激光辐照下复合材料热响应的轴对称数值分析

为了模拟激光辐照下碳纤维增强复合材料的瞬态热响应,建立了轴对称计算模型。模型考虑了激光辐照过程中基体热分解、质量迁移、比热容和热导率等物理量的变化情况。采用有限元方法求解控制方程,边界条件包含了激光辐照、对流换热以及辐射换热。在此基础上编写了计算程序,预测了激光辐照下碳纤维增强复合材料的瞬态温度场和基体热分解状况。为了校核模型,开展了激光辐照碳纤维复合材料试验。计算结果与试验数据比较表明,模型预测的复合材料温度-时间曲线与试验结果较好吻合,在较低功率密度激光辐照下复合材料热响应以基体热分解为主,与试验烧蚀形貌观察结果一致。     

纤维增强复合材料激光烧蚀效应的数值模拟

考虑材料的热解、氧化、相变及辐射和内外对流换热等物理过程,给出了激光烧蚀纤维增强复合材料的物理模型及数学模型。以碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料为例,编程计算了材料的激光烧蚀过程,计算结果与实验结果符合得较好。计算结果表明：考虑复合材料的内对流时得到的结果更准确;较强功率密度激光辐照时,氧化对烧蚀的贡献可以忽略;功率密度一定时,烧蚀质量随时间近似为线性变化,功率密度越高,烧蚀效率越高。以辐照结束时背表面温度及烧蚀质量为目标物理量,对烧蚀过程做了参数敏感性分析,结果表明：热容及热导率对背表面温度的影响较大;树脂含量对烧蚀质量的影响较大,但其相对敏感度随激光功率密度增加而下降;激光功率密度超过1 kW/cm2时,辐射系数对烧蚀质量影响较大,但其相对敏感度随激光功率密度增加而下降。     

重频激光作用下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料热损伤规律

 运用热化学分析、扫描电子显微技术等手段,分析了碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料在ms量级重频激光辐照下的损伤形式,研究了峰值功率密度、辐照时间、重复频率和脉冲宽度等对复合材料烧蚀规律的影响。研究结果表明：在激光辐照过程中,复合材料树脂基体在300 ℃开始裂解;由于裂解气体的保护作用,碳纤维不发生氧化,而是在汽化点（3 300 ℃）汽化烧蚀;复合材料热烧蚀率随峰值功率密度和重复频率提高而增大,随辐照时间增加而减小,最终均趋于定值;增加脉冲宽度可以提高辐照区峰值温度,降低碳纤维损伤的功率密度阈值。     

切向气流对激光辐照树脂基复合材料的影响

 为了考察切向强迫气流对激光辐照下树脂基复合材料热响应的影响,基于边界层换热理论,研究了切向气流与靶面的对流换热系数和热分解气体对表面热交换的覆盖效应,并用有限差分法对激光辐照下树脂基复合材料的1维热响应模型进行数值求解。数值计算表明：高速切向气流的存在会加速靶材表面与外部环境的热交换,从而明显降低激光对靶材的加热效率;边界层换热理论给出的对流换热系数和覆盖因子是合理有效的,适用于数值模拟切向气流对激光辐照下树脂基复合材料热响应的影响;向靶材表面溢出的热分解气体对靶材表面与外部环境的热交换有一定的抑制作用,但影响较小,基本可以忽略不计。     

树脂基复合材料在连续激光作用下的损伤

 采用热压工艺制备了碳纤维布和高硅氧纤维布增强的环氧树脂和酚醛树脂基复合材料,研究了不同功率密度连续激光辐照下,复合材料的破坏形式及其组织结构与力学性能的变化。结果表明：当激光辐照功率密度大于0.1 kW/cm²后,树脂基体产生燃烧,碳纤维没有明显的损伤,而玻璃纤维布开始熔融,复合材料的拉伸性能降低30%~40%;当功率密度达到1 kW/cm²以后,除基体燃烧外,碳纤维复合材料产生明显的鼓泡分层,表层碳纤维有少量破断,而高硅氧纤维产生明显的熔融烧损,复合材料的拉伸性能降低80%以上。采用有限元计算方法,对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料在连续激光辐照下的温度场进行了研究,计算结果与实验中复合材料的损伤行为相吻合。     

不同气流环境下氟化氘激光对45~#钢靶的辐照效应

通过表面形貌观察、温度场分析,研究了切向空气气流、切向氮气气流、自然对流3种环境下氟化氘(DF)激光对45#钢靶的辐照效应,结果表明:切向空气气流环境下,钢靶烧蚀效果最显著,靶板后表面中心温升最高;切向氮气气流环境下,钢靶有一定的烧蚀,但温升最低;自然对流环境下,烧蚀效果最差。实验结果表明:切向气流可移除部分熔化物,特别在切向空气气流环境下剧烈的氧化反应可促进钢靶温度升高,显著增强激光对钢靶的烧蚀,停止激光辐照后切向气流的冷却效应起主要作用。根据实际物理问题建立了相应的数值计算模型,模拟了不同气流环境下激光对钢靶的辐照效应,其中,利用"生死单元"的方法,模拟了切向空气气流环境下激光对钢靶的烧蚀,并考虑了氧化放热的影响。模拟结果与实验结果基本相符,解释了气流在激光辐照效应中的作用。     

切向气流和激光作用下碳纤维/环氧材料的损伤特性

无气流和切向气流马赫数分别为0.50,0.85条件下,开展了碳纤维/环氧材料激光辐照损伤特性研究实验,对碳纤维、环氧树脂和复合材料热失重曲线、温度历史曲线以及实验后复合材料损伤形进行分析,结果表明:由于切向气流阻止材料燃烧且对材料表面起冷却作用,无气流条件下材料的热损伤区域远大于激光辐照区域,与切向气流条件相比,材料后表面温升时间长、温升幅值高;在切向气流环境下,由于气流作用使得材料的损伤包括烧蚀损伤和断裂损伤;从损伤形貌和后表面温度历史、温升速率比较来看,在切向气流马赫数为0.50~0.85的速度范围内,碳纤维/环氧材料在切向气流和连续激光(102 W/cm2量级)联合作用下的损伤差异不明显。     

脉冲激光加工碳纤维复合材料板材的数值模拟与实验优化

利用激光线扫描方式建立丝状高斯热源的传热模型,并对其进行数值分析,得到脉冲激光烧蚀碳纤维的演化规律。对碳纤维复合材料（CFRP）板材进行激光烧蚀实验研究以验证所提模型的可行性。结果表明：当激光功率为9 W、激光扫描速度为200 mm/s时,板材表面绝大多数树脂被蒸发,表面粗糙度降至7.20μm,表征数据稳定性的样本方差为1.889。实验证明了该理论模型的正确性和可行性,为CFRP材料的激光加工研究提供了参考。     

1 053 nm脉冲激光对铝合金/水结构辐照效应

 使用1 053 nm脉冲激光分别辐照铝合金单板和铝合金/水结构,通过表面形貌观察、温度场分析、熔穿时间测量等手段,分析了水的存在对铝合金壳体烧蚀的影响。运用有限元软件ANSYS,建立了脉冲激光辐照下单板及结构温度变化的数值模型,计算了铝合金表面熔凝区域的尺寸,并与实验结果进行了对比。结果表明：在相同的实验条件下,辐照8个激光脉冲时,铝合金单板即被熔穿,而辐照10个脉冲后铝合金/水结构仍未发生熔穿,且结构中铝合金表面的熔凝区域要小于单板情形中的熔凝区域,这表明水的存在对延缓铝合金板的烧蚀有较大的作用。对于单板情形,计算结果与实验结果符合较好,而对于铝合金/水结构情形,数值模拟放大了铝合金壳体的温升,这主要是因为数值模拟程序未考虑水的对流及沸腾换热对计算结果的影响。     

气动加热对高超声速飞行器激光毁伤效应影响

通过采用工程计算方法求解高超声速飞行器碳-碳复合材料分别在气动热、激光单独作用以及气动热/激光耦合作用下的热化学烧蚀。计算分析表明:激光单独作用下,碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀速率较小;随激光能量的增加,碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀速率增加;气动加热条件下激光对高超声速飞行器碳-碳复合材料的烧蚀毁伤效应会明显增强;沿弹道的气动加热累积效应对碳-碳复合材料气动热/激光耦合烧蚀作用不明显。     

长脉冲激光辐照下环氧树脂的热烧蚀规律

 研究了树脂基复合材料中常用的E-51环氧树脂在ms级脉冲激光辐照下热烧蚀率及质量烧蚀率的变化规律,分析了脉冲激光的辐照时间、峰值功率密度、重复频率以及脉宽对烧蚀率的影响。研究结果表明：随辐照时间的增加热烧蚀率逐渐增大,但辐照一定时间后,热烧蚀率趋于稳定;峰值功率密度的增加能明显提高热烧蚀率,但随峰值功率密度的增加,热烧蚀率的增幅减小直至趋于一定值;热烧蚀率不随脉冲激光重复频率和脉宽的变化而改变,当峰值功率密度一定时,热烧蚀率一定,质量烧蚀率与频率和脉宽成正比。     

高速气流对C/SiC复合材料激光烧蚀行为影响的实验研究

为了明确高速气流对C/SiC复合材料激光烧蚀行为的影响机制,开展了不同环境下强激光对C/SiC复合材料的烧蚀对比实验研究。利用激光器与高速风洞联合实验平台,完成了静态以及Ma 1.8,Ma 3.0,Ma 6.0气流环境下2D与3DN C/SiC复合材料激光烧蚀实验。结果表明,与静态环境相比,高速气流对C/SiC复合材料的激光烧蚀行为产生了显著的影响,气流的冲刷使得烧蚀坑呈现出更宽、更深、更光滑的变化趋势。随着气流速度的增长,线烧蚀速率与质量烧蚀速率逐渐增大,主要原因为当地静压降低引起的升华速率增大,以及动压增大引起的剥蚀速率增大。此外,通过实验对比了不同构型对C/SiC激光烧蚀行为的影响。结果表明：2D C/SiC复合材料由于厚度方向更低的导热能力、更低的孔隙率等原因,其在不同环境条件下抗烧蚀能力均强于3DN C/SiC复合材料。     

Enhancement of pulsed laser ablation assisted with continuous wave laser irradiation

Continuous wave(CW) laser irradiation is employed to enhance the pulsed laser ablation of silicon and stainless steel(316 L)samples. Different surface temperatures generated by the CW laser irradiation are set as the initial working circumstance for the pulsed laser ablation. The diameter and depth of laser-ablated craters are measured to study threshold fluence, pulse incubation coefficient and ablation rate under different surface temperatures. Numerical simulation employing Heat Transfer in Solid and Deformed Geometry Interface modules in COMSOL is performed to estimate ablation rate theoretically based on Hertz-Knudsen equation. The realized crater-related data are analyzed to further obtain their dependences on surface temperature. The parametric and morphological studies indicate that the weakened plasma shielding effect and thermal diffusion in the ablated region induced by the CW laser irradiation lead to the enhanced pulsed laser ablation significantly.     

Laser ablation of silicon and copper targets. Experimental and finite elements studies

The ablation process induced by excimer lasers is a collective phenomenon that basically involves two phenomena: the laser radiation–matter interaction and the dynamic of the ablation plume. The laser parameters, the thermal and optical properties of the material, and the surface morphology are critical factors in the ablation mechanisms affecting the direction of the ablation plume expansion. In this study, the role of the surface roughness and the evolution of its morphology under the laser irradiation were investigated. Assuming a thermal ablation model, a theoretical study of the initial steps of the laser ablation process by a finite element method using ANSYS (6.1) was performed. Different ablation experiments were carried out on silicon and copper targets using a XeCl laser. The target surface morphology changes were observed by SEM and the plume deflection was recorded by a digital camera. An acceptable agreement between the experimental and simulated results was found. This study contributes to a better understanding of the physical processes involved in the laser ablation and the relations between the plume deflection angle and the surface roughness. PACS 79.20.Ds; 81.40.Gh; 44.05.+e     

Numerical model and experimental demonstration of high precision ablation of pulse CO_2 laser

To reveal the physical mechanism of laser ablation and establish the prediction model for figuring the surface of fused silica, a multi-physical transient numerical model coupled with heat transfer and fluid flow was developed under pulsed CO_2 laser irradiation. The model employed various heat transfer and hydrodynamic boundary and thermomechanical properties for assisting the understanding of the contributions of Marangoni convention,gravitational force, vaporization recoil pressure, and capillary force in the process of laser ablation and better prediction of laser processing. Simulation results indicated that the vaporization recoil pressure dominated the formation of the final ablation profile. The ablation depth increased exponentially with pulse duration and linearly with laser energy after homogenous evaporation. The model was validated by experimental data of pulse CO_2 laser ablation of fused silica. To further investigate laser beam figuring, local ablation by varying the overlap rate and laser energy was conducted, achieving down to 4 nm homogenous ablation depth.     

Effect of vapor attenuation in surface ablation of cobalt by pulsed UV laser

Numerical calculations based on a thermal model were presented, which describe the process of target heating and ablation of cobalt during irradiation by 30-ns laser pulses at 308 nm. The attenuation of laser by vapor has been taken into account in this model. As results of the calculations, the temperature distribution beneath the target surface and the temporal evolution of surface temperature were given. The dependence of ablation rate on laser fluence was also studied based on this model. The surface ablation of cobalt with pulsed excimer laser was investigated experimentally. Our model considering proper vapor attenuation has shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results. Received: 20 January 2000 / Accepted: 13 March 2000 / Published online: 5 July 2000     

蒸气压对激光辐照靶材烧蚀速率的影响

研究了强激光辐照碳/碳复合材料靶材引起的烧蚀现象及蒸气压对烧蚀速率的影响。基于傅里叶定律,建立了强激光辐照靶材的热传导模型,模拟了忽略蒸气压影响时烧蚀速率随功率的变化;通过Mott-smith近似方法描述了Knudsen层间断区域,分析了间断两侧表面粒子状态参数;结合质量连续方程和蒸气压与温度关系方程,并由气体状态方程描述蒸气流状态,对蒸气压条件下激光烧蚀碳/碳复合材料靶材的速率随功率变化的关系进行了数值模拟。结果表明,在高能激光对靶材的烧蚀过程中,蒸气压力变化会导致靶材的饱和蒸气温度发生变化,进而影响烧蚀速率且使其随功率呈非线性变化,与忽略蒸气压作用时的线性变化规律相差较大,从理论上解释了忽略蒸气压导致的实验数据与理论结果的差异。