2种金乡大蒜及其黑蒜中的微量元素比较研究

采用ICP-MS和AFS法检测金乡2种鲜蒜及加工成黑蒜后其微量元素含量的差异,结果表明:2种鲜蒜的Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Pb含量具有显著差异(P 0.05),但Se和Cd差异不显著;多瓣鲜蒜的有益矿质元素Mn、Cu、Zn、Se含量高于独头鲜蒜,有害重金属As、Cd、Pb低于独头鲜蒜,但与国标相比,4种大蒜中的As、Cd、Pb含量均在安全范围内。其次,鲜蒜与黑蒜相比,Mn、Cu、Zn、Se、As、Cd、Pb的含量都具有显著差异(P 0.05)。研究结果表明大蒜发酵前后微量元素的含量变化显著。     

品种、种植年份和区域对烤烟中微量元素含量的影响及元素含量间的相互关系

为了明确我国不同年份、品种和种植区域烤烟中Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Ca和Mg含量间差异,以及烟叶中元素间相互关系,测定了2004,2005,2007和2008年全国不同品种和种植区域的烤烟C3F等级烟叶中微量营养元素含量并分析了元素含量间的相关性.结果表明:①我国烤烟中微量营养元素Cu含量的变异系数最大,Ca含量的变异系数最小.Cu和Mn含量的变异系数大于60%,Fe和Zn的变异系数在40%～50%,Mg和Ca的变异系数小于30%.不同品种系列的6种元素平均变异系数以K326系列最大,为48.46%,翠碧系列最小,为24.82%.②烤烟烟叶元素含量年际间变化大,元素含量受种植品种和种植区域等因素的影响.烤烟元素含量分布具有明显的地域性,黄淮烟草种植区的烟叶Fe,Ca和Mg含量高,东南烟草种植区的烟叶Fe,Ca和Mg含量低,Zn含量高;长江中上游烟草种植区和西南烟草种植区的烟叶Mn,Cu含量高.③烟叶中Ca和Mg含量与Mn和Zn含量呈极显著负相关;与Fe含量呈极显著正相关.     

阿坝大骨节病区青稞中8种元素的比较分析

目的:探讨阿坝县大骨节病区、消退区、非病区青稞中8种元素的差异。方法:对阿坝县大骨节病区、消退区、非病区青稞中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cr、F8种元素进行对比分析并且将这8种元素与患病率做单相关分析,筛选出与患病率显著相关的元素。结果:Cu含量在病区和消退区之间差异显著;Hg含量在病区与非病区之间差异显著,As和Cr元素在病区、消退区、非病区之间呈递减趋势;与患病率做单相关分析,发现青稞中Cu、Zn含量与患病率呈显著正相关关系。     

籼粳稻两个品种大米储藏过程中蛋白质氧化对其蒸煮食用品质的影响

以新收获籼稻‘金优207’和粳稻‘吉粳88’大米为原料,采用温度37 ℃、相对湿度85%的条件进行加速陈化储藏,研究蛋白质氧化对大米蒸煮食用品质的影响。结果显示：随着储藏时间的延长,大米蛋白氧化程度不断增加;米粉峰值黏度、最终黏度、回生值和米饭硬度与大米蛋白羰基含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,与总巯基和游离巯基含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）;米饭咀嚼性、弹性、外观、气味、适口性、滋味、冷饭质地与大米蛋白羰基含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,与总巯基含量和游离巯基含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;米粉最低黏度、米饭硬度与大米蛋白二硫键含量呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）,而米饭黏聚性、回复性和黏着性则与大米蛋白二硫键含量呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。这表明加速陈化储藏过程中,随着蛋白质氧化程度的增加,大米老化回生程度增加,米饭质构特性和感官品质明显下降。     

西施舌可食部分微量元素分析与评价

分析西施舌可食部分不同部位微量元素含量,评价其营养价值和重金属污染情况。用硝酸-高氯酸消化法消解组织,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry technique,ICP-AES)法测定黄海日照、东海漳州、北部湾越南某海区(毗邻广西北海)3个地区西施舌闭壳肌、外套膜、斧足、鳃、内脏团5个部位(组织/器官)的12种元素。比较Ag、As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb、Se、Sn、Zn元素在不同地域和不同部位的分布和含量。结果显示：10种元素的加标回收率为78.3%～112.1%,相对标准偏差为0.16%～7.46%;西施舌富含Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Se等人体必需的微量元素,Ag和Sn元素含量低;多数元素在同域不同部位的含量存在显著差异(P＜0.05),日照西施舌外套膜、内脏团Fe的含量显著(P＜0.05)高于同域其他组织及漳州、越南西施舌所有组织;西施舌As、Cd的含量超过国家卫生限量标准,但Cd的含量低于世界卫生组织、澳大利亚、香港的限量标准。     

唐古特白刺粗多糖矿质元素分析

对唐古特白刺粗多糖中17种矿质元素(Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Se、Cr、Mg、Ca、K、Na、P、As、Hg、Pb和Cd)进行了测定,结果表明:唐古特白刺粗多糖不仅含有较多的人体必需的常量元素(K、Ca和Na),而且还含有较多的人体必需微量元素(Fe、Zn和Mn),尤其以Fe的含量为高;非必需的微量元素(有害元素As、Hg、Pb、Cd)的含量则比较低,低于1 mg/kg。     

河西走廊张掖地区土壤、葡萄及葡萄酒矿质元素特征分析

采用火焰原子吸收光谱（FAAS）法测定河西走廊张掖地区葡萄园土壤、赤霞珠葡萄及其葡萄酒中Fe、Cd、Na、K、Zn、Mn、Mg、Pb、Ni、Cu、Ca共11种金属元素,并对葡萄原料、土壤及葡萄酒中的矿质元素特征和相关性进行了分析。结果显示：赤霞珠植株对土壤中Ca、K、Mg及Na的吸收较好,其中果皮果肉、果籽中含量最多的为K和Ca,而果梗中为K和Mg,土壤中矿质元素与葡萄原料中矿质元素呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。同批次的葡萄原酒中K、Ca、Mg三种矿质元素含量较高,这与葡萄原料中矿质元素的含量分布相一致,两者之间呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）。河西走廊张掖地区葡萄园土壤矿质元素丰富、分布合理,且可将K、Ca和Mg元素作为特征元素,应用于该产区的赤霞珠葡萄酒的原产地保护措施中来。     

青岛市花生产地土壤环境质量的现状分析

对青岛市花生产地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量进行了调查分析,并采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法对环境质量状况进行了评价。结果表明,各重金属的平均含量均低于“食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准”（HJ332—2006）规定的限值,土壤环境质量定为1级,属于清洁水平,适宜发展无公害花生生产。但莱西一个监测点的土壤样品重金属Cu、Ni含量超标。若以国家土壤自然背景值为标准,Cu的超标率增加了将近3倍,表明Cu在土壤中已经产生了一定的积累。Hg与As的含量呈显著负相关（P〈0．05）,Hg和Ni、Cr与Cu之间呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）,其它元素之间的相关性未达到显著水平。推测个别元素超标的情况仅属于点源污染,不会引起复合污染。青岛市3个花生优势产区莱西、平度、即墨土壤重金属的环境质量均属于1级,适宜作为无公害花生的生产基地。     

大米中硒及其潜在伴生元素的含量测定与风险评估

本文建立了一种同时测定大米中26种元素的ICP-MS方法,对市售的52批次富硒大米和52批次普通大米中硒的潜在伴随元素情况进行了多元素分析研究,旨在为明确大米中硒的伴生元素机制和减少富硒大米膳食风险提供研究参考。结果表明,富硒大米和普通大米中的各元素含量水平存在较大差异,市售富硒大米的硒含量水平整体不高,存在总硒含量不符的情况,市售普通大米存在一定水平的硒,但总硒含量的整体水平较低,有部分大米总硒含量达到了富硒大米硒含量标准。相较于普通大米,发现富硒大米的Cr、Pb、Cd、Sr、Sb、As、Hg和V这8种元素含量排序有所变化,其中,Cr、Pb、Cd和Hg 4种元素含量与Se同步正增长,且差异化程度较高,可初步确定为Se的潜在伴生元素。经进一步显著性分析,可确定在富硒大米中,Se的主要伴生元素为Cd。经对富硒大米中的Cd含量进行判断,均符合国家限量标准。     

黄海养殖真海鞘不同部位中金属元素分布特征及评价

通过微波消解前处理技术与原子吸收光谱法结合测定黄海养殖真海鞘外壳、内囊、内脏、生殖器以及可食部中As,Pb,Cd,Se,Cr,Sn,Li,Ni,Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn,Ca和Sr共14种微量元素含量。研究结果显示:(1)不同金属元素在真海鞘不同部位的含量是不同的,其中Fe和Ca元素含量最高,其次是Zn,Cu,Mn和Sr元素,有毒重金属元素As,Pb和Cd元素含量较少,远低于国家水产品有毒有害物质的标准;(2)成人和儿童食用真海鞘,每日摄入As,Pb,Cd和Se等元素的含量均低于每日最大摄入量的参考值。     

Hormones, metabolites, and reproduction in Holsteins, Jerseys, and their crosses

Holsteins (HH), Jerseys (JJ), and their crosses in first (n=157) and second (n=107) lactation were used to determine if reproduction, progesterone (P4), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and milk production differed between genetic groups. Thirty-four cows were Holstein-Jersey (HJ) crosses, 46 were Jersey-Holstein (JH) crosses, 48 were purebred Holsteins (HH), and 29 were purebred Jerseys (JJ) in first lactation, whereas the second-lactation animals included 23 HJ, 35 JH, 35 HH, and 14 JJ. Blood samples were collected weekly for the first 10 wk postpartum. Analyses were conducted using the MIXED, chi-square, and GLIMMIX procedures (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Seasons of calving were cold (November to May) and hot (June to October) and were combined with year to form 8 year-seasons. Days open and number of services were affected by genetic group. The HH were open 169±8 d, which was greater than HJ (143±9 d), JJ (132±10 d), and JH (127±8 d). The HH had 2.4±0.1 services per pregnancy, which was greater than JH (1.9±0.1), but not different from HJ (2.1±0.2) or JJ (2.1±0.2). Concentrations of NEFA were greater in lactation 2 (0.52±0.02 mEq/L) than in lactation 1 (0.45±0.02 mEq/L) and decreased over the 10-wk period. Concentrations of NEFA were greater in the cold season except in yr 3. Insulin in lactation 1 (0.81±0.03 ng/mL) was greater than in lactation 2 (0.72±0.03 ng/mL); insulin decreased to wk 2 then gradually increased. The HJ had the greatest insulin concentrations (0.87±0.04 ng/mL) and the JJ had the lowest (0.66±0.04 ng/mL), and IGF-1 gradually increased over the 10-wk period. Milk production (actual yield in the first 305 d, not adjusted for fat and protein) was affected by genetic group, lactation number, year-season, and wk 1 insulin. The HH produced 10,348±207 kg of milk, which was greater than the HJ (9,129±230 kg), the JH (9,384±190 kg), and the JJ (7,080±240 kg). Milk production in lactation 2 (9,676±163 kg) was greater than that in lactation 1 (8,294±160 kg). The JJ (10.3±4.7%) had the highest frequency of mastitis. The chance of getting mastitis for HH (1.1±0.9%) differed from that for HJ (9.4±4.1%), JH (8.1±3.4%), and JJ (10.3±4.7%). Genetic group affected hormones and metabolites, which may partially explain differences in reproductive measures and milk yield.     

Tyrosinase, Laccase, and Peroxidase in Mushrooms (Agaricus, Crimini, Oyster, and Shiitake)

Enzyme assays and electrophoresis were used to monitor the activity of tyrosinase, laccase, and peroxidase in Agaricus bisporus (common cultivated button mushrooms and Crimini mushrooms), Oyster, and Shiitake mushrooms. The three enzymes could be differentiated using specific substrates and inhibitors. Tyrosinase seemed to be the major phenol oxidase in the Agaricus strains, while Oyster and Shiitake mushrooms had much lower levels. Peroxidase activity was low or undetectable in all types examined. Control of enzymatic browning in different mushroom types may depend upon the distribution of different oxidases within any given type.     

Copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc in kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and in chicken livers in The Netherlands

Summary Kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and chicken livers have been analyzed for contents of copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc. Mean levels found for copper, manganese and zinc correspond well with results of earlier studies as well as with literature data. Contents measured for chromium and nickel are very low: for nickel in porcine kidneys and sheep kidneys median values of 0.045 and 0.022 mg/kg were found. Average contents for nickel in the other tissues and for chromium in all tissues investigated are below 0.01 mg/kg fresh mass. These results for chromium and nickel correspond well with recent results from Sweden, but are lower than most published values.

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Kupfer, Chrom, Mangan, Nickel und Zink in Nieren von Rindern, Schweinen und Schafen und in Hühnerlebern in den Niederlanden

Zusammenfassung Nieren von Rindern, Schweinen und Schafen und Hühnerlebern wurden auf den Gehalt an Kupfer, Chrom, Mangan, Nickel und Zink untersucht. Die Durchschnittswerte für Kupfer, Mangan und Zink stimmen gut mit Ergebnissen früherer Untersuchungen und mit Literaturwerten überein. Die gemessenen Werte für Chrom und Nickel sind sehr niedrig; für Nickel in Schweine- und Schafnieren wurden mediane Gehalte von 0,045 und 0,022 mg/kg gefunden. Durchschnittswerte für Nickel in den übrigen Geweben und für Chrom in allen untersuchten Geweben liegen unterhalb 0,01 mg/kg Frischsubstanz. Diese Werte für Chrom und Nickel stimmen gut mit neueren Daten aus Schweden überein, aber sie sind niedriger als die meisten Literaturdaten.

     

Copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc in kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and in chicken livers in The Netherlands

Kidneys of cattle, pigs and sheep and chicken livers have been analyzed for contents of copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and zinc. Mean levels found for copper, manganese and zinc correspond well with results of earlier studies as well as with literature data. Contents measured for chromium and nickel are very low: for nickel in porcine kidneys and sheep kidneys median values of 0.045 and 0.022 mg/kg were found. Average contents for nickel in the other tissues and for chromium in all tissues investigated are below 0.01 mg/kg fresh mass. These results for chromium and nickel correspond well with recent results from Sweden, but are lower than most published values.     

Dissolution, sorption, and kinetics involved in systems containing explosives, water, and soil

Knowledge of explosives sorption and transformation processes is required to ensure that the proper fate and transport of such contaminants is understood at military ranges and ammunition production sites. Bioremediation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and related nitroaromatic compounds has met with mixed success, which is potentially due to the uncertainty of how energetic compounds are bound to different soil types. This study investigated the dissolution and sorption properties of TNT and RDX explosives associated with six different soil types. Understanding the associations that explosives have with a different soil type assists with the development of conceptual models used for the sequestration process, risk analysis guidelines, and site assessment tools. In three-way systems of crystalline explosives, soil, and water, the maximum explosive solubility was not achieved due to the sorption of the explosive onto the soil particles and observed production of transformation byproducts. Significantly different sorption effects were also observed between sterile (gamma-irradiated) and nonsterile (nonirradiated) soils with the introduction of crystalline TNT and RDX into soil-water systems.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Production level,fertility, health traits,and longevity in local and commercial dairy breeds under organic production conditions in Austria,Switzerland, Poland,and Sweden

Our aim was to map the performance of local (native) dairy cattle breeds in Austria, Switzerland, Poland, and Sweden with regard to production, fertility, longevity, and health-associated traits and to compare them with commercial (modern) breeds. For this purpose, we analyzed test-day records (July 1, 2011, to June 30, 2014) and treatment records (Austria, Sweden) of cows managed on organic farms. We performed country-wise comparisons of 123,415 lactations from Original Braunvieh (OB) and Grey Cattle (AL) with Braunvieh (BV; Brown Swiss blood >60%) in Switzerland; AL with BV (Brown Swiss blood >50%) in Austria; Polish Black and White (ZB), Polish Red and White (ZR), and Polish Red (RP) with Polish Holstein Friesian (PHF) in Poland; and Swedish Red (SRB) with Swedish Holstein (SH) in Sweden. Average milk yields were substantially lower for local compared with commercial breeds in all countries; differences ranged from 750 kg (Sweden) to 1,822 kg (Austria), albeit on very different average levels. Local breeds showed a longer productive lifetime by 0.64, 0.83, 1.42, and 0.20 lactations in Switzerland, Austria, Poland, and Sweden, respectively, again on very different levels in each country. Regarding fertility traits, calving interval was shorter in local than in commercial breeds by 13 (Sweden), 14 (Switzerland), and 20 d (Austria, Poland). Insemination index was lower in certain local breeds by 0.15 (Switzerland), 0.14 (Austria), 0.21 (Poland), and 0.13 (Sweden). Several local breeds showed a lower proportion of cows with >100,000 somatic cells/mL. This was the case in Switzerland (OB 24.2%; BV 35.8%), Austria (AL 25.3%; BV 36.9%), and Sweden (SRB 42.4%; SH 43.4%). In contrast, the respective proportion in Poland exceeded 82% in all breeds except the commercial PHF (76.1%). In Sweden, lactations with veterinary treatments were considerably less prevalent in SRB (15.6%) than in SH (21.7%). In Austria, breeds differed only in treatments for udder disorders, which favored AL. In conclusion, the markedly lower milk yields of local breeds are partly counterbalanced by (somewhat inconsistent) advantages in longevity, fertility, and health traits across 4 European countries. This indicates that the robustness of local breeds can contribute to improved sustainability of organic dairy systems.