AMPA受体与谷氨酸在大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内分布的免疫组织化学研究

本文用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法调查了４种ＡＭＰＡ受体亚单位（ＧｌｕＲ１、２／３、４）和谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）在大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）内的分布及其匹配关系。我们发现,ＧｌｕＲ１和２／３免疫阳性胞体和纤维密集分布于Ｖｃ的Ⅱ层和Ⅲ层外侧部,在Ｖｃ的其余各层呈散在性分布。ＧｌｕＲ４免疫阳性胞体和纤维在Ｖｃ各层均无分布。Ｇｌｕ免疫阳性胞体分布于Ｖｃ各层,尤以浅层（Ⅰ、Ⅱ层）密集,Ｇｌｕ免疫阳性纤维及终末结构主要分布于Ｖｃ浅层。结果表明,Ｇｌｕ免疫阳性纤维及终末样结构与ＡＭＰＡ受体免疫阳性胞体和纤维在Ｖｃ浅层的分布总体上是相互匹配的,但ＡＭＰＡ受体各亚单位在Ｖｃ内的分布存在明显的差异。本文提示,Ｖｃ内的Ｇｌｕ可能通过作用于不同的ＡＭＰＡ受体亚单位而发挥其多种生理功能     

小脑间位核和顶核对下丘脑外侧区神经元电活动的影响

电刺激猫小脑问位核和顶核可以影响下丘脑外侧区神经元的电活动,其中有一些神经元是葡萄糖敏感神经元.这一结果揭示小脑不仅具有经典的躯体运动调节功能,同时也可以通过小脑-下丘脑通路参与机体非躯体活动的调节.     

Ⅰ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体在生后发育大鼠三叉神经运动核中的表达

目的观察Ⅰ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体在大鼠三叉神经运动核生后发育过程中的表达变化。方法取生后不同发育阶段大鼠脑干,行冰冻切片和Ⅰ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体免疫染色,光镜观察。结果刚出生大鼠三叉神经运动核背外侧部即可以观察到Ⅰ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体免疫染色阳性结构,随着发育进展,免疫染色阳性逐渐增加,出生7天后Ⅰ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体免疫染色模式接近成年水平。结论大鼠三叉神经运动核内Ⅰ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性终末在出生后1周内较快地成熟。     

囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布

目的观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布。方法首先采用免疫荧光三重标记I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体和神经元核蛋白以观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核内的分布;接着注射四甲基罗达明人下颌舌骨肌神经逆行标记三叉神经运动核开口神经元,再采用免疫荧光双重标记I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体和神经元核蛋白以观察I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在大鼠三叉神经运动核开口神经元区和闭口神经元区内的分布差异。结果I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维仅在三叉神经运动核背外侧部分布,而Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维在整个三叉神经运动核内分布;开口神经元区未观察到I型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性终末。结论闭口神经元接受I、Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维支配,开口神经元仅仅接受Ⅱ型囊泡膜谷氨酸转运体阳性纤维支配。     

代谢型谷氨酸受体五种亚型在猫脊髓内的分布—免疫组织化学方法研究

为研究代谢型谷氨酸受体各亚型在猫脊髓内的定位分布特征,本实验采用免疫组织化学方法调查了代谢型谷氨酸受体五种亚型（ｍＧｌｕＲ１,ｍＧｌｕＲ２,ｍＧｌｕＲ３,ｍＧｌｕｒ５及ｍＧｌｕＲ７）在猫脊髓（颈２、颈６、胸５、腰６、骶１－２）内的分布状况。结果如下：（１）在背角深层（Ⅲ－Ⅳ层）和腹角内分布有大量中小型（＜３０μｍ）ｍＧｌｕＲ１样免疫反应阳性神经元,背角浅层（Ⅰ、Ⅱ层）为阴性;（２）ｍＧｌｕＲ２／３样免疫反应阳性产物仅见于背角Ⅱ层内侧部,其它部位为阴性;（３）致密的ｍＧｌｕＲ５样免疫反应阳性产物主要分布于猫脊髓背角Ⅱ层的神经毯内,背角Ⅰ层及深层呈中等密度染色;（４）致密的ｍＧｌｕＲ７样免疫反应阳性产物分布于背角Ⅱ层的神经毯内,背角Ⅰ层及深层（Ⅲ－Ⅳ层）呈中等密度染色。此外,腹角运动神经元和骶髓副交感核内的神经元亦呈现ｍＧｌｕＲ７样免疫反应阳性。单侧切断背根,发现术侧背角浅层内ｍＧｌｕＲ７样免疫反应阳性产物密度略有降低,而ｍＧｌｕＲ５样免疫反应阳性产物密度与对侧基本相同。本研究结果显示代谢型谷氨酸受体五种亚型在所调查的猫脊髓各节段内（颈２、颈６、胸５、腰６、骶１－２）的分布存在差异,提示它们在介导谷氨酸传递的信     

多巴胺受体1在皖西白鹅小脑皮质发育中的表达

采用普通染色及免疫组化SABC染色法研究皖西白鹅小脑皮质的发育和多巴胺受体1(DRD1)阳性细胞在其发育中的表达.结果表明,小脑皮质在胚龄13 d(E13)由外向内分为外颗粒层(EGL)、浦肯野细胞层(PCL)和内颗粒层(IGL),E19由外向内分为EGL、分子层(ML)、PCL和IGL.随发育天数的增加,EGL的厚度和细胞层次呈先升后降的变化趋势,细胞密度逐渐下降;ML厚度逐渐增大,在E24到E28时增值最大;浦肯野细胞(PC)在E13、E19、E24和E28时随胚龄增大逐渐增大,在E28后趋于稳定,细胞密度随着发育天数的增加逐渐下降,在小脑皮质发育中还发现有一部分PC呈多层排列,且细胞层次逐渐变少;IGL厚度呈先升后降的变化趋势,细胞密度呈上升趋势.外颗粒层和内颗粒层在E13、E19、E24和E28时有DRD1阳性细胞表达,分子层在E24、E28、日龄7 d(P7)和15d(P15)有阳性细胞表达,PC在所检测的6个时段均有阳性表达.研究表明,小脑皮质的发育主要与细胞增殖、迁移和凋亡有关,外颗粒层的逐渐消失是以细胞迁移和凋亡为主,多层PC逐渐退化成单层是与细胞凋亡和正常突触联系的建立有关;DRD1在皖西白鹅小脑皮质发育中对外颗粒层细胞和PC起着重要作用.     

清醒大鼠室旁核灌流谷氨酸受体阻断剂对压力感受性反射的影响

目的:探讨下丘脑室旁核(PVN)内谷氨酸参与压力感受性反射中枢调节的神经化学机制。方法:在清醒大鼠,用脑部微量透析法和高效液相色谱法观察静脉注射苯肾上腺素诱发压力感受性反射对PVN区谷氨酸含量的影响;NMDA受体阻断剂MK-801或非NMDA受体阻断剂CNQX直接灌流PVN区并诱发压力感受性反射,进一步探讨PVN区谷氨酸对压力感受性反射的作用。结果:①静脉注射苯肾上腺素诱发压力感受性反射时,PVN内的谷氨酸含量迅速升高到注射前的384.82%±91.77%(P<0.01)。②PVN区灌流谷氨酸受体阻断剂MK-801或CNQX,同时诱发压力感受性反射,其血压升值明显减少,心率降值明显增加(P<0.01),压力感受性反射的敏感性(△HR/△MAP)明显增加(P<0.01)。结论:PVN内的谷氨酸可能通过离子型谷氨酸受体参与压力感受性反射的中枢调节,而且此调节作用可能是抑制性的。     

GnRH受体与TRAIL在前列腺肿瘤中表达的研究

目的研究促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRH-R)和凋亡相关蛋白(TRAIL)在前列腺肿瘤中的表达及临床意义.方法采用SABC免疫组化法及原位定量法,对前列腺肿瘤和前列腺增生患者中GnRH-R和TRAIL的表达进行检测及半定量分析.结果在前列腺癌组织高分化的11例,中分化的4例以及低分化的5例中,各种不同分化的癌组织均显示不同程度的GnRH-R和TRAIL阳性免疫反应,原位定量显示GnRH-R与TRAIL的表达均分别随着组织分化程度增高而增高(P<0.05),并且TRAIL较GnRH-R阳性免疫反应强.结论 GnRH-R和TRAIL表达量可能与前列腺恶性肿瘤的发生与发展有关.     

5-HT1B受体亚型对小脑顶核介导的运动行为的影响

目的：探讨5-羟色胺（5-HT）能神经系统在经小脑顶核介导的运动行为中的作用。方法：采用大鼠离体脑片膜片钳及大鼠走步机的行为学测试方法。结果：阻断5-HT_1B受体能够增强小脑顶核兴奋性突触传递,行为学试验中给予5-HT及5-HT_1B受体阻断剂SB224289,发现注射5-HT到小脑顶核后,大鼠在Rota-rod走步机上的持续时间显著延长,而给予其阻断剂SB224289后,能够反转此作用。结论：5-HT很可能通过5-HT_1B受体抑制顶核神经元的兴奋性突触传递从而调节小脑核团神经元环路的活动,继而影响小脑的最终输出,实现对小脑顶核介导的运动平衡和协调能力的调控。     

大鼠视皮质—外侧膝状体HRP示踪结合谷氨酸及GABA免疫组化研究

采用HRP逆行追踪观察了大鼠视皮质锥体细胞至外侧膝状体背核的投射,结合谷氨酸及GABA免疫组化方法探测了该类细胞的化学递质。光镜下HRP标记细胞与谷氨酸和GABA免疫阳性细胞清晰可辨。谷氨酸免疫阳性神经元主要分布在视皮质第Ⅱ～Ⅵ层。在第Ⅵ层可见HRP和谷氨酸双标记的锥体细胞,双标细胞的数量约占HRP标记细胞总数的42.7％。GABA免疫阳性神经元分布在皮质各层。但未见有GABA和HRP的双标记神经元。因而有充分理由推测:谷氨酸可能是视皮质投射至外侧膝状体背核的锥体细胞的神经递质之一。     

Influences of cerebellar interpositus nucleus and fastigial nucleus on neuronal activity of lateral hypothalamic area

Stimulation of cerebellar interpositus nucleus and (astigial nucleus could influence the neuronal activi-ty of lateral hypothalamic area in the cat, and some of the neurons which respond to the cerebellar stimulations are glucose-sensitive neurons. These results suggest that the cerebellum is involved not only in motor control, but also in the regulation of non-somatic functions through the cerebello-hypothalamic pathways.     

Assembly and cell surface expression of KA-2 subunit-containing kainate receptors

Kainate receptors (KARs) modulate synaptic transmission at both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic sites. The overlap in the distribution of KA-2 and GluR6/7 subunits in several brain regions suggests the co-assembly of these subunits in native KARs. The molecular mechanisms that control the assembly and surface expression of KARs are unknown. Unlike GluR5-7, the KA-2 subunit is unable to form functional homomeric KAR channels. We expressed the KA-2 subunit alone or in combination with other KAR subunits in HEK-293 cells. The cell surface expression of the KAR subunit homo- and heteromers were analysed using biotinylation and agonist-stimulated cobalt uptake. While GluR6 or GluR7 homomers were expressed on the cell surface, KA-2 alone was retained within the endoplasmic reticulum. We found that the cell surface expression of KA-2 was dramatically increased by co-expression with either of the low-affinity KAR subunits GluR5-7. However, co-expression with other related ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1 and NR1) does not facilitate the cell surface expression of KA-2. The analysis of subcellular fractions of neocortex revealed that synaptic KARs have a relatively high KA-2 content compared to microsomal ones. Thus, KA-2 is likely to contain an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal that is shielded on assembly with other KAR subunits.     

Alterations in mGlu5 receptor expression and function in the striatum in a rat depression model

Major depressive disorder is a common form of mental illness. Many brain regions are implicated in the pathophysiology and symptomatology of depression. Among key brain areas is the striatum that controls reward and mood and is involved in the development of core depression‐like behavior in animal models of depression. While molecular mechanisms in this region underlying depression‐related behavior are poorly understood, the glutamatergic input to the striatum is believed to play a role. In this study, we investigated changes in metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor expression and signaling in the striatum of adult rats in response to prolonged (10–12 weeks) social isolation, a pre‐validated animal paradigm modeling depression in adulthood. We found that mGlu5 receptor protein levels in the striatum were increased in rats that showed typical depression‐ and anxiety‐like behavior after chronic social isolation. This increase in mGlu5 receptor expression was seen in both subdivisions of the striatum, the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen. At subcellular and subsynaptic levels, mGlu5 receptor expression was elevated in surface membranes at synaptic sites. In striatal neurons, the mGlu5‐associated phosphoinositide signaling pathway was augmented in its efficacy after prolonged social isolation. These data indicate that the mGlu5 receptor is a sensitive substrate of depression. Adulthood social isolation leads to the up‐regulation of mGlu5 receptor expression and function in striatal neurons.

     

The structure of a mixed GluR2 ligand-binding core dimer in complex with (S)-glutamate and the antagonist (S)-NS1209

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate fast synaptic transmission between cells of the central nervous system and are involved in various aspects of normal brain function. iGluRs are implicated in several brain disorders, e.g. in the high-frequency discharge of impulses during an epileptic seizure. (RS)-NS1209 functions as a competitive antagonist at 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionate receptors, and shows robust preclinical anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. This study explores 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionate receptor binding and selectivity of this novel class of antagonists. We present here the first X-ray structure of a mixed GluR2 ligand-binding core dimer, with the high-affinity antagonist (S)-8-methyl-5-(4-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)phenyl)-6,7,8,9,-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-h]-isoquinoline-2,3-dione-3-O-(4-hydroxybutyrate-2-yl)oxime [(S)-NS1209] in one protomer and the endogenous ligand (S)-glutamate in the other. (S)-NS1209 stabilises an even more open conformation of the D1 and D2 domains of the ligand-binding core than that of the apo structure due to steric hindrance. This is the first time ligand-induced hyperextension of the binding domains has been observed. (S)-NS1209 adopts a novel binding mode, including hydrogen bonding to Tyr450 and Gly451 of D1. Parts of (S)-NS1209 occupy new areas of the GluR2 ligand-binding cleft, and bind near residues that are not conserved among receptor subtypes. The affinities of (RS)-NS1209 at the GluR2 ligand-binding core as well as at GluR1-6 and mutated GluR1 and GluR3 receptors have been measured. Two distinct binding affinities were observed at the GluR3 and GluR4 receptors. In a functional in vitro assay, no difference in potency was observed between GluR2(Q)(o) and GluR3(o) receptors. The thermodynamics of binding of the antagonists (S)-NS1209, DNQX and (S)-ATPO to the GluR2 ligand-binding core have been determined by displacement isothermal titration calorimetry. The displacement of (S)-glutamate by all antagonists was shown to be driven by enthalpy.     

Cyclic AMP-regulated GABA release at inhibitory synapses in rat cerebellar slices

We have investigated the effects of agents interfering with the cAMP pathway on the rate of miniature IPSCs in cerebellar slices. Noradrenaline and group II glutamate metabotropic receptor agonists respectively enhance and reduce the rate of miniature IPSCs, presumably because they respectively increase and decrease the presynaptic concentration of cAMP.     

模拟失重条件下大鼠比目鱼肌肌梭神经营养因子3表达降低

本研究旨在探讨模拟失重对大鼠比目鱼肌肌梭神经营养因子3(neurotrophin-3,NT-3)表达的影响。采用大鼠尾部悬吊法建立模拟失重动物模型,按体重配对原则随机将大鼠分为5组,即尾悬吊3d组、7d组、14d组、21d组和正常同步对照组。采用免疫组织化学ABC染色法及酶联免疫吸附实验法(ELISA)检测大鼠比目鱼肌肌梭NT-3的表达。结果显示,大鼠比目鱼肌梭外肌中未见到NT-3表达;正常对照组大鼠比目鱼肌肌梭中,核袋1和核袋2纤维NT-3呈现强阳性表达;模拟失重后,梭内肌纤维的NT-3免疫染色反应进行性降低;NT-3的ELISA定量检测结果显示,正常组、尾悬吊3d组、7d组、14d组和21d组大鼠比目鱼肌NT-3的含量分别为(14.23±1.65)、(14.11±1.53)、(13.09±1.47)、(12.45±1.51)和(9.85±1.52)pg/mg。统计比较显示,尾悬吊14d后,大鼠比目鱼肌NT-3的含量较正常对照组明显减少(P<0.05);而尾悬吊21d后,大鼠比目鱼肌NT-3的表达进一步减少(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,模拟失重可致大鼠比目鱼肌肌梭NT-3的表达明显减少,并且随着模拟失重时...     

The Three-dimensional Structure of an Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor Reveals a Dimer-of-dimers Assembly

The ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) represent a major family of ion channels whose quaternary structure has not yet been defined. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of a fully assembled iGluR, determined at approximately 20A resolution by electron microscopy. Analysis of negatively stained single-particle images reveals the presence of 2-fold, but not 4-fold, symmetry for these tetrameric channels, providing the first direct structural evidence for a dimer-of-dimers assembly. The receptor appears elongated, measuring approximately 170Ax140Ax110A, with the 2-fold symmetry centered on its longitudinal axis. The overall molecular shape and symmetry suggest an orientation relative to the membrane and permit the identification of a putative transmembrane domain. Internal cavities located along the longitudinal axis may represent components of the ion conduction pathway.     

Isolation and characterization of rat liver nuclear glucocorticoid receptor

The rat liver nuclear glucocorticoid receptor has a molecular weight of 90 000. Using antibody bound to the stationary matrix, the cytosol and nuclear glucocorticoid receptors from rat liver were purified. The translocation of glucocorticoid receptor from rat liver cytosol into the nucleus was studied using immunoaffinity chromatography. Immediately after the intraperitoneal injection of rats with the hormone, the receptor translocation started and was complete within 10 min. The 90 000 dalton nuclear receptor component is identical to the 90 000 dalton cytosol component. They have identical molecular weights in the same gel electrophoresis system and produce identical peptide fragments after digestion with Staphyolococcal aureus V8 protease. The receptor component enriched by immunoaffinity chromatography from cytosol of adrenalectomised rats contained mainly a 45 000 dalton component.