低GI面条的研制及其体外淀粉消化特性研究

面条是我国的传统主食，深受人们喜爱，但其淀粉含量高、消化速度快，不适合糖尿病人食用。本研究以低升糖指数（glycemic index,GI）原料米糠粉和高直链玉米淀粉部分替代小麦粉的混合粉为主料，以谷朊粉、魔芋粉和菊粉为辅料，利用响应面试验优化面条的配方，并分析面条的体外淀粉消化特性。结果表明：低GI面条最佳配方为：米糠粉添加量17%，高直链玉米淀粉添加量10%，谷朊粉添加量6%，魔芋粉添加量6%，菊粉添加量4%。在此配方下制作的面条筋道爽滑，口感较好，感官评分较高，同时，其快消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著低于小麦粉面条（P <0.05）；低GI面条GI值为49.35，与小麦粉面条GI值相比降低了32.83%，且小于55，为低GI食品，适合糖尿病人食用。     

挤压膨化结合微粉碎制备高纤维谷物代餐粉及其品质评价

以燕麦-玉米-魔芋挤压膨化混粉和燕麦麸粉为主要原料,添加脱脂乳粉、葛根全粉、南瓜粉等辅料,制备一种高膳食纤维代餐粉。以感官评分和分散性指数为指标,在单因素实验基础上进行响应面试验优化,确定代餐粉的最佳工艺配方为:挤压膨化混粉27%、燕麦麸粉33%、脱脂乳粉20%、南瓜粉9%,在此条件下,代餐粉感官评分76.78分,分散性指数99.03%。测得产品总膳食纤维含量19.31%,可溶性膳食纤维11.42%,估计血糖生成指数(eGI)73.41,属于中GI食物。     

杂粮原料对其挂面淀粉消化性的影响及内在因素研究

本文以五种杂粮粉为原料,通过体外模拟消化试验研究了杂粮原料对其挂面体外淀粉消化特性和估计血糖生成指数（eGI）的影响。结果表明：杂粮挂面的eGI值由高到低为：大麦>青稞>苦荞>燕麦>高粱。采用差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪和X射线衍射仪等手段分析了杂粮挂面淀粉理化特性差异。高粱糊化温度和焓值显著高于其他杂粮（P<0.05）;燕麦和高粱挂面直链淀粉含量和淀粉相对结晶度较高,且具有较多短程有序结构和较强氢键强度。采用组分分离法探究了内源性酚类物质和脂肪对挂面消化特性的影响,内源性多酚和脂肪的脱除使面条淀粉消化率明显升高。该研究为开发低GI食品提供了参考依据。     

挤压杂粮重组米体外消化特性研究

将五种杂粮按不同比例（0%-25%）添加到非当季籼米中,通过双螺杆挤压技术制备杂粮重组米。研究不同杂粮及其添加比例对重组米体外消化表征特性的影响,并利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱测定重组米的微观结构、晶体结构,探索杂粮添加影响挤压杂粮重组米体外消化的可能作用机理。结果表明：添加杂粮粉均能提高挤压重组米RS和SDS含量,降低RDS含量和淀粉消化水解率,其中添加燕麦麸皮对挤压重组米的影响最大;杂粮添加均能显著降低挤压重组米的GI值,其中,燕麦麸皮和鹰嘴豆对挤压重组米的GI值影响最为显著,当添加量为25%时,燕麦麸皮挤压重组米和鹰嘴豆粉挤压重组米的GI值最小,分别为66.63,67.51,属于中GI食物。添加这五种杂粮粉均能促进挤压重组米的老化结晶,提高挤压重组米的回生值和抗消化性,其中添加燕麦麸皮对挤压重组米的影响最大。     

预酶解-挤压膨化对全谷物糙米粉品质特性的影响

以3 种糙米（普通糙米、红色糙米、黑色糙米）为原料,预酶解-挤压膨化制备实验组糙米粉,未经预酶解处理直接挤压膨化制备对照组糙米粉,分别测定其水溶性指数、吸水性指数、结块率、分散时间、米糊黏度、色度、糊化度、感官评分以及淀粉、还原糖、蛋白质含量等指标,并对淀粉和蛋白质进行体外模拟消化,比较并分析预酶解-挤压膨化对糙米粉品质特性的影响。结果表明：与直接挤压膨化相比,预酶解-挤压膨化处理使普通糙米、红色糙米、黑色糙米3 种糙米粉的水溶性指数分别提高了2.04、1.35 倍和1.71 倍;吸水性指数分别降低了67.87%、60.96%和62.17%;结块率分别提高了5.44、6.27 倍和3.07 倍;分散时间分别缩短了66.61%、61.79%和64.30%;米糊黏度降低,黏度曲线趋于平直,剪切稀释效应减弱;淀粉含量分别降低了29.22%、28.71%和26.70%,糊化度分别降低了19.53%、8.94%和13.13%;可溶性蛋白含量分别提高了1.50、2.87 倍和2.27 倍;差异均达显著水平（P＜0.05）。同时,亮度值略有升高,色差值分别为3.01、4.66、3.28;快消化淀粉比例降低,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉比例升高;蛋白质体外消化速率加快,消化率升高;综合感官评分显著升高（P＜0.05）。实验结果表明预酶解-挤压膨化处理提高了糙米粉的冲调分散性、降低了米糊黏度,提高了感官评分和蛋白质体外消化性能,对糙米粉品质具有提升作用。为拓宽糙米的加工利用途径、促进预酶解-挤压膨化技术在谷物加工领域中的应用提供了理论指导。     

谷物组成对挤压膨化产品品质的影响

该实验以6种谷物(粳米、小麦、玉米、糯米、小米、燕麦)为原料,考察不同谷物原料组成成分与产品膨化特性之间的相关性。结果表明,挤压后谷物膨化制品的一些指标得到很大提高,如吸水性指数、水溶性指数;蛋白质含量及脂肪含量与膨胀度呈负相关,淀粉含量与膨胀度呈正相关,膨化制品中蛋白质及脂肪含量要控制在合理范围内;水溶性指数与蛋白质含量呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉含量呈极显著负相关;糊化度与总淀粉含量呈极显著正相关,与蛋白质、粗脂肪含量呈极显著负相关。粳米、小麦以及糯米的膨化特性要优于玉米、小米以及燕麦,其中糯米在膨胀度、体积密度、水溶性指数、糊化度、硬度以及脆度方面都表现较为优异,膨化性能最好。综上所述,6种谷物原料中,糯米、小麦和粳米的挤压特性较好,可作为挤压膨化的主要原料,玉米、小米以及燕麦可根据成本适量添加。     

挤压膨化紫薯粉对小麦面团糊化特性和热机械学特性的影响

挤压膨化技术是一种高温、短时的加工方法,可以改变紫薯粉的特性,从而提高复合面团的品质。因此,本实验对紫薯粉进行挤压膨化,对比研究挤压膨化紫薯粉和紫薯生粉对小麦面团水分分布、糊化特性及热机械学特性的影响。结果发现,与紫薯生粉相比,挤压膨化紫薯粉显著缩短了横向弛豫时间T21（P＜0.05）,表明挤压膨化能够使水分与淀粉或面筋蛋白紧密结合;此外,与小麦粉相比,添加紫薯粉显著降低了面团的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终点黏度、崩解值和回生值（P＜0.05）,尤其是挤压膨化紫薯粉。热机械学特性结果表明挤压膨化紫薯粉能够显著提高面团的吸水率、酶解速率和蒸煮稳定性（P＜0.05）,缩短面团形成时间,降低回生值和峰值扭矩（P＜0.05）。挤压膨化紫薯粉的添加不仅可以提高面制品的出品率,也有助于延缓面团的老化,延长保质期。本研究为挤压膨化紫薯粉在面制品中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

混料试验与模糊评价结合优化挤压膨化芝麻制品工艺

为优化挤压膨化芝麻制品的食用品质,以芝麻粉、淀粉、大豆分离蛋白和蔗糖为主要原料,采用模糊感官综合评价结合混料试验设计对挤压膨化芝麻制品配方进行优化。结果表明：挤压膨化芝麻制品的脆度、硬度与模糊感官评分之间极显著相关（P＜0.01）,模糊感官评分可以作为评价产品品质的指标;主要原料及其之间的交互作用对挤压膨化芝麻制品的感官品质影响极显著（R2=0.9971,P＜0.01）。当淀粉添加量65%、芝麻粉添加量12.5%、大豆分离蛋白添加量8%、蔗糖添加量14.5%时,挤压膨化芝麻制品的模糊感官评分具有最佳分值89.4±0.86,与模型预测值无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。扫描电镜结果显示,优化产品的结构紧密、表面较平整、无明显颗粒状态。研究结果能够为芝麻的综合利用及新产品的开发研究提供一定参考。     

挤压膨化对谷物营养成分的影响

采用挤压膨化技术处理大米、玉米、小麦、燕麦和荞麦,分析这些谷物在处理前后的淀粉、直链淀粉、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、还原糖、膳食纤维和矿物元素等营养成分含量影响。结果显示,挤压膨化后大米、玉米、小麦、燕麦和荞麦的淀粉、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和矿物元素含量降低(P0.05),还原糖含量显著增加(P0.05),直链淀粉和膳食纤维含量提高(P0.05)。     

挤压膨化结合酶解制备低GI代餐粉及其体外消化率测定

以藜麦、燕麦、青稞、苦荞为主要原料,辅以薏仁、葛根、桑叶、菊粉、低聚果糖等,利用酶解植物性原料及挤压膨化工艺制备代餐粉。以分散性指数和感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken试验结合优化原料挤压膨化工艺,并对原料代餐粉、挤压膨化代餐粉和酶解挤压膨化代餐粉的品质、体外消化率和血糖生成指数进行测定。结果表明：酶解挤压膨化代餐粉的最佳挤压膨化工艺为挤压温度150℃,螺杆转速810 r/min,喂料速度340 r/min,该工艺下代餐粉的分散性指数98.81%,感官评分89分。三种粉品质差异显著,酶解挤压膨化代餐粉的分散性指数和感官品质最高,酶解挤压膨化代餐粉eGI值为51.56,属于低GI食物,可为低GI代餐粉的开发提供一定的参考。     

Effect of flour heating on dough rheology

Heating soft wheat flour at 80°C for 15 min has already been shown to improve its bread-making potential. In this study, flour was fractionated to determine the specific effect of heating on its constituents (gluten, starch, lipid, water-soluble). While gluten was easier to extract and its texture was slacker after heating, it significantly increased dough-mixing stability and development time (P<0.01). Heated water-soluble fraction containing pentosans partly decreased stability (P=0.06).     

面粉增白剂的使用及生产安全

面粉增白剂是由活性组价过氧化苯甲酰均匀分散在惰性载体中制成的。过氧化苯甲酰在面粉中受到水份、酶和空气的作用而分解，放出初生态氧，使面粉中的生色基团类胡萝卜素不饱和双键氧化，破坏发色团，产生退色作用。所以使用面粉增白剂，可以使面粉在24小时内得到适度的增白，从而增加面粉白度和颜色的稳定性。本文概述了面粉增白剂的增白机理，此外还讲述了面粉增白剂使用及生产安全。     

Physicochemical,nutritional and functional properties of marama bean flour

Marama bean is a protein-rich, underutilised, drought-tolerant legume in sub-Saharan Africa. Its utilisation may be increased through value addition into protein-rich flours. Defatted flour from unheated and dry-heated (150 °C/20 min) whole marama beans (UMF and HMF) were analysed for physicochemical and protein-based functional properties. Heating significantly increased in vitro protein digestibility of marama bean flour. Of functional importance are the high levels of tyrosine present in marama bean flours. Heating significantly reduced protein solubility and emulsifying capacity of marama bean flours whilst water absorption capacity was improved. Foaming capacity was not affected by heating. UMF could be useful in food systems requiring high emulsifying capacity, but would not be suitable for applications requiring high water absorption and foaming capacity. Due to its high protein contents, marama bean flour could be used to increase the protein quality of cereal-based foods to help alleviate protein-energy nutrition in the region.     

国外面粉加工新设备和新技术的应用

叙述了最近几年国外磨粉加工设备的发展、变化和采用新技术的情况。目前国外一些大公司部在积极地设计和开发新的加工设备，均使用了新的技术和新的材料，以满足市场不断发展的需要。技术的创新和应用主要是在磨粉机、磨辊、着水机、分离筛、在线面粉生产监控、高方筛和清粉机等设备方面．     

Effect of heat treatment of sorghum grains on storage stability of flour

Sorghum flour is susceptible to rancidity and develops off-flavor within a short duration when stored. Heat treatment on the development of rancidity after long-term storage of flour was studied. Heat treatment varying in severity was applied to the whole grains of different varieties of sorghum viz., CSH-9, CSH-5, M35-1 and a local variety varying in their morphological features. A trend was seen that when the thermal duration was for a shorter time, the shorter was the storage duration in certain varieties. Exposure of grains to moist heat for 15 min retarded hydrolytic rancidity significantly (p < 0.05) in CSH-5 until 6 months of storage and in the remaining varieties until 8 months of storage, Heat application for 15 min retarded the development of rancidity irrespective of the morphological variations and the oil content. Lipase activity varied among the varieties with CSH-5 recording higher activity when compared to the other varieties. No major differences in the physicochemical properties were observed in flours from 15 min heat-processed grains when compared to flours from unprocessed grains.     

Diversity in properties of seed and flour of kidney bean germplasm

The genetic diversity in seeds (physicochemical, hydration, textural and cooking properties) and flours (pasting and gel texture) among kidney bean lines was studied. A wide range of variation was observed for yield and yield-related traits. Seed weight, volume, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity, cooking time and amylose content ranged from 10.2 to 51.7 g/100 seeds, 14 to 46 ml/100 seeds, 0.51 to 2.15 g/ml, 0.03 to 0.62 g/seed, 0.16 to 0.97, 1.24 to 1.93 ml/seed, 50 to 120 min, and 0.09% to 5.02%, respectively. Hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness and chewiness of hydrated seeds ranged from 0.81 to 2.03 g, 0.18 to 0.48, 0.20 to 0.97 g, 0.31 to 0.51 and 0.08 to 0.43 g, respectively. Pasting temperature, peak viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity and setback ranged from 79 to 95 °C, 402 to 3235 cP, 9 to 393 cP, 862 to 5311 cP, and 363 to 2488 cP, respectively. Hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness, chewiness and adhesiveness of flour gels ranged from 3.9 to 5.3 g, 0.52 to 0.76, 1.47 to 23.52 g, 0.91 to 0.99, 3.21 to 23.91 and 13.2 to 178.5 g s, respectively.     

The influence of oxidizing agents on water extracts of rye flour

The main constituents of rye flour extracts are proteins and pentosans. After cross-linking under the action of oxidizing agents those components are able to bind much more water than in their native (prior to modifications) state. As a consequence rheological properties of extract are changed.It was observed that kinematic viscosity of water extract of rye flour decreases rapidly with time. The reason for this behavior could be high enzymatic activity of flour extract.It was also found that the addition of hydrogen peroxide in the absence of additional peroxidase (which is naturally present in 1:9 or 1:1 water extracts of flour) causes the greatest increase in viscosity, due to the cross-linking of soluble polymers. Moreover after the addition of H₂O₂ to water extracts strong gels were obtained, which were characterized by tan δ = 0.5 (tan δ < 1). Moreover G′ was independent of frequency, which also suggests cross-linking of the pentosans.The addition of ascorbic acid, which is known to act preferably on gluten proteins, to 1:9 or 1:1 flour extracts had only a little effect on viscosity. In this case the values of tan δ = 0.9 were close to 1, which is typical for a weak gel.The application of inactivated rye flour extract, containing mainly proteins and pentosans, proved stronger effect of H₂O₂ in comparison to ascorbic acid on polymer cross-linking, but only after the addition of peroxidase. The gel obtained with H₂O₂ and peroxidase was also characterized by low tan δ = 0.4.The results indicate, that pentosans are the main subject of cross-linking reactions in rye flour water extracts.     

Sorption and desorption of sulfuryl fluoride by wheat,flour and semolina

Sulfuryl fluoride (SF) has been developed as a fumigant for control of insect pests in stored grain. However, there is very limited information on the sorption behaviour of this fumigant, which can be critical to its bioactivity, application and potential for residues. We undertook a comprehensive laboratory study of the sorption and desorption of SF by wheat (bread and durum), flour and semolina at 15, 25 and 35 °C, moisture contents 12% and 15%, and concentration × time combinations at CT = 1500 mgh/L (4.167 mg/L × 360 h, 8.928 mg/L × 168 h and 31.25 mg/L × 48 h).At each dosage, sorption rate increased as commodity temperature and moisture content increased. The highest rates of sorption occurred at 35 °C and 15% m.c., and lowest rates at 15 °C and 12% m.c., and the rate was independent of initial concentration. Sorption followed first order reaction kinetics described by the exponential decay equation, C_t = C₀·e^−k*t, where k is the sorption rate constant. The most important factors determining the rate of sorption were commodity particle size (exposed surfaces) and temperature. Little sorption of fumigant occurred within the first 24 h whereas longer fumigation times resulted in significant sorption. Unbound SF was rapidly lost from the commodity upon aeration with no further desorption detected under any of the test conditions.SF possesses a number of characteristics that recommend it as a commodity fumigant. It is sorbed slowly by commodities relative to methyl bromide and carbonyl sulphide although it is sorbed about 4–5 times faster than phosphine. It desorbs rapidly upon aeration, and the lack of continued desorption has practical workplace health and safety benefits. On the other hand, sorbed SF appears irreversibly bound to the commodity matrix indicating the need to be alert to the possibility of excessive residues, particularly in longer term fumigations.     

Physical and chemical properties of flour products affect the development of Tribolium castaneum

The rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, is a polyphagous pest of cereal grains and many other stored products. The presence of this pest causes contamination and economic losses by reducing the quality and quantity of commodities in storage. This research was aimed to study the development of T. castaneum on different flour products and investigate the factors affecting the survivorship and development time of T. castaneum. We used 16 flour products differentiated by production process (commercial vs. non-commercial) and commodity types. We conducted experiments on the development of T. castaneum in the laboratory by placing 15 mating pairs of T. castaneum into a treatment jar and allowing them to feed on different flour products. The results showed that T. castaneum adults laid eggs in all flour products. The larvae could live and survive, although the population density was found to be significantly lower in the commercial products. The pupae and adult (F₁ progeny) were only found in all non-commercial products and three commercial products. In addition, the total development time of T. castaneum was shown to be significantly faster in commercial products and did not differ among commodity types. We found that particle size variation and protein content of flour products affected the survivorship and development time of T. castaneum. In conclusion, understanding the particle size and chemical composition of flour products is a pivotal step in developing a pest management strategy for T. castaneum.     

强化赖氨酸面粉对人群营养及免疫功能影响的研究

目的　研究强化赖氨酸面粉对农村人群营养及免疫功能的影响。方法　选择 88户家庭(家庭中夫妻年龄在 2 5～ 4 5岁 ,并有 1名年龄范围在 5～ 12岁的儿童 )为研究对象 ,以家庭为单位 ,按照随机原则 ,用双盲法将调查对象分为实验组 (强化赖氨酸面粉组 )和对照组 (食用普通面粉组 ) ,在研究期间观察各组膳食摄入和体格状况 ,检验血液营养生化指标和免疫指标 ,用SAS6 12软件对资料进行分析。结果　实验组及对照组成年男女实验前后身高、体重、BMI、上臂围及三头肌皮褶无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;儿童的BMI、上臂围及三头肌皮褶亦无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;但实验后实验组儿童的身高及体重明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,营养生化指标和免疫指标检测表明 ,实验前后所有调查对象的血红蛋白、血清白蛋白及转铁蛋白均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但实验后实验组成年男女的血清白蛋白前体均高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。实验组成年女性及儿童的T细胞总数 (CD3)均明显高于对照组 ;实验组成年男性IgG及补体C3、成年女性的IgM、儿童的IgG、IgM、IgA及补体C3均明显高于对照组。结论　赖氨酸强化面粉可以改善以面粉为主食的儿童营养状况和农村贫困人群的免疫机能