效治疗剂量分别为 2 75～ 4 5 0mg d ,2 5 0～ 4 0 0mg d。 (3)TESS评定奎硫平组副作用少于氯氮平组 (P <0 0 1)。 结论　奎硫平治疗精神分裂症阳性、阴性症状与氯氮平同样有效 ,但不良反应更少。     

奎硫平联合米氮平对精神分裂症患者临床症状及认知功能的影响

目的:探讨奎硫平联合米氮平对精神分裂症患者临床症状及认知功能的影响。方法:将118例精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(奎硫平联合米氮平治疗)和对照组(奎硫平单药治疗),疗程8周。分别于治疗前及治疗1、2、4、8周末采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)、韦克勒斯记忆量表修订版(WMS-R)、成人智力量表修订版(WAIS-R)及威斯康辛分类测验(WCST)对患者进行病情及认知功能评估。结果:治疗第2周末起两组PANSS评分较治疗前显著降低(P均0.05);治疗4、8周末研究组PANSS评分显著低于对照组(P0.05或P0.01)。随着治疗时间的延长,两组CGI评分均呈下降趋势,且研究组显著低于对照组(P均0.01)。治疗4~8周末,两组各项认知功能测验成绩较治疗前显著提高(P均0.01),且研究组各项成绩显著好于对照组(P均0.01)。结论:奎硫平联合米氮平治疗精神分裂症较奎硫平单药治疗能更好地改善患者临床症状及认知功能。     

氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症的增效作用

目的:评价奎硫平合并氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症的疗效与不良反应。方法:对110例单纯口服奎硫平的精神分裂症患者疗效不佳者合并氟哌啶醇治疗12周。用阳性症状和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定疗效,用UKU不良反应评定量表评定不良反应。结果:治疗12周末PANSS量表总分及各分量表评分较治疗前均有显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);有效率达71.82%;不良反应无明显增加(P>0.05)。结论:奎硫平合并氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症疗效肯定,不良反应较轻。     

奎硫平和奋乃静治疗精神分裂症老年患者的对照研究

目的　对比奎硫平与奋乃静治疗精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法　对 130例精神分裂症老年患者分别给予奎硫平、奋乃静治疗 ,其中奎硫平组 6 6例 ,剂量为 (15 0 0± 6 3)mg/d ;奋乃静组 6 4例 ,剂量为 (16 0± 3 4 )mg/d ;疗程共 12周。采用阳性和阴性症状量表 (PANSS)、临床疗效总评量表 (CGI)及治疗中需处理的副反应量表 (TESS) ,在治疗前及治疗后第 1,2 ,4 ,8,12周末分别评定疗效和副反应。结果　 (1)两组治疗后与治疗前的PANSS评分比较 ,差异有显著性或非常显著性 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。 (2 )两组间从治疗第 1周末起 ,各时点PANSS减分率差异有显著性或非常显著性(P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1)。 (3)两组间CGI评分差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。奎硫平和奋乃静的有效率分别为 6 7%和 6 6 % ,疗效的差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。奎硫平、奋乃静的有效剂量范围分别为 10 0～ 2 5 0mg/d ,10～ 2 4mg/d。 (4)TESS评定显示 ,奎硫平组副反应少于奋乃静组。治疗期间奋乃静组合用安坦39例 (6 1% ) ,奎硫平组 2 3例 (35 % ) ,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　奎硫平治疗精神分裂症疗效好、起效快、不良反应较奋乃静轻微。     

奎硫平治疗儿童青少年精神分裂症的开放性研究

目的　探讨奎硫平对儿童青少年精神分裂症治疗的临床疗效和安全性。方法　对 2 7例首次住院的儿童青少年精神分裂症病人使用奎硫平 15 0～ 60 0mg/d治疗 8周 ,以阳性与阴性症状量表 (PANSS)评定疗效 ,用不良反应症状量表 (TESS)评估安全性。结果　PANSS总分治疗后与治疗前有显著性差异 (P <0 0 0 1)。不同疗效组间奎硫平的治疗量及血药浓度无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。奎硫平治疗 8周内 ,无严重不良反应影响继续治疗。结论　奎硫平能缓解儿童青少年精神分裂症的精神病性症状 ,且耐受性较好     

阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的血药浓度与临床效应的关系

目的研究阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的血药浓度与临床疗效之间的相关性,以期为临床治疗提供一定的参考。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,选取2011-01—2013-01入院诊治的72例精神分裂症患者,应用非固定剂量的阿立哌唑治疗8周,应用反相高效液相色潽法测定血药浓度,应用阳性与阴性症状量表及临床总体印象-病情严重程度量表评定疗效,对血药浓度与临床疗效的相关性进行分析。结果第2周末PANSS总分与SAPS、一般病理症状与基线数据相比均显著降低,第4周末与第8周末各指标均显著降低。第4、8周末血药浓度与药物剂量呈显著正相关,第2、4、8周末血药浓度与PANSS减分率显著正相关。截止第8周末,有效率为70.83%,但有效组的血药浓度在第4、8周末均较无效者显著增高,第8周末有效组的血药浓度范围为(487±145)μg/L,血药浓度的四分位间距为348~623μg/L。结论阿立哌唑治疗精神分裂症的血药浓度与临床效应存在一定的相关性,血药浓度的四分位间距为348~623μg/L。     

奎硫平与氯丙嗪治疗女性精神分裂症的比较分析

目的比较奎硫平与氯丙嗪治疗女性精神分裂症的临床疗效及安全性。方法将68例住院女性精神分裂症患者分为奎硫平组与氯丙嗪组各34例进行临床比较分析。奎硫平剂量为500—800mg,／d,氯丙嗪为250～600mg／d,共治疗8周。分别采用PANSS、CGI及TESS评定疗效及安全性。结果治疗8周后,两组患者的PANSS、CGI评分均明显下降,差异有显著性（P〈0．01）,两组间比较PANSS、CGI评分差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。奎硫平组不良反应发生率低于氯丙嗪组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论奎硫平治疗女性精神分裂症的精神病性症状有效,安全性、依从性好。     

奎硫平联合舒必利治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的:比较奎硫平联合舒必利与单用舒必利治疗经奎硫平治疗无效的精神分裂症的疗效和安全性. 方法:105例患者随机分为两组,合用组52例,给予奎硫平联合舒必利治疗;单用组53例,单用舒必利治疗.疗程均8周.于治疗前及治疗2,4、8周,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定临床疗效;采用治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)评定药物的安全性. 结果:治疗2～4周,两组PANSS总分及各因子分均较治疗前显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);合用组有效率73.1%,单用组有效率64.2%(P>0.05). 结论:奎硫平联合舒必利与单用舒必利治疗对奎硫平无效的精神分裂症疗效相仿.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。     

奥氮平治疗精神分裂症对照研究的Meta分析

目的：探讨奥氮平治疗精神分裂症的疗效和不良反应。方法：应用M eta分析对17篇奥氮平与其他抗精神病药治疗精神分裂症对照研究的文章进行再分析。结果：奥氮平自身对照比较的治疗效应极大（χ^2=141.00，P〈0.05）。治疗2周和治疗结束，奥氮平与对照药疗效比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评分比较差异亦无显著性（P〉0.05）。与对照药相比，奥氮平的不良反应显著少于对照药组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论：奥氮平与对照药的临床疗效相仿，但不良反应明显较少。