高通量循环流化床提升管内Geldart B类颗粒团聚特性研究

在内径60 mm、高5.5 m的循环流化床提升管实验装置上,基于光纤探针所测颗粒浓度信号、采用小波分解方法,研究了高通量操作条件下Geldart B类颗粒(石英砂)的团聚特性(团聚物颗粒浓度、持续时间和频率等)。研究表明,团聚物在提升管轴径向分布不均匀,且与操作条件密切相关。在提升管中心区域,团聚物颗粒浓度小,持续时间短,出现频率较高;而在边壁区域则相反。团聚物颗粒浓度和持续时间随循环量的增加而增加,随气速的增加而减小;聚团频率的变化趋势相反,且在低气速下随着循环量的增加先增加后减小。     

耦合流化床提升管流动结构及边壁层厚度的研究

在射流流化床与提升管耦合的多段分级转化流化床冷态实验装置上,采用压力传感器和PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪,对提升管流动结构和边壁层厚度进行了系统研究。结果表明,一定的操作气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管中气固流动状态从稀相气力输送过渡到快速流态化区域。当提升管处于快速流态化区域时,一定固体循环量下,表观气速增加使提升管轴向各个位置的边壁层厚度减小;一定气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度增加,且低气速时提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度随固体循环量增加的程度明显高于高气速时。拟合得到了边壁层厚度与截面平均固体浓度的关系式,较好地预测了快速流态化区域内边壁层厚度随截面平均固体浓度的变化关系,该表达式的计算值和实验值吻合较好。     

基于时变性聚团识别方法的高密度循环流化床内聚团分布特性

为研究高密度提升管内的聚团分布特性,在18 m高循环流化床提升管系统中测定了不同固体循环速率下(G_s=100～1800 kg·m^-2·s^-1)的瞬时颗粒浓度。采用基于时变性的聚团识别方法对聚团进行识别,进而得到了聚团浓度、聚团持续时间和聚团速度在提升管中的分布。研究结果表明,高密度循环流化床中的颗粒浓度和聚团特性参数和与低密度循环流化床相比存在较大差异。高密度条件下,提升管内聚团浓度最高可达0.41。聚团持续时间最高可达5.5 ms。提升管截面内的聚团净向上运动,r/R=0.949时,聚团的净运动速度高达1.83 m·s^-1。此外,在极高的颗粒循环速率下(G_s=1800 kg·m^-2·s^-1),聚团特性参数的轴径向分布变得更均匀。     

多段分级转化流化床提升管速度场的研究

针对流化床煤气化过程中需要长气固接触时间和高固体浓度,开发了耦合灰熔聚流化床和提升管的多段分级转化流化床。为了研究多段分级转化流化床提升管中局部颗粒速度的径向、轴向分布,在不同的操作条件下,采用PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪在冷态实验装置中系统测定提升管内局部颗粒速度。实验结果表明:提升管中任何径向、轴向位置的颗粒速度随着操作气速的增大而增大,随循环量的增加而减小。操作条件对中心区颗粒速度变化的影响明显高于边壁区。颗粒的加速首先发生在提升管中心区域,然后向边壁区域扩展。颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向逐渐增大,并且受操作气速影响比较大。     

多段分级转化流化床提升管局部固体体积分数分布

在射流流化床与提升管耦合的多段分级转化流化床冷态实验装置上,采用PC6D型颗粒体积分数测量仪,系统研究了提升管中局部固体体积分数径向分布及其轴向发展规律。结果表明:固体体积分数的径向分布为中心区固体体积分数较稀、分布均匀,边壁区为体积分数高、分布陡峭的环核流动结构。提升管中径向颗粒体积分数的轴向发展为:提升管底部,中心区和边壁区固体体积分数随轴向高度的增加而减小,边壁区固体体积分数的减小趋势明显高于中心区;提升管的发展段,边壁区固体体积分数随高度的增加而减小,而中心区固体体积分数几乎不变。提升管所有截面上各径向位置的固体体积分数随表观气速ur,g的减小或固体循环量G S的增加而增大,边壁区固体体积分数受操作条件影响的敏感程度明显高于中心区和过渡区。拟合得到了升管不同径向区域内固体体积分数与截面平均固体体积分数的关系式,误差分析表明该表达式的计算值和实验值吻合较好。     

大型快速流化床内颗粒浓度和速度分布的实验研究

采用压力巡检仪和光纤测量仪,对直径300 mm的快速流化床反应器内气固两相流动特性进行了研究,考察了操作条件对快速床轴、径向催化剂颗粒浓度、颗粒速度、筛分分布等的影响. 结果表明,当操作气速提高到2.0~2.6 m/s,相应的催化剂循环强度在60~160 kg/(m2×s),床层密度可保持在50~650 kg/m3;催化剂颗粒浓度在径向上呈中心低、边壁高的不均匀分布,轴向上各径向位置在颗粒加速区逐渐降低、在充分发展区趋于稳定、随表观气速增大或催化剂循环强度减小而减小,且径向均匀性变好,在r/R<0.7的中心区域趋于一致;颗粒速度在径向上呈中心高、边壁低的抛物线形分布,且随操作气速增大或催化剂循环强度增大而更加明显.     

流化床-提升管耦合反应器内固含率的轴向分布及流动发展

在耦合流化床反应器大型冷模实验装置上,考察了不同表观气速下FCC颗粒在耦合流化床内截面平均密度的轴向分布. 结果表明,反应器轴向固含率可分为底部流化床区域和上部提升管区域. 前者的密相区平均固含率随表观气速增大而减小;后者的平均固含率随表观气速Ug增大而增大,Ug<0.58 m/s时固含率分布均匀,Ug=0.70~1.04 m/s时提升管出口出现约束返混区(>8.62 m),Ug>1.16 m/s时提升管底部出现密度重整区(3.82~4.57 m)、加速平稳区(4.57~8.62 m)和出口返混区(>8.62 m). 确定了耦合反应器内提升管区域截面平均固含率的影响参数,并利用实验数据回归了平均固含率的轴向分布经验模型,计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

蒸汽射流压力振荡主频分析及强度特性

对蒸汽质量流率298~865 kg·m^-2·s^-1,水温20~70℃的蒸汽射流压力振荡特性进行了实验研究。发现压力振荡特殊主频与汽羽周期性鼓胀和收缩的频率一致。随着凝结形态由在凝结振荡区向稳定凝结区的转变,振荡频率随蒸汽质量流率的增加先增大后减小,振荡主频随冷却水温的升高而下降。振荡幅值的变化与频率变化相反。基于实验结果和分析,给出计算压力振荡量纲1方均根幅值的实验关联式,并在蒸汽质量流率370~865 kg·m^-2·s^-1,水温20~60℃的参数范围内与实验值对比,预测误差在±30%以内。     

提升管CSVQS系统预汽提段颗粒速度和停留时间分布

在一套φ600 mm CSVQS的环流预汽提段冷态实验床装置上,在导流筒区气速为0.2 m·s^-1和0.3 m·s^-1,环隙区气速为0.03 m·s^-1和0.07 m·s^-1,汽提段气速为0和0.13 m·s^-1时,考察了预汽提导流筒区和环隙区的颗粒速度分布,同时在上述条件下,根据提出的计算方法,考察了由提升管引入环流预汽提段颗粒的平均停留时间分布。结果表明,在上述几种操作条件下,预汽提段均为中心气升式环流,汽提段气体大部分进入导流筒区。在导流筒区气速相同时,在无汽提风时,导流筒区颗粒速度随环隙区气速的增加沿径向由陡峭分布转变为平缓分布;在有汽提风时,导流筒区颗粒速度径向分布随环隙区气速的变化很小。在环隙区气速相同时,在有汽提风时,导流筒区颗粒速度随其气速的增加由平缓分布转变为陡峭分布;在无汽提风时,两种导流筒区气速下的颗粒速度径向分布均比较陡峭。与导流筒区相比,环隙区颗粒速度径向分布几乎不随操作条件的不同而变化。随着导流筒气速的增加或环隙气速的降低,颗粒平均停留时间分布变窄,质量分数降低;随着颗粒循环强度的增加,颗粒平均停留时间分布变窄;质量分数变化不一。     

密相提升管内颗粒速度与颗粒浓度分布及发展特性

为研究高密度提升管气固流动结构分布规律及其发展特性,在自建的18 m高循环流化床提升管系统中测定了不同气速和固体循环速率下的颗粒浓度分布.结果表明,在低颗粒循环速率(Gs)下颗粒浓度由底部浓相区单调降低并趋于稳定;在高Gs下颗粒浓度在底部浓相区内先增加后降低,沿提升管向上趋于稳定的发展趋势.径向上颗粒浓度分布呈现"中心...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.